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This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of humic acid (HA) from worm compost as an adsorbent for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in turkey poults. The experiment involved the inclusion of 0.25% (w/w) HA in the diet of turkey poults consuming aflatoxin-contaminated feed (250 ng AFB1/g). A total of 350 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly allocated to five equal groups: negative control (basal diet); positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g; HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA); HA + AFB1 (basal diet + HA + 250 ng AFB1/g); and zeolite + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). Each group had seven replicates of 10 poults (n = 70). The impact of HA addition was evaluated in terms of performance parameters, relative organ weights, liver histological lesions, and serum biochemical and hematological constituents. In general, the addition of HA improved body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion rate (FCR). Furthermore, HA effectively mitigated the toxic effects caused by AFB1 in the majority of the analyzed variables. The results indicated that HA effectively counteracted the AFB1-induced toxic effects in turkey poults. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that HA is capable of removing AFB1 from the contaminated diet.

A recent study published data on the growth performance, relative weights of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, liver histology, serum biochemistry, and hematological parameters for turkey poults fed an experimental diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and humic acids (HA) extracted from vermicompost. The negative effects of AFB1 (250 ng AFB1/g of feed) were significantly reduced by HA supplementation (0.25% w/w), suggesting that HA might be utilized to ameliorate the negative impact of AFB1 from contaminated diets. The present study shows the results of the remaining variables, as an extension of a previously published work which aimed to evaluate the impact of HA on the intestinal microbiota, gut integrity, ileum morphometry, and cellular immunity of turkey poults fed an AFB1-contaminated diet. For this objective, five equal groups of 1-day-old female Nicholas-700 turkey poults were randomly assigned to the following treatments: negative control (basal diet), positive control (basal diet + 250 ng AFB1/g), HA (basal diet + 0.25% HA), HA + AFB1 (basal diet + 0.25% HA + 250 ng AFB1/g), and Zeolite (basal diet + 0.25% zeolite + 250 ng AFB1/g). In the experiment, seven replicates of ten poults each were used per treatment (n = 70). In general, HA supplementation with or without the presence of AFB1 showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the number of beneficial butyric acid producers, ileum villi height, and ileum total area, and a significant reduction in serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC-d), a marker of intestinal integrity. In contrast, poults fed with AFB1 showed a significant increase in Proteobacteria and lower numbers of beneficial bacteria, clearly suggesting gut dysbacteriosis. Moreover, poults supplemented with AFB1 displayed the lowest morphometric parameters and the highest intestinal permeability. Furthermore, poults in the negative and positive control treatments had the lowest cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response. These findings suggest that HA supplementation enhanced intestinal integrity (shape and permeability), cellular immune response, and healthier gut microbiota composition, even in the presence of dietary exposure to AFB1. These results complement those of the previously published study, suggesting that HA may be a viable dietary intervention to improve gut health and immunity in turkey poults during aflatoxicosis.

Vermicompost was used for humic acid (HA) preparation, and the adsorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was investigated. Two forms of HA were evaluated, natural HA and sodium-free HA (SFHA). As a reference, a non-commercial zeolitic material was employed. The adsorbents were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), zeta potential (ζ-potential), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and point of zero charge (pHpzc). The adsorbent capacity of the materials when added to an AFB1-contaminated diet (100 µg AFB1/kg) was evaluated using an in vitro model that simulates the digestive tract of chickens. Characterization results revealed the primary functional groups in HA and SFHA were carboxyl and phenol. Furthermore, adsorbents have a highly negative ζ-potential at the three simulated pH values. Therefore, it appears the main influencing factors for AFB1 adsorption are electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Moreover, the bioavailability of AFB1 in the intestinal section was dramatically decreased when sorbents were added to the diet (0.2%, w/w). The highest AFB1 adsorption percentages using HA and SFHA were 97.6% and 99.7%, respectively. The zeolitic material had a considerable adsorption (81.5%). From these results, it can be concluded that HA and SFHA from vermicompost could be used as potential adsorbents to remove AFB1 from contaminated feeds.

. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar variables productivas en pollos en crecimiento y nalización alimentados con diferentes concentraciones de granos secos de destilería con solubles (GSDS) y enzimas en dietas con contenido adecuado o baja energía metabolizable (EM), calcio y fósforo para pollos de engorda. En los tres experimentos realizados, los pollos se alojaron en jaulas individuales; en el experimento 1 y 2, 96 y 80 pollos en crecimiento y nalización se asignaron a dietas de sorgo o maíz-pasta de soya en concentraciones de 0, 5, 10 y 15 % de GSDS; en el experimento 3, 150 pollos se asignaron a dietas con contenido adecuado o bajo en EM, calcio y fósforo y 10 % de GSDS adicionadas con tasa, glucanasa y xilanasa. Los datos se analizaron por ANOVA, regresión lineal y contrastes ortogonales. En los experimentos 1 y 2, con análisis de primera derivada, se encontró que para una adecuada productividad en pollos en crecimiento (p < 0.05) y nalización (p < 0.01) el nivel óptimo de GSDS fue de 8.5 y 13 %; y para optimizar el peso de la pechuga el nivel máximo fue 4.44 %. En el experimento 3, la adición de enzimas compensó la reducción de EM, calcio y fósforo en dietas con 10 % de GSDS. Se puede incluir entre 8.5 y 13 % de GSDS en dietas para pollos en crecimiento y nalización, la adición de enzimas mejora el uso de la EM en dietas con GSDS.

El objetivo fue estimar el factor de emisión (FE) de metano (CH4) y pérdidas diarias de energía bruta (EB) convertida en CH4 (PCH4), por medio de ecuaciones de predicción del método nivel 2 del Panel Intergubernamental de Cambio Climático (IPCC) y con base en información técnica de ranchos del sistema familiar de producción de leche bovina. El estudio se realizó en 10 establos, y se obtuvo información técnica, tipo y cantidad de ingredientes ofrecidos al hato durante tres visitas en diferentes meses del año. La información técnica, junto con análisis de laboratorio del contenido de materia seca (MS) y EB de los ingredientes muestreados, se usó para estimar el consumo de MS y EB; usando la metodología del IPCC se estimó el FE y PCH4. Las mismas variables fueron estimadas usando las ecuaciones de predicción del IPCC. En vacas en ordeña el FE (81 y 70, kg CH4 año-1) y PCH4 (2.95 y 2.56, Mcal día-1) usando las ecuaciones del IPCC fueron similares a las obtenidas con las observaciones en ranchos; el FE ponderado por rancho fue similar (49.06 y 54.09, kg CH4 año-1), pero la PCH4 fue menor (1.11 y 1.97, Mcal día-1 P

The mechanisms of action of humic substances (HS) as growth promoters in poultry are unknown. In this study, the productive performance, histology, and number of goblet cells (GC) in the intestinal villi of broilers under steady-state digestive conditions and under abrupt changes in diet with the addition of HS was evaluated. Broilers housed individually were offered three treatments from 14–28 days: 1 = diet with white corn/soybean meal, without growth promoter antibiotics (nonGPA); 2 = with GPA (GPA); and 3 = with 0.3% HS. At day 28, two diets were suddenly introduced: (A) white corn/soybean meal plus dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS); and (B) white/blue corn/soybean meal/DDGS, keeping the three original treatments. Diets A and B were also exchanged on day 37. FCR was lower with GPA and HS compared to nonGPA from 14–38 days (p < 0.05); at day 28, under steady-state digestive conditions, HS had a similar effect to GPA on the histology and GC number in the jejunum villi. The number of GC in the jejunum of HS-fed broilers on days 29 and 38, after diet changes, behaves similarly to that of AGP-fed broilers (p > 0.05). HS appears to strengthen the mucosal protection of the epithelium of the intestine.

