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Abstract The genomic characteristics of Peruvian patients with gastric adenocarcinoma from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds were examined in consideration of the possibility that patients from different socioeconomic backgrounds may be exposed to different risk factors. We conducted a prospective pilot study in two Peruvian cities (Lima and Ica). This study enrolled 15 patients from low socioeconomic status (LSES) and 15 patients from medium/high socioeconomic status (MHSES). The genomic profiling of gastric adenocarcinoma samples was done through the FoundationOne CDx platform. We compared the genomic characteristics and the need for targeted therapy and immunotherapy between LSES and MHSES. The genes with higher rates of alterations were TP53 (73.3% vs. 50.0%, P = 0.2635); CDH1 (26.7% vs. 28.6%, P = 1); CDKN2A (20.0% vs. 28.6%, P = 1); KRAS (33.3% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.1686); ARID1A (20.0% vs. 14.3%, P = 1); MLL2 (13.3% vs. 21.4%, P = 1) and SOX9 (33.3% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.0421) in LSES versus HMSES, respectively. There was no significant difference in tumor mutational burden (P = 0.377) or microsatellite status (P = 1). The LSES group had a higher need for targeted therapy or immunotherapy according to gene involvement and alterations. A significant genomic difference exists among patients with gastric adenocarcinoma of different socioeconomic status, which may result in a different need for targeted therapy and immunotherapy.

The decoration of hexagonal boron graphdiyne (BGDY) layers with Ni atoms has been investigated by density functional calculations. For one, two, and three Ni atoms per hexagon, the BGDY structure is approximately maintained. Decoration with six Ni atoms per hexagon leads to the formation of a novel, very stable two-dimensional material in which the hexagonal structure of BGDY is substantially distorted. The Ni-doped materials have a semiconductor character, and the electronic band gap width can be tailored by varying the amount of adsorbed Ni. BGDY-2Ni, BGDY-3Ni, and BGDY-6Ni have electronic band gaps promising for infrared detectors. This work shows that computer simulation helps to discover new materials by the functionalization of layered carbon materials with metal atoms.

Background Detecting total cholesterol in dried blood spots could aid in identifying individuals with a high likelihood of familial hypercholesterolemia and could be used as a screening measure. This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of dried blood spots on Whatman 903 paper cards using a manual enzymatic technique. Methods: A total of 394 samples were collected as serum and dried blood spots were compared. Cholesterol was determined in serum using the automated reference method, while cholesterol on paper was measured using a manual enzymatic method. Within- and between-day diagnostic variability were analyzed. The correlation between both methods was assessed using Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman plot. Internal validation of our correlation formula was performed on 149 samples, along with external validation of the formula proposed by Corso et al. Results: The within- and between-day coefficient of variation was found to be lower than 10.14% and 14.09%, respectively. Passing–Bablok regression indicated a precision of 0.803 and an accuracy of 0.96. Internal validation precision was measured at 0.716. The resulting positive and negative predicted values were 0.77 and 0.92, respectively, vs. 0.46 and 0.96 from the external formula. Conclusions: Total cholesterol analysis in dried blood spots demonstrates high precision and reproducibility. This method reliably enables the incorporation of this biological marker into neonatal screening for familial hypercholesterolemia detection.

In this report, different handling conditions at slaughterhouse were studied to assess changes in salivary biomarkers. For this purpose, finishing pigs were divided into two groups, one in which handling was improved to minimize stress (Group A, n = 24, transported and stabled at the slaughterhouse at low density without mixing with unfamiliar animals throughout the whole process) and another one in which animals had a more stressful handling process (Group B, n = 24, transported and stabled at high density with unfamiliar animals). Saliva samples were taken the day before transport to the slaughterhouse at 8:00 a.m. (B0) and 12:00 a.m. (B4), and the day of slaughter just after unloading animals at the slaughterhouse at approximately 8:00 a.m. (S0) and after 4 h of lairage at approximately 12:00 a.m. (S4). Group B showed significantly higher cortisol, total esterase activity, oxytocin, adenosine deaminase and haptoglobin levels than the Group A at both S0 and S4 sampling times, and higher levels of calprotectin and creatine kinase at S4 sampling time. This report indicates that differences in the way in which the pigs are handled at the slaughterhouse can lead to changes in salivary biomarkers and opens the possibility of the use of biomarker at slaughter to monitor handling conditions.

