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Este artículo tiene como propósito divulgar el impacto que ha tenido el “Programa Interinstitucional de Atención y Desarrollo Integral de la Adolescencia y Juventud, para la promoción de una Cultura de Paz en Nicaragua”. Este programa es parte del modelo de Justicia Restaurativa aplicado en Nicaragua y está contemplado dentro de las políticas Públicas dirigidas a la Juventud y Adolescencia. La Justicia Juvenil restaurativa, también es conocida como conciliatoria, reparadora o restitutiva. Se pretende que los adolescentes transgresores de la ley restablezcan el vínculo social quebrantado y se reinserten socialmente. El sistema aplica principalmente medidas socio educativas., en este sentido, es importante destacar que la justicia restaurativa es un complemento y no un reemplazo del sistema de justicia convencional. Para fortalecer nuestro trabajo presentamos análisis de datos estadísticos. Se realizaron entrevistas a miembros de la Policía Nacional, con el objetivo de conocer las estrategias del programa y la implementación de la Justicia restaurativa en Nicaragua.

Purpose To study the drug retention rate (DRR), causes, and predictors of discontinuation of adalimumab (ADA) in a real-world uveitis setting. Design Multicentric, nationwide, registry-based, ambispective, observational study. Participants Patients treated with ADA for noninfectious uveitis (NIU) in the Biotherapies for Uveitis (BioUvea) Spanish registry from November 2016 to November 2017. Methods Demographics, clinical data, timing, and reasons for discontinuation, if occurred, were recorded. The DRR and drug retention time (DRT) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Median follow-up was analyzed by reverse Kaplan–Meier. Log-rank test was used for comparisons. Cox proportional-hazards model (PHM) and propensity score matching were used to identify predictors for discontinuation due to inefficacy and adverse events. Main Outcome Measures Drug retention rate and DRT. Results A total of 392 patients were analyzed, including 218 women. Median age was 39 (interquartile range, 25) years. Nonanterior uveitis was recorded in 242 patients. Median follow-up was 49.07 (0.97–131.67) months, median DRT (survival) was 69.3 months, and 14 patients were lost to follow-up. The DRR at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months was 92.97%, 87.68%, 76.31%, and 54.28%, respectively. Adalimumab was discontinued in 151 patients. Discontinuation was due to lack or loss of efficacy in 74 patients, adverse event in 34 patients, and sustained quiescence in 25 patients. Recorded adverse events included infections in 10 patients and malignant neoplasms in 3 patients. Concurrent classic immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) was given to 251 patients. We did not find DRT differences regarding the use of concurrent IMT. Adalimumab was prescribed as a second or greater biotherapy line in 76 patients who showed shorter DRT (P = 0.038). Starting ADA in nonbiotherapy-naive patients was a predictor for “discontinuation due to inefficacy,” whereas undifferentiated uveitis was a predictor for “discontinuation due to adverse event.” Drug retention time was significantly shorter when spared or intensified, mainly due to discontinuation after sustained quiescence. Conclusions Drug retention rate of ADA in uveitis at 60 months was 54.28%, with a good safety profile. The use of concurrent IMT did not show a significant influence on DRT. The use of ADA as a second or further biotherapy could be predictive for discontinuation due to inefficacy. Undifferentiated uveitis may be prone to premature discontinuation of ADA due to adverse events.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación Se presentan las cartografías personales y cómo favorecen a la adquisición de los aprendizajes cartográficos al vincular emocionalmente al alumnado con el espacio geográfico. En el proceso de percepción del espacio vivido se realiza una comprensión de la problemática existente en el territorio y, con ello, un sentimiento de mejora y una participación que fomenta la construcción de la ciudadanía crítica en los alumnos y alumnas. Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación y Formación Profesional; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ESP

To study the drug retention rate (DRR), causes, and predictors of discontinuation of adalimumab (ADA) in a real-world uveitis setting.Multicentric, nationwide, registry-based, ambispective, observational study.Patients treated with ADA for noninfectious uveitis (NIU) in the Biotherapies for Uveitis (BioÚvea) Spanish registry from November 2016 to November 2017.Demographics, clinical data, timing, and reasons for discontinuation, if occurred, were recorded. The DRR and drug retention time (DRT) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Median follow-up was analyzed by reverse Kaplan-Meier. Log-rank test was used for comparisons. Cox proportional-hazards model (PHM) and propensity score matching were used to identify predictors for discontinuation due to inefficacy and adverse events.Drug retention rate and DRT.A total of 392 patients were analyzed, including 218 women. Median age was 39 (interquartile range, 25) years. Nonanterior uveitis was recorded in 242 patients. Median follow-up was 49.07 (0.97-131.67) months, median DRT (survival) was 69.3 months, and 14 patients were lost to follow-up. The DRR at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months was 92.97%, 87.68%, 76.31%, and 54.28%, respectively. Adalimumab was discontinued in 151 patients. Discontinuation was due to lack or loss of efficacy in 74 patients, adverse event in 34 patients, and sustained quiescence in 25 patients. Recorded adverse events included infections in 10 patients and malignant neoplasms in 3 patients. Concurrent classic immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) was given to 251 patients. We did not find DRT differences regarding the use of concurrent IMT. Adalimumab was prescribed as a second or greater biotherapy line in 76 patients who showed shorter DRT (P = 0.038). Starting ADA in nonbiotherapy-naive patients was a predictor for "discontinuation due to inefficacy," whereas undifferentiated uveitis was a predictor for "discontinuation due to adverse event." Drug retention time was significantly shorter when spared or intensified, mainly due to discontinuation after sustained quiescence.Drug retention rate of ADA in uveitis at 60 months was 54.28%, with a good safety profile. The use of concurrent IMT did not show a significant influence on DRT. The use of ADA as a second or further biotherapy could be predictive for discontinuation due to inefficacy. Undifferentiated uveitis may be prone to premature discontinuation of ADA due to adverse events.

Allergic respiratory diseases are major health problems in paediatric population due their high level of prevalence and chronicity, and to their relevance in the costs and quality of life. One of the most important risk factors for the development of airway diseases in children and adolescents is atopy. The mainstays for the treatment of these diseases are avoiding allergens, controlling symptoms, and preventing them through sustained desensitization by allergen immunotherapy (AIT). AIT is a treatment option that consists in the administration of increasing amounts of allergens to modify the biological response to them, inducing long-term tolerance even after treatment has ended. This treatment approach has shown to decrease symptoms and improve quality of life, becoming cost effective for a large number of patients. In addition, it is considered the only treatment that can influence the natural course of the disease by targeting the cause of the allergic inflammatory response. The aim of this publication is to reflect the advances of AIT in the diagnosis and treatment of allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents reviewing articles published since 2000, establishing evidence categories to support the strength of the recommendations based on evidence. The first part of the article covers the prerequisite issues to understand how AIT is effective, such as the correct etiologic and clinical diagnosis of allergic respiratory diseases. Following this, the article outlines the advancements in understanding the mechanisms by which AIT achieve immune tolerance to allergens. Administration routes, treatment regimens, dose and duration, efficacy, safety, and factors associated with adherence are also reviewed. Finally, the article reviews future advances in the research of AIT.

Objeto: Por sus ventajas en terminos de neutralidad y simplicidad, pretendemos disenar una base imponible de flujos de caja para el impuesto sobre sociedades, asi como desarrollar su articulacion practica. Diseno/metodologia: Se revisan los aspectos conceptuales y los antecedentes de la imposicion sobre el flujo de caja de las sociedades y se propone una base imponible que grava el flujo de efectivo de las actividades economicas de la empresa. Para su puesta en practica se desarrolla un procedimiento metodologico a partir de los documentos contables de obligada presentacion por las empresas, mediante el cual se transforman las variables stock y flujos de los documentos contables en flujos de efectivo. Aportaciones/Resultados: Una articulacion practica a partir de los documentos contables de obligada presentacion por las empresas espanolas. Implicaciones practicas: Este estudio define el procedimiento a seguir para determinar la base imponible de un impuesto de flujos de caja para las sociedades a partir de su contabilidad, lo que permitiria estimar el impacto recaudatorio de esta figura tributaria. Valor anadido: El diseno de una base imponible de flujos de caja para las sociedades. La aproximacion contable realizada para determinar los flujos de efectivo justifica que la propuesta de base imponible efectuada es tecnicamente viable.

Candidiasis comprises a group of clinical manifestations caused by opportunistic yeasts of the genus Candida, especially Candida albicans, which usually occurs in the skin and mucous membranes with an acute, subacute or chronic course. A case of a patient with a 15 year-history of diabetes, who attended the dermatology consultation in her health area because of skin lesions that had developed for 6 months, is presented. The patient decided to seek medical assistance since the lesions had worsened over time. It was decided to present this case because candidiasis is an entity that is becoming increasingly important due to its common occurrence in patients with diabetes.

En las últimas décadas diversas líneas de reforma del Impuesto sobre Sociedades, como ACE y CbIT, han sido propuestas para eliminar el tratamiento fiscal preferente a la financiación mediante deuda. Este trabajo estima los efectos que tendría en España la aplicación de reformas de este tipo, mediante técnicas de microsimulación aplicadas sobre la base de datos contable sAbI. Los resultados muestran las fortalezas y debilidades de cada una de las reformas, y sugieren la aplicación de fórmulas mixtas y/o la puesta en marcha gradual de las reformas como transición hacia bases imponibles neutrales.

In this work, the ability of pine bark procyanidins to hinder oxidation in bulk corn oil and corn oil‐in‐water‐emulsion has been investigated. A preliminary characterisation of the obtained aqueous (AF) and organic (OW) fractions and subfractions suggested a very polar character and showed that both fractions possess remarkable antioxidant activity when minimum concentrations of 2 mg/mL are used. OW fractions and subfractions derived from both pine varieties were able to inhibit oxidation in oils. More specifically, two organic subfractions were the most efficient for retarding the degradation process, with levels of 62% and 50% after 8 days of treatment, respectively. Organic subfractions obtained from both varieties of pine also rendered possible inhibition levels in oil‐in‐water‐emulsions up to 80% after 4 days of oxidation, more than 3 times higher than the levels provided by tocopherol, a well‐known model commercial antioxidant, which confirms the excellent antioxidant potential of procyanidins from pine bark. Practical application: Lipid deterioration leads to losses in quality and nutritional value and to the development of off‐flavours in many foodstuffs. One way to overcome this drawback is by using antioxidants of natural origin, which is a subject of a great scientific and industrial interest, reflected by the growing number of papers and patents published during the last years. Since aqueous and organic fractions obtained from Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata bark turned out to be an adequate source of procyanidins in previous investigations of our group, their possible antioxidant role in model lipid systems was investigated. This approach entails also another benefit in terms of waste valorisation, since pine bark is a typical residue of agroforestal industries.

Pine bark is an important source of polyphenolic compounds, mainly procyanidins, with reported protective effects against disease. In previous works, barks of two varieties of pine (P. pinaster and P. radiata) were extracted with ethanol, and partially purified to obtain the aqueous fractions (FA), that contained mainly polymeric procyanidins. The mean degree of polymerization was 7.9 for radiata (rFA) and 10.6 for pinaster (pFA). FAs were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 by using a gradient of methanol, water and acetone, to render a series of sub-fractions. In this work, the procyanidin compositions of these sub-fractions were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The mass spectra of sub-fractions from FA of P. pinaster showed signals of procyanidin polymers up to tridecamers, whereas for those from P. radiata the maximum degree of polymerization was 15. For this latter case, the MALDI-TOF mass spectra detected the presence of prodelphinidins in a small amount.

Pine bark is a forest by-product that can be profitable as a source of polyphenols by its content in procyanidins. In this work, barks of two varieties of pine (Pinus pinaster and P. radiata) were extracted with ethanol, and partially purified to obtain a fraction named FOW, that contained mainly flavan-3-ol monomers and procyanidins oligomers. The mean degree of polymerization was 2.1 for pinaster (pOW) and 2.7 for radiata (rOW). FOWs were fractionated on C18 Sep-Pak cartridges into three fractions for each variety by different organic solvents. The phenolic compositions of the fractions were analyzed using HPLC with UV diode array detection and electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. The compounds identified were: catechin, dihydroquercetin, phenolic acids and their glucosides, procyanidins dimers, trimers and tetramers. FOWs and their fractions were characterized in antioxidant power by DPPH and β-carotene methods. In the former assay, pOW showed major effectiveness, with an antiradical specific activity of 46 units AR/mg procyanidins, whereas for the β-carotene bleaching test rOW (78 ± 0.71%) gave the best inhibition result. Despite this fact the derived fractions, presenting similar values, have advantages because the profile of their constituents is uniform for each one, and, hence, it is easier to investigate their action for potential applications in both medical or food fields

5 pages, 4 tables.-- Printed version published Feb 2007., The composition and antiradical activity of procyanidins from the bark of two kinds of pine, Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata, were compared. Both the total bark extract and the fraction soluble in both water and ethyl acetate (OW) were evaluated, because of their promising results in previous experiments., Results showed that P. radiata bark was richer in total phenols and also in procyanidins, catechin always being the main unit, so terminal as extensional. For P. pinaster, epicatechin was the predominant extension unit. The mean degree of polymerization (mDP) was higher for the latter. Interestingly, opposite results were encountered for the corresponding OW fractions, where P. radiata showed a mDP of 2.9 vs. 2.3 of P. pinaster. It was also found that the higher the mDP the higher was the specific antiradical activity. The different procyanidin composition and specific antiradical activity of the two kinds of barks, and particularly their OW fractions, may lead to the design of efficient natural antioxidants with application in the food industry., We thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology for Project No. PPQ2003-06602-C04, Subprojects 1 and 2.

10 pages, 5 figures.-- Printed version published Feb 2007., Barks of Pinus pinaster and Pinus radiata were studied as source of procyanidins; these raw materials, considered a byproduct of forestal industry, were extracted with ethanol. The extract was partially fractionated to obtain an aqueous fraction (FA) containing a great part of the procyanidins from barks and with potential application to both food and medical fields. FAs were rich in polyphenols, 65–87% of which were procyanidins; the mean degree of polymerization (mDP) was 7.9 for radiata (rFA) and 10.6 for pinaster (pFA) varieties., The aqueous fractions were chromatographed on Sephadex LH-20 to obtain specific fractions differing in DP and composition. These fractions were analysed by thiolysis with cysteamine, followed by RP-HPLC. Results showed that (+)-catechin was the main terminal unit for both barks and also the main extension unit for radiata. In contrast (-)-epicatechin was predominant as extension unit in pinaster and this could have implications for applications in oils, emulsions and biological systems., In terms of antiradical activity, expressed as specific antiradical units, the entire rFA gave the best results, together with rF5. For P. pinaster bark, the best results were achieved for fractions F5–F8, with DP 7–22. The whole fraction from radiata represents an economic alternative of great interest because the fractionation costs can be avoided., We thank Spanish Ministry MCyT for Project PPQ2003-06602-C04-01 and 02.

Grape byproducts were subjected to an extraction process under various different experimental conditions (namely, solvent type, temperature, solvent-to-solid ratio, time contact, and raw material) in order to study the effect of these conditions on the yield of phenolic compounds and the corresponding antiradical activity of extracts. Although the order of decreasing capacity to extract soluble materials was ethanolmethanolwater, methanol was the most selective for extracting phenolic compounds. Temperature and solvent-to-solid ratio were found to have a critical role in extraction efficiency; values of 50 degrees C (between 25 and 50 degrees C) and 1:1 (between 1:1 and 5:1) maximized the antiradical activity of phenolic extracts. In addition, extracts from grape samples previously subjected to distillation reached higher antiradical values in comparison to those coming directly from pressing; in both cases, seed extracts showed better results than those of stem when ethanol or water was employed, whereas the opposite occurred in the case of methanol. These differences were attributed to the different phenolic compositions of the considered fractions.

PURPOSE: To identify the presence of silver deposits in the cornea using a new-generation confocal microscopy technique. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 70-year-old man, who had been a jeweler for many years, was referred to our center for assessment of corneal opacity and ocular pigmentation. Slit-lamp examination revealed grayish, dense confluent deposits in the central and peripheral cornea, deep stroma, and Descemet's membrane. On confocal microscopy, we observed typical images of hyperreflective keratocytes across the entire stromal surface and two hyperreflective plaques coinciding with areas of metal deposition, one at Descemet's membrane and the other at Bowman's membrane. This last deposition site has not been previously identified in vivo by confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Confocal microscopy is a useful tool for the diagnosis of corneal argyrosis because it allows the in vivo visualization of silver deposits at different corneal levels.

Como profesores de idiomas nos preocupa cómo abordar las políticas del Ministerio Nacional de Educación. Los Estándares Nacionales para la Enseñanza del Inglés fueron publicados en un intento de unificar criterios para la enseñanza del Idioma Inglés. Sin embargo, todavía hay maestros que no saben cómo incluirlos en sus planes de clase. El grupo de investigación (ESCU) desarrolló un proyecto de investigación usando las tareas de aprendizaje como estrategia pedagógica para integrar estos estándares y las habilidades lingüísticas en la clase de Inglés. Este estudio de investigación cualitativa fue realizada con estudiantes de los grados sexto y el noveno en tres escuelas públicas. Se realizaron observaciones directas de clase se aplicaron cuestionarios y entrevistas. Los resultados indicaron que el uso de TBL sirve para integrar los estándares de competencia y al mismo tiempo potencia el desarrollo de las cuatro habilidades del idioma. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de uno de los objetivos propuestos en un proyecto de investigación llevado a cabo en una ciudad en la Costa Caribe colombiana. ABSTRACT As language teachers we are concerned about how to cope with the National Ministry of Education policies. National Standards for English Language Teaching was published, in an attempt to unify criteria for English Language teaching. However, there are still teachers wondering how to include them into their class planning. The research group (ESCU) developed a research study using learning tasks as a pedagogical strategy to integrate these standards and the language skills in the English class. This qualitative research study was conducted with sixth and ninth grade students in three public schools. Direct class observations were made, questionnaires and interviews were applied. Results indicated that the use of TBL served to integrate standards and enhanced students´ potential in the four language skills. This paper presents the results of one of the proposed objectives of a research project carried out in a city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast.

Procyanidins have been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this benefit are not fully understood. Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production generated by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is a common problem in different cardiovascular diseases. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of procyanidin-rich fractions from distilled grape pomace on NADPH oxidase activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Three differently polymerized and galloylated procyanidin fractions were analyzed for their NADPH oxidase inhibitory activity in cell lysates and in HUVEC cultures. All of the three fractions, up to 1 µg/ml, equally inhibited isolated NADPH oxidase in HUVEC lysates in a concentration-dependent manner and independently of any superoxide anion scavenging activities. The procyanidin fractions even blocked NADPH oxidase activity in intact HUVEC, inhibiting ROS production at both extra- and intracellular levels. The fractions achieved the same effects that known NADPH oxidase inhibitors, such as diphenylene iodonium and apocynin, but they presented better hydrosolubility. Our results demonstrated that procyanidin from grape pomace inhibit human endothelial NADPH oxidase regardless of their polymerization degree and galloylation percentage. Therefore, procyanidins are suitable NADPH oxidase inhibitors which could serve as models for therapeutic alternatives for cardiovascular diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 1386–1396, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The influence of technological factors (decaffeination, brew volume, coffee species, and roast degree) on antiradical activity and phenolics content of espresso coffee is described. The screenings of phenolics profile and other compounds (caffeine and trigonelline), as well as the quantification of hydroxymethylfurfural, were performed by LC-DAD-ESI-MS. Significantly lower (p0.05) scavenging activities and phenolics contents were found in decaffeinated espressos when compared with regular ones (32 vs 38% and 324 vs 410 mg/30 mL cup, respectively). A long espresso (70 mL) offers more than twice the phenolics amount of a short one (20 mL). Robusta brews showed higher (p0.05) antiradical activity and phenolic contents than arabica ones, for all roast degrees (light, medium, and dark). No significant differences (p0.05) were observed for scavenging activities of differently roasted robusta brews, whereas an increase in medium-dark brews was observed for arabica samples. Total phenolics in robusta espressos decreased (p0.05) with the increase of roast degree, but no significant differences (p0.05) were found between arabica espressos from different roasts. By LC-DAD-ESI-MS, 23 hydroxycinnamic derivatives were found, including chlorogenic acids, lactones, and cinnamoyl-amino acid conjugates. The amount of each compound was differently affected by species and roast. Robusta brews presented superior levels of caffeine and chlorogenic acids, whereas arabica ones contained more trigonelline. Hydroxymethylfurfural contents in the brew (30 mL) varied from 2.60 to 0.84 mg for light- and dark-roasted arabicas and from 1.29 to 0.68 mg for light- and dark-roasted robustas, respectively.

Artículos originales [ES]La traumatología ocular supone el 10% de la traumatología general en España, siendo los accidentes oftalmológicos de origen laboral en su mayoría. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la prevalencia y etiología en nuestro medio, proponiendo medidas preventivas para disminuirlos en número y gravedad. Realizamos un estudio descriptivo trasversal en 41 trabajadores atendidos en un Servicio de Urgencias Oftalmológicas en un Hospital del Servicio Público de Salud de la Comunidad de Madrid durante el mes de Abril de 2006. Mediante cuestionario específico analizamos las siguientes variables: edad sexo, profesión, sector, dispensación y uso de protección ocular, reincidencia, diagnóstico y asistencia médica Los resultado obtenidos muestran que un 25.6% de accidentes oculares son de origen laboral, que se dan en el 87 % en varones, con una edad media de 35 años; pertenecen al sector de la construcción un 85.4 %, que maneja equipo de soldadura o radial. El diagnóstico más frecuente es el impacto de cuerpo extraño y se trataba de accidente reiterado en el 32% de los casos. No posee protección ocular el 51.2% y de los que la poseen no la usa el 48%. Por todo ello nuestro esfuerzo debe encaminarse a la información y formación sobre la protección ocular, en trabajador y empresario El hecho de que el 46% podría haber sido tratado de forma ambulatoria supone que médico del trabajo debe estar entrenado en el manejo de la traumatología ocular por su frecuencia y la necesidad de tratamiento inmediato en el lugar de trabajo.[EN] Ten percent of the overall traumas in Spain are in the eye, these accidents where mostly at work. The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence and etiology in our area and propose preventive measures to decrease the number of accidents and their severity. We conducted a descriptive study in 41 workers attended in an eye emergency department (Hospital San CarlosApril2006) with a specific questionnaire (variables: age, sex, occupation, industry, supply and use of eye protection, recidivism, diagnosis and medical care). The results showed 25.6% of industrial eye accidents, 87.2% where in males with an average age of 35.15 years, 85.4% belong to the construction sector. The most frequent diagnosis was the impact of foreign body. We realize that 51.2% do not have safety glasses, and between those who have it, 48% do not wear it. So, our efforts must be geared to information and training on eye protection, worker and employer.The 46.3% of accidents only need ambulatory treatment, this implies that occupational medical should be trained in handling of eye injuries by their frequency and need for immediate treatment in the workplace. No

Pinus pinaster extract is a polyphenol-rich food supplement containing diverse types of flavonoids. The latter are known to have strong antiradical activity and thus different beneficial effects on human health. A 23 experimental design was performed to study the effect of temperature, contact time and liquid–solid ratio on the ethanol extraction efficiency. High values of phenol yields (17.0 ± 0.00 eq. g gallic acid/l) and antiradical activity (85.6 ± 3.94 DPPH inhibition percentage) were detected at 50 °C (values varied between 25 and 50 °C), at 90 min (between 30 and 90 min) and at a 5:1 liquid–solid ratio (between 5:1 and 10:1). A subsequent HPLC analysis allowed identification of the phenols occurring in the extracts. Previously, an aqueous extract (A), and another one soluble in both water and ethyl acetate (OW), were obtained after fractionation and subjection to thiolysis. The main monophenols detected were catechin > epicatechin in the A fraction and dihydroquercetin > catechin > epicatechin in the OW one. In the former fraction, the average degree of polymerization ( DPn ¯ ) of procyanidins was 7.0, while only oligomer phenols with DPn ¯ = 3 . 0 were found in the OW fraction.