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Purpose The decision concerning the degree of product and service customization is crucial, yet has scarcely been studied for small businesses in business-to-business (B2B) contexts. Although such a decision allows relationships with potential customers to be strengthened, it might involve high opportunity costs given the investment required. This paper aims to analyse the profitability of customization undertaken by small businesses in terms of cost–benefit and examine the drivers of profitable customized projects vis-à-vis the ability to strengthen relationships with clients (relationship investment and customer involvement) and the firm’s resources related to processes and technology (expertise and modularity). Design/methodology/approach To test the proposed hypotheses, data were collected from 140 small Spanish firms involved in two sectors characterized by the offer of customized solutions: information and professional, scientific and technical services. Findings Analysis reveals that customer involvement in the customized solution, even when it requires investing in equipment, time or human resources has a positive effect on customization and ultimately on profitability, as the cost of this customer interaction is lower than the revenue it provides. Likewise, supplier investment in the relationship allows for a solution that is adapted to the client, although it requires a cost associated with investing in specific assets. Such costs cancel out the positive indirect effect through the customized solution. Finally, expertise enables appropriate use of the flexibility derived from modularity to satisfy customer requirements, with both being key company resources for driving profitability through customized solutions. Originality/value This study makes a contribution to the domain of customization. The authors extend current knowledge on B2B customization by proving that small firms can use their available capabilities and knowledge to achieve a successful customization strategy.

9 pags., The use of polyproline II (PPII) helices in protein design is currently hindered by limitations in our understanding of their conformational stability and folding. Recent studies of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), a useful model system composed of six PPII helices, suggested that a low denatured state entropy contributes to folding thermodynamics. Here, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed minor populations of PPII like conformers at low temperature. To get atomic level information on the conformational ensemble and entropy of the reduced, denatured state of sfAFP, we have analyzed its chemical shifts and {H}-N relaxation parameters by NMR spectroscopy at four experimental conditions. No significant populations of stable secondary structure were detected. The stiffening of certain N-terminal residues at neutral versus acidic pH and shifted pK values leads us to suggest that favorable charge-charge interactions could bias the conformational ensemble to favor the formation the C1-C28 disulfide bond during nascent folding, although no evidence for preferred contacts between these positions was detected by paramagnetic relaxation enhancement under denaturing conditions. Despite a high content of flexible glycine residues, the mobility of the sfAFP denatured ensemble is similar for denatured α/β proteins both on fast ps/ns as well as slower μs/ms timescales. These results are in line with a conformational entropy in the denatured ensemble resembling that of typical proteins and suggest that new structures based on PPII helical bundles should be amenable to protein design., NMR experiments were performed in the “Manuel Rico” NMR laboratory (LMR) of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), a node of the Spanish Large-Scale National Facility (ICTS R-LRB). We acknowledge funding from the following grants: PID2019-109306RB-I00 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (to D.V.L.) and PID2020-113907RA-I00 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (to M.M.), and RYC2019-026574-I from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF Investing in Your Future” (to M.M.).

The Schmidt-hammer has been used in Geomorphology for the last decades. The effectiveness of the method has been proven by several authors, but some limitations also exists. In this work, this procedure has been tested in glacial and periglacial landforms in five different massifs in the province of León (northwestern Spain): Vizcodillo, Arcos del Agua, Muxivén, San Isidro and Peña Pieta. Tested landforms include moraines, rock glaciers, polished outcrops, talus slopes, blockfields and a debris avalanche. Quartzite has been widely used for this purpose, but granodiorite, shales and sandstones have also been tested. Results show that Schmidt-hammer data generally agree with geomorphological reconstructions. They also show strong correlation with cosmic-ray exposure ages where they exist. Rebound values are high, ranging from ≈70-72 in the oldest landforms (last glacial stage) to ≈77-80 in the most recent ones, with small differences within massifs.In Vizcodillo, four glacial stages have been clearly differentiated since the last local glacial maximum. In Arcos del Agua, periglacial deposits show two different stages of rock glaciers generation and a progressively younger age for different talus slopes related to deglaciation. At both sites, the blockfields are younger than rock glaciers. In Muxivén, Schmidt-hammer data agree with the cosmic-ray exposure dating results, indicating that most of the postglacial deposits were generated due to rapid deglaciation during the Bølling-Allerød period. In San Isidro, the results show two possible stages for rock glaciers. In Peña Prieta, different glacial and periglacial deposits were tested, but poor results were obtained.Relevant differences have been observed depending on the lithology. The mean coefficient of variation in the rebound values of the boulders was 3.1% in Arcos del Agua (quartzite), 3.5% in Vizcodillo (quartzite), 3.8% in Muxivén (quartzite), 4.7% in San Isidro (quartzite sandstones), but 9.9% in Peña Prieta (granodiorite). The differences between boulders of the same landform were also clearly greater in Peña Prieta than in the other massifs, with the quarzitic areas showing the most robust results. Although it has been used in previous works with good results, in this study granodiorite presented a significant dispersion in the rebound values of the boulders, due to the fact that its internal composition is coarse-grained and presents grains with different resistance. Shales could not be correctly tested because they offered great dispersion in the data. The results addressed the importance of selecting suitable and comparable areas on boulder surfaces for Schmidt-hammer impacts, with resistant and homogeneous lithology showing better results. Conversely, areas with high lithological heterogeneity or coarse-grained boulders may not to be suitable for the Schmidt-hammer method. Further surface exposure dating is needed to establish a calibration curve in this area.

The structure of the property in Leon's coal mining is based on the existence of smalle mines, a fact that makes the mining space a very fragmented one.This charasteristic, which is a historial fact in the beginning of the coal mining, has developed slowly theroughout the last decades towards a concentration of the properties, with a small number of owners.The concentration process is very impotant in the hard coal mines, and much less visible in the anthracite ones, where we still find an important number of reduced extension mines belonging to small owners.

This article presents a geographical study of a roman gold-mine in the north-west of Iberian peninsula: the río de la Sierra mine. Several traces have been realized by ancient miners which already are present nowadays in our landscape. With these traces we can know a important part of that society like gold-mines and the hydraulic structure related with them.

Till macrofabric and grain-size analysis of glacial diamictons and landforms present in several valleys of the Serra da Estrela Mountains in central Portugal were used to interpret till types and to reconstruct the glacial paleoprocess history of this mountainous region. Supraglacial melt-out and flow tills are dominant in this range. Supraglacial melt-out tills, representative of periods of glacial stability and stagnation followed by recession, present weaker fabric data and coarser, poorly sorted sediments. Flow tills, mainly representative of glacial stability followed by recession, present crude layering, and soft-sediment deformation structures with moderate fabric data and coarser to fine, poorly sorted sediments. Glacial diamictons affected by post-glacial paraglacial activity in the form of landslides were also observed in three valleys. These present weaker to moderate fabric data and coarser, poorly sorted sediments. These glacial diamictons and landforms are of particular importance in the reconstruction of the glacial dynamics and history of the Serra da Estrela Mountains due to a scarcity of chronological data based on absolute dating methods. These mountains also represent the southernmost Atlantic range in Europe where significant glaciation took place, which makes it an interesting area to investigate mountain glacial dynamics in low elevation humid Atlantic coastal ranges and compare it with other Atlantic ranges.

The use of PPII helices in protein design is currently hindered by limitations in our understanding of their conformational stability and folding. Recent studies of the snow flea antifreeze protein (sfAFP), a useful model system composed of six PPII helices, suggested that a low denatured state entropy contributes to folding thermodynamics. To get atomic level information on the conformational ensemble and entropy of the reduced denatured state of sfAFP, we have analyzed its chemical shifts and {1H}-15N relaxation parameters by NMR spectroscopy at three experimental conditions. No significant populations of preferred secondary structure were detected. The stiffening of certain N-terminal residues at neutral versus acidic pH leads us to suggest that favorable charge-charge interactions could bias the conformational ensemble to favor the formation of the two disulfide bonds during nascent folding. Despite a high content of flexible glycine residues, the mobility of the sfAFP denatured ensemble is similar for denatured α/β proteins both on fast ps/ns as well as slower μs/ms timescales. These results are in line with a conformational entropy in the denatured ensemble resembling that of typical proteins and suggest that new structures based on PPII helical bundles should be amenable to protein design.

Dehesas or montados are man-made systems whose conservation interest as a Mediterranean landscape or agroforestry system has been highlighted in the scientific literature due to their high levels of biodiversity. The understanding of how management practices influence the biodiversity of the dehesa requires a comprehensive approach that considers the broad spectrum of biological components (i.e., fungi, lichens, vascular plants, macroinvertebrates, and vertebrates) that make the dehesa an ecosystem. We have reviewed around seventy publications compiled through Scopus and other specialized bibliographic sources not included in Scopus that study the impact of land use and land cover on the biodiversity of Iberian dehesas. The most significant results have been organized and summarized into a group of factors related to habitat structure and management practices. The conclusion to be drawn from the scientific studies is that not all biological components respond in the same way to land-cover and human practices, and the maintenance of a high overall diversity in dehesas depends on a complex understorey vegetation and habitat heterogeneity.

The Montes de Leon (northwest Spain) include the Aquilanos Mountains (2142 m), the Teleno Mountains (2182 m), and the Sierra de la Cabrera (2121 m), which are Paleozoic mountains with a predominance of slate and quartzite. During the maximum glacial advance, 94 small cirque and valley glaciers (up to 9 km long) occupying c. 116 km2 were formed in this area. Although the glacial development was similar in the three mountain ranges, the conservation of the landforms is very uneven. On the western slope of La Cabrera and in the Aquilanos Mountains, the steep slope and the greater presence of slate favored erosion, and only a few moraines have been preserved, although cirques and troughs are still present. The preserved moraines in the Teleno and the east of La Cabrera (Vizcodillo) present a less steep gradient, allowing us to observe three glacial stages. The first two show similar development, with glaciers occupying the headwaters of the valleys. The third appears in the highest and best-oriented cirques, with moraines over 1700 m. Some of the moraines were excavated for gold in Roman times, and others have been destroyed by current-day slate mining.

Desde 1976 en la Isla Martillo (Canal Beagle, 54°54´26? S; 67°22´58? O) se asienta una colonia de pingüinos de Magallanes (Spheniscus magellanicus). Allí se identifican geoformas de origen glacial y marino, entre las que se destacan: drumlin, terrazas glacifluviales y marinas, y playas. La vegetación de la isla está compuesta por fragmentos bosque localizados mayoritariamente en el E de la isla, y la superficie restante está cubierta de arbustos, matas y pastos. Este trabajo presenta a los pingüinos como agentes erosivos en las geoformas terrestres, glaciares y marinas. Se realizó una evaluación multi-criterio de relevamiento de campo. La geo data base se trabajó en el entorno GIS Quantum GIS® 3.2.1, utilizando imágenes satelitales y un modelo digital del terreno (MDT) de 12 m de resolución espacial, como base de referencia visual. Los datos morfométricos y la evaluación multi-criterio se recopilaron durante el verano austral 2016-2017. Se tomaron muestras de los suelos y sedimentos de cada forma de relieve (drumlin, terraza glacifluvial, playa elevada y playa) para analizar el tamaño de partícula, para determinar si existe alguna relación entre los parámetros morfométricos de la cueva y los sedimentos. Se definieron cuatro clases de bioerosión en función de las características de erosión observadas en el campo. "Moderada" fue la clase de erosión predominante, en la parte E-NE de la isla. Los rasgos erosivos se desarrollan principalmente en la ladera con orientación N del E de la isla, donde un barranco natural drena el agua de lluvia y sobre las superficies de las terrazas glacifluviales y marinas. Las características erosivas como las cuevas y los puentes se desarrollan principalmente en drumlins limosos. Los pedestales se desarrollan en suelos desnudos y matas. Los senderos y las grietas también se describieron como bioerosión. No se registraron características erosivas en la parte oeste de la isla. El mapa de bioerosión es uno de los insumos para el análisis de degradación ambiental y la investigación dinámica de la población que se está realizando en la colonia de pingüinos de Magallanes en la isla Martillo, Canal Beagle. An active Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) colony has been established on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel (54°54´26? S; 67°22´58? W) since 1976. It is located in remnants of eroded drumlins placed in both ending and joined by gravel terraces of glaciofluvial and marine origin. Forest patches occupy the eastern side of the island while most of the island is covered by bushes, tussocks and grasses. This paper presents penguins as bio-erosion agents on glacial and marine landforms. An analysis of multiple criteria surveyed in the field was performed, using Quantum GIS® 3.2.1 with remote sensing images and a digital model terrain of 12 m resolution. The morphometric data and multicriterial evaluation were collected during 2016-2017 austral summer. Soils and sediments of each landform (drumlin, glaciofluvial terrace, raised beach and beach) were sampled for particle size analysis, to determine if there is any relationship between the morphometric parameters of the cave and the sediments. Four bio-erosion classes were defined based on the erosion features observed in the field. ?Moderate? was the prevailing erosion class recorded, in the E-NE part of the island. Bio-erosion features are mainly developed on the N facing slope of the east of the island, where a natural gully drains rainfall water, and over the glaciofluvial and marine terrace surfaces. Erosive features such as caves and bridges are mainly developed in silty drumlins. Pedestals are developed on bare soils and tussocks. Trails and cracks were also described as bio-erosion. No erosive features were recorded in the W part of the island. The bio-erosion map is one of the inputs for environmental degradation analysis and population dynamic research which is being done in the Magellanic penguin colony on Martillo Island, Beagle Channel. Fil: Quiroga, Diego Rubén Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; Argentina Fil: Coronato, Andrea Maria Josefa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; Argentina Fil: Scioscia, Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Raya Rey, Andrea Nélida. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tierra del Fuego; Argentina Fil: Schiavini, Adrian Carlos Miguel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Santos González, Javier. Universidad de León; España Fil: López, C.R.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Redondo Vega, José María. Universidad de León; España

Relict rock glaciers are widespread in the Cantabrian Mountains, with more than 250 lobate, tongued‐shaped and complex landforms identified. Located mostly within glacial cirques, facing north and northeast, these landforms are indicative of the distribution of ancient permafrost. Macro‐fabric analysis allows us to reconstruct the past dynamics of these landforms. Surface macro‐fabric analysis of 34 rock glaciers including both ridge and furrows was performed. The orientation and dip of 50 clasts was determined in each case. All data were plotted in equal‐area stereograms and the eigenvalue method was used for statistical analysis of the data. The data show weak fabric shapes, with the transitional and the girdle shapes being the most representative, with 67.6% of the samples studied. The main fabric direction (eigenvalue S1) is found in 40–60% of the clasts, and only 11.7% present values ≥0.60. Clast concentration density in the stereograms gives concentrations

Psychosocial hardships associated with the COVID-19 pandemic led many individuals to suffer adverse mental health consequences, however, others show no negative effects. We hypothesized that the electroencephalographic (EEG) response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) could serve as a toy-model of an individual’s capacity to resist psychological stress, in this case linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed data from 74 participants who underwent mental health monitoring and concurrent electroencephalography with transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) and left inferior parietal lobule (L-IPL). Within the following 19 months, mental health was reassessed at three time points during lock-down confinement and different phases of de-escalation in Spain. Compared with participants who remained stable, those who experienced increased mental distress showed, months earlier, significantly larger late EEG responses locally after L-DLPFC stimulation (but not globally nor after L-IPL stimulation). This response, together with years of formal education, was significantly predictive of mental health status during the pandemic. These findings reveal that the effect of TMS perturbation offers a predictive toy model of psychosocial stress resilience, as exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, and point to the L-DLPFC as a promising target for resilience promotion.

IntroductionThe prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a crucial role in cognition, particularly in executive functions. Cortical reactivity measured with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation combined with Electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) is altered in pathological conditions, and it may also be a marker of cognitive status in middle-aged adults. In this study, we investigated the associations between cognitive measures and TMS evoked EEG reactivity and explored whether the effects of this relationship were related to neurofilament light chain levels (NfL), a marker of neuroaxonal damage.MethodsFifty two healthy middle-aged adults (41–65 years) from the Barcelona Brain Health Initiative cohort underwent TMS-EEG, a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, and a blood test for NfL levels. Global and Local Mean-Field Power (GMFP/LMFP), two measures of cortical reactivity, were quantified after left prefrontal cortex (L-PFC) stimulation, and cognition was set as the outcome of the regression analysis. The left inferior parietal lobe (L-IPL) was used as a control stimulation condition.ResultsLocal reactivity was significantly associated with working memory and reasoning only after L-PFC stimulation. No associations were found between NfL and cognition. These specific associations were independent of the status of neuroaxonal damage indexed by the NfL biomarker and remained after adjusting for age, biological sex, and education.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that TMS evoked EEG reactivity at the L-PFC, but not the L-IPL, is related to the cognitive status of middle-aged individuals and independent of NfL levels, and may become a valuable biomarker of frontal lobe-associated cognitive function.

Resumen: El SARS-CoV-2 se transmite de persona a persona por inhalación o por el contacto con gotas y aerosoles respiratorios. El período de incubación mediano es 5,1 días. Fiebre, tos seca, disnea y fatiga, son los síntomas más comunes. Casi la mitad de los casos son asintomáticos. El espectro de la enfermedad varía desde cuadros leves (81%) a críticos (5%). La edad avanzada, el sexo masculino y las comorbilidades impactan negativamente sobre la gravedad y la mortalidad de la COVID-19. El diagnóstico de la patología aguda se realiza con pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT-PCR) o de detección antigénica. En pacientes hospitalizados, el remdesivir reduce el tiempo de recuperación. Los corticoides orales se recomiendan en casos graves o críticos que requieren oxigenoterapia o ventilación mecánica. La tromboprofilaxis se sugiere en todos los casos graves y no graves con riesgo trombótico alto. La antibioterapia se limita a pacientes de alta sospecha de sobreinfección bacteriana. Los casos leves-moderados y graves tras el alta hospitalaria deben monitorizarse clínicamente durante un período mínimo de dos semanas Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted from person to person by inhalation or contact with respiratory droplets and aerosols. The median incubation period is 5.1 days. Fever, dry cough, dyspnea and fatigue are the most common symptoms. Almost half of the cases are asymptomatic. The spectrum of disease varies from mild (81%) to critical (5%). Older age, male gender and comorbidities negatively impact on the severity and mortality of COVID-19. The diagnosis of acute COVID-19 is made with RT-PCR or antigenic detection tests. In hospital patients, remdesivir reduces recovery time. Oral steroids are recommended for severe or critical cases requiring oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation. Thromboprophylaxis is recommended in all severe and non-severe cases with high thrombotic risk. Antibiotherapy is limited to cases of high suspicion of bacterial superinfection. Mild-moderate and severe cases after discharge from hospital should be clinically monitored for a minimum period of two weeks

This investigative study wanted to determinate the relationship between the phonological awareness and the reading – writing process in 3th grade students from an EBP school in Sincelejo. The used instruments were the Prueba de Procesamiento Fonologico to seize the phonological awareness and the PROLEC and PROESC batteries, to measure the reading – writing process. The chosen sample were 55 students (ages 8 – 10) who were the result of previous assessments on hearing, visual and cognitive competences. The data processing was processed through an analysis using the IBM statistical package SPSS 23.0.0.0 (2015), based on the tests made by Kolmogorov–Smirnov and on Pearson’s correlation. The results show a highly relevant relationship between the phonological awareness and the output in reading – writing process. Keywords: Phonological Awareness, Writing, Reading. Resumen El presente estudio busco determinar la relacion existente entre la conciencia fonologica y la lectoescritura de los estudiantes de tercer grado de E.B.P. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Prueba de Procesamiento Fonologico para medir la variable conciencia Fonologica y las baterias de PROLEC y PROESC para medir lectoescritura. La muestra consistio en 55 alumnos (8 a 10 anos), que resultaron de previas valoraciones auditiva, visual y cognitiva. El procesamiento de los datos se realizo a traves de un analisis utilizando el paquete Estadistico IBM SPSS 23.0.0.0 (2015), tomandose como nivel de significancia las pruebas de Kolgomorov-Smirnov, y de correlacion de Pearson. Los resultados evidencian una relacion altamente significativa entre la conciencia fonologica y el rendimiento en lectura y escritura. Palabras clave: Conciencia Fonologica, Escritura, Lectura. Resumo O presente estudo buscou determinar a relacao entre consciencia fonologica e alfabetizacao de estudantes de terceiro grau da E.B.P. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Teste de Processamento Fonologico para medir a variavel consciencia fonologica e as baterias PROLEC e PROESC para medir leitura e escrita. A amostra foi composta por 55 estudantes (8 a 10 anos), resultado de avaliacoes previas auditivas, visuais e cognitivas. Os dados foram processados atraves de uma analise utilizando o pacote IBM SPSS Statistics package 23.0.0.0 (2015), tomando como nivel de significância os testes de correlacao de Kolgomorov-Smirnov e Pearson. Os resultados mostram uma relacao altamente significativa entre consciencia fonologica e desempenho em leitura e escrita Palavras-chave : Consciencia Fonologica, Escrita, Leitura.