The increase in the production of highly recalcitrant plastic materials, and their accumulation in ecosystems, generates the need to investigate new sustainable strategies to reduce this type of pollution. Based on recent works, the use of microbial consortia could contribute to improving plastic biodegradation performance. This work deals with the selection and characterization of plastic-degrading microbial consortia using a sequential and induced enrichment technique from artificially contaminated microcosms. The microcosm consisted of a soil sample in which LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene) was buried. Consortia were obtained from the initial sample by sequential enrichment in a culture medium with LLDPE-type plastic material (in film or powder format) as the sole carbon source. Enrichment cultures were incubated for 105 days with monthly transfer to fresh medium. The abundance and diversity of total bacteria and fungi were monitored. Like LLDPE, lignin is a very complex polymer, so its biodegradation is closely linked to that of some recalcitrant plastics. For this reason, counting of ligninolytic microorganisms from the different enrichments was also performed. Additionally, the consortium members were isolated, molecularly identified and enzymatically characterized. The results revealed a loss of microbial diversity at each culture transfer at the end of the induced selection process. The consortium selected from selective enrichment in cultures with LLDPE in powder form was more effective compared to the consortium selected in cultures with LLDPE in film form, resulting in a reduction of microplastic weight between 2.5 and 5.5%. Some members of the consortia showed a wide range of enzymatic activities related to the degradation of recalcitrant plastic polymers, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa REBP5 or Pseudomonas alloputida REBP7 strains standing out. The strains identified as Castellaniella denitrificans REBF6 and Debaryomyces hansenii RELF8 were also considered relevant members of the consortia although they showed more discrete enzymatic profiles. Other consortium members could collaborate in the prior degradation of additives accompanying the LLDPE polymer, facilitating the subsequent access of other real degraders of the plastic structure. Although preliminary, the microbial consortia selected in this work contribute to the current knowledge of the degradation of recalcitrant plastics of anthropogenic origin accumulated in natural environments.

This work highlights the ability of various actinobacterial formulas, to control the incidence of gray-mold caused by Botrytis cinerea in cucumber seedlings. Protocols applied aimed at the preliminary characterization of the actinobacterial collection and the biopolymers used as carriers were very useful for predicting their phytotoxic, phytostimulating and biopesticidal capacity. First, the phytostimulatory or phytotoxic potential of 3 biopolymers at 3 different concentrations and a collection of 10 actinobacteria were analyzed by calculating the germination index in cucumber seeds by seed dipping (biopriming). In general, two-member consortia and independent actinobacteria previously selected reached a phytostimulant effect on cucumber seedlings after their application by biopriming. Likewise, the selected actinobacteria were characterized, sole and in co-cultures, according to its ability to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea by dual culture bioassays. Finally, after selecting the most effective actinobacterial formulas, a preventive gray-mold bioassay was performed based on cucumber seed biopriming. The strains A5 and A7, in axenic and co-culture, showed to be the most efficient strains against the in vitro growth of B. cinerea. Seed biopriming strategy with actinobacterial formulas revealed a remarkable promoter effect in the early stages of plant development and after the infection with the phytopathogen fungus was remained. Definitely, the microbial formulas used in this work showed a phytostimulant and biopesticide character, laying the foundations for subsequent studies that allow a deeper scrutiny of the mechanisms of action that grant the specialization of the effect that occurs between beneficial microorganisms and specific plant hosts.

Composting is considered an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative for plant waste management, resulting in compost, a high value-added product. During the process, microorganisms play a crucial role as organic matter-degrading agents. However, the highly recalcitrant nature of the lignocellulose present in plant residues sets a challenge to the microorganisms involved in the process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a lignocellulolytic microbial consortium, previously selected in composting processes, to promote and improve the biodegradability of plant residues. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale inoculation strategy was optimized by applying different strains and doses of Bacillus spp., as well as different incubation times. Subsequently, the impact of the application of the consortium on the waste material as a pretreatment of a real composting process was evaluated. Samples from both experiments were subjected to the evaluation of parameters related to the biodegradation of the lignocellulosic fraction, in addition to those related to the stability and maturity of a compost. The inoculum proved to be effective in promoting the bioactivation of the material, favoring a higher respirometric rate and biodegradability during laboratory-scale pretreatment. In this case, inoculation with B. safensis at high doses resulted in AT4 values higher than those observed for the rest of the treatments after ten days of incubation, while B. licheniformis inoculated at lower doses was able to maintain higher AT4 values after ten days, compared to those observed in the rest of the samples analyzed. Additionally, inoculation with both strains resulted in a continuous decrease in the percentage of hemicellulose that could be detected until the end of the incubation period (thirty days), reaching biodegradation rates close to 40%. On the other hand, although the inoculation did not significantly affect the basic conditioning parameters at the beginning of the composting process (organic matter, C/N ratio, and moisture), a change in the dynamics of the lignocellulosic fractions was observed during the process, as well as in the evolution of other stability and maturity parameters, in particular the AT4 index and the lignin/holocellulose ratio, revealing an acceleration of the bio-oxidative phase during the full-scale composting process. Therefore, the treatment of plant waste with lignocellulolytic microorganisms is proposed as an effective alternative to activate the biodegradability of organic waste at the beginning of a composting process, resulting in better-quality products.

Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), the only mammalian 1-Cys member of the peroxiredoxin family, has peroxidase, phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) acyltransferase (LPCAT) activities. It has been associated with tumor progression and cancer metastasis, but the mechanisms involved are not clear. We constructed an SNU475 hepatocarcinoma cell line knockout for PRDX6 to study the processes of migration and invasiveness in these mesenchymal cells. They showed lipid peroxidation but inhibition of the NRF2 transcriptional regulator, mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic reprogramming, an altered cytoskeleton, down-regulation of PCNA, and a diminished growth rate. LPC regulatory action was inhibited, indicating that loss of both the peroxidase and PLA2 activities of PRDX6 are involved. Upstream regulators MYC, ATF4, HNF4A, and HNF4G were activated. Despite AKT activation and GSK3β inhibition, the prosurvival pathway and the SNAI1-induced EMT program were aborted in the absence of PRDX6, as indicated by diminished migration and invasiveness, down-regulation of bottom-line markers of the EMT program, MMP2, cytoskeletal proteins, and triggering of the “cadherin switch”. These changes point to a role for PRDX6 in tumor development and metastasis, so it can be considered a candidate for antitumoral therapies.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica es una rara consecuencia de la embolia pulmonar aguda. La cirugía de tromboendarterectomía pulmonar es el tratamiento de elección. Cuando la afectación es distal (nivel iii anatomoquirúrgico o segmentario) supone un mayor desafío quirúrgico y presenta mayor riesgo de morbimortalidad perioperatoria. Analizamos los resultados de la tromboendarterectomía pulmonar en pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica nivel i-ii y nivel iii en nuestro centro. Métodos: Desde febrero de 1996, hemos realizado 290 tromboendarterectomías pulmonares consecutivas, 260 con seguimiento mínimo de un año (media de 67 meses [rango 17-279]). Dividimos esta población en grupo 1 (210 pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica nivel i y ii) y grupo 2 (50 pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica nivel iii [19%]) Resultados: La supervivencia al año fue del 94% en el grupo 1 y del 96% en el grupo 2, a los 3 años, del 93 y el 96%, y a los 5 años, del 90 y el 96%, respectivamente (p = 0,352). La mortalidad hospitalaria (6% vs. 4%, p = 0,473), la oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea perioperatoria (6% vs. 0%, p = 0,058), la tasa de ventilación mecánica de más de 48 horas (34% vs. 42%, p = 0,306) y la hipertensión pulmonar residual (resistencias vasculares pulmonares superiores a 400 dinas.s.cm−5) a los 6 meses de seguimiento (22% vs. 19%, p = 0,680) no presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: La tromboendarterectomía pulmonar en hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica con afectación distal o segmentaria, cuando es realizada en un centro experto, puede obtener resultados a corto-medio plazo excelentes y similares a los pacientes intervenidos con afectación más proximal. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is a rare consequence of an acute pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice. It represents a greater surgical challenge in distal chronic thromboembolic disease (level iii, segmental). It also presents a higher risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality. We analyzed the results of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in patients with level i-ii and level iii chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in our center. Methods: Since February 1996, we have performed 290 consecutive pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, 260 of them with a minimum follow-up of one year (mean of 67 months [rank 17-279]). We divided this population into group 1 (210 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension levels i and ii) and group 2 (50 patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension level iii [19%]). Results: Survival rate was 94% in group 1 and 96% in group 2 after one year, 93% and 96% after 3 years, and 90% and 96% after 5 years, respectively (P=.352). No statistically significant differences were found regarding hospital mortality (6% vs. 4%, P=.473), perioperative extracorporeal membrane oxigenation (6% vs. 0%, P=.058), the rate of mechanical ventilation for more 48 hours (34 vs. 42%, P=.306) and residual pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary vascular resistance greater than 400 dynes/sec/cm−5) at 6 months of follow-up (22% vs. 19%, P=.680). Conclusions: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with distal involvement, when performed in an expert center, can obtain short-to-medium-term results excellent and similar to those of patients operated on with more proximal involvement.

Wastewater treatment generates a huge amount of sewage sludge, which is a source of environmental pollution. Among the alternatives for the management of this waste, industrial composting stands out as one of the most relevant. The objective of this study was to analyze the bacterial population linked to this process and to determine its effectiveness for the reduction, and even elimination, of microorganisms and pathogens present in these organic wastes. For this purpose, the bacteriome and the fecal bacteria contamination of samples from different sewage sludge industrial composting facilities were evaluated. In addition, fecal bacteria indicators and pathogens, such as Salmonella, were isolated from samples collected at key stages of the process and characterized for antibiotic resistance to macrolide, β-lactam, quinolone, and aminoglycoside families. 16S rRNA phylogeny data revealed that the process clearly evolved toward a prevalence of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phyla, removing the fecal load. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant microorganisms present in the raw materials were reduced, since these were isolated only in the bio-oxidative phase. Therefore, industrial composting of sewage sludge results in a bio-safe final product suitable for use in a variety of applications.

Nowadays, plastic materials are extensively used in the agri-food sector for multiple purposes. The end-of-life management of these plastics is an environmental challenge because frequent incomplete recoveries after the crop seasons lead to the accumulation of plastics debris in agricultural waste, which is now recognized as an emerging environmental issue of global concern. However, the effects of plastic debris in agricultural waste undergoing biotreatment have been poorly studied. This study assesses the effects of agricultural plastic waste (APW) (LDPE + LLDPE and EPS) (1.25% f.w.) on the vermicomposting process (45 days) in terms of earthworm health by measuring biomarker responses and the enzymatic activity and quality/stabilization of the vermicompost obtained. The results showed that exposure to all the plastic materials tested had negative morphological effects on earthworm survival and body biomass. In the vermicomposting process, the changes detected in the enzymatic activity of the vermicompost and the biofilm seemed to affect the degradation rate of earthworms and the microbiome of the substrate, as demonstrated by the low organic matter mineralization in the vermicompost exposed to plastic. Although no significant changes were recorded in several biomarkers, signs of oxidative stress were evidenced throughout the glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase activity, mainly involving balanced oxidative stress and xenobiotic resistance systems.

Composting involves the selection of a microbiota capable of resisting the high temperatures generated during the process and degrading the lignocellulose. A deep understanding of the thermophilic microbial community involved in such biotransformation is valuable to improve composting efficiency and to provide thermostable biomass-degrading enzymes for biorefinery. This study investigated the lignocellulose-degrading thermophilic microbial culturome at all the stages of plant waste composting, focusing on the dynamics, enzymes, and thermotolerance of each member of such a community. The results revealed that 58% of holocellulose (cellulose plus hemicellulose) and 7% of lignin were degraded at the end of composting. The whole fungal thermophilic population exhibited lignocellulose-degrading activity, whereas roughly 8–10% of thermophilic bacteria had this trait, although exclusively for hemicellulose degradation (xylan-degrading). Because of the prevalence of both groups, their enzymatic activity, and the wide spectrum of thermotolerance, they play a key role in the breakdown of hemicellulose during the entire process, whereas the degradation of cellulose and lignin is restricted to the activity of a few thermophilic fungi that persists at the end of the process. The xylanolytic bacterial isolates (159 strains) included mostly members of Firmicutes (96%) as well as a few representatives of Actinobacteria (2%) and Proteobacteria (2%). The most prevalent species were Bacillus licheniformis and Aeribacillus pallidus. Thermophilic fungi (27 strains) comprised only four species, namely Thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromyces thermophilus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Gibellulopsis nigrescens, of whom A. fumigatus and T. lanuginosus dominated. Several strains of the same species evolved distinctly at the stages of composting showing phenotypes with different thermotolerance and new enzyme expression, even not previously described for the species, as a response to the changing composting environment. Strains of Bacillus thermoamylovorans, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, T. lanuginosus, and A. fumigatus exhibiting considerable enzyme activities were selected as potential candidates for the production of thermozymes. This study lays a foundation to further investigate the mechanisms of adaptation and acquisition of new traits among thermophilic lignocellulolytic microorganisms during composting as well as their potential utility in biotechnological processing.

Resumen: Introducción: La investigación es una prioridad en la formación académica en el pregrado de medicina; se asocia a positivismo, motivación y pensamiento crítico. Las asociaciones científicas formas un papel fundamental en el fomento de la investigación en el pregrado. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados del programa vacacional