Different sources and inclusion levels of humic substances (HS) have been tested in broiler rations as an alternative to the addition of growth promoter antibiotics (GPA) with promising results. The current study was carried out to assess the influence of HS extracted from worm compost on broiler production parameters, carcass yield, tibia characteristics, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts, excretion of Eimeria oocysts, and antioxidant status of breast meat. A total of 1200 broilers were used, housed in groups of 30 per pen, and assigned to five treatments: 1 = basal diet with GPA (positive control), 2 = basal diet without GPA (negative control), 3–5 = basal diet with 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45% HS, respectively. The data was subjected to a variance analysis and orthogonal contrasts. The FI decreased linearly (p < 0.05) from 1–14, 29–42, and 1–42 days as the inclusion of HS in the feed increased. The FCR had quadratic responses (p < 0.01) from 29–42 and 1–42 days concerning the HS inclusion levels. Lactic acid bacteria was higher (p ˂ 0.05) in ten-day-old chicks with 0.45% HS in the diet. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity antioxidant potential decreased linearly (p < 0.05) concerning increasing HS in the feed. The results indicate that HS can be used as growth promoters in broiler feeds.

Se realizaron dos experimentos de sacrificio para evaluar el crecimiento, contenido y deposición de tejidos y retención de proteína y energía en la carne de la canal en pollos en crecimiento alimentados con pasta de canola (PCAN) en sustitución de pasta de soya (PSOY). En el Exp 1, seis pollos machos, de 43 días de edad, se sacrificaron al inicio y 36 pollos fueron asignados a tres dietas con cantidades crecientes de PCAN (0, 10 y 20 %) combinadas con dos niveles de lisina digestible (LD: 0.85 y 0.95 %). En el Exp 2, seis hembras y seis machos, de 28 días de edad, se sacrificaron al inicio y 72 pollos fueron asignados, por sexo, a dos dietas (PSOY o PCAN como único ingrediente proteico) combinadas con tres niveles de energía (3.0, 3.1 y 3.2 Mcal de EM/kg de alimento). Cada experimento duró dos semanas y al final todos los pollos fueron sacrificados. En el Exp 1, no hubo diferencias estadísticas en la productividad o retención de proteína y energía en la canal entre niveles de PCAN (P>0.05). En el Exp 2, el consumo de alimento, proteína y energía y la deposición de grasa fueron mayores (P

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la adición de fitasa (F) y actividades de pectinasa, glucanasa y hemicelulasa (PGH) en dietas sorgo-soya-canola, y xilanasa (X) en dietas con grano seco de destilería con solubles (GSDS) sobre la digestibilidad ileal y fecal de nutrientes (Exp 1) y el comportamiento productivo (Exp 2) en cerdos en crecimiento finalización. En el Exp 1 se formularon dos dietas basales (B1, sorgo-soya-canola y B2, sorgo-soya-canola + GSDS) y los tratamientos fueron, 1) B1+F, 2) B1+F+PGH, 3) B2+F, 4) B2+F+PGH, 5) B2+F+X, y 6) B2+F+PGH+X. El Exp 2 incluyó cuatro tratamientos, 1) Testigo positivo (sorgosoya- canola) con energía normal, 2) Igual que 1, pero bajo en energía, 3) Igual que 2 +F+PGH, 4) Igual que 3 +GSDS +X. En el Exp 1, la digestibilidad de la energía a nivel ileal se mejoró (P

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la adició,n de fitasa (F) y actividades de pectinasa, glucanasa y hemicelulasa (PGH) en dietas sorgo-soya-canola, y xilanasa (X) en dietas con grano seco de destilerí,a con solubles (GSDS) sobre la digestibilidad ileal y fecal de nutrientes (Exp 1) y el comportamiento productivo (Exp 2) en cerdos en crecimiento-finalizació,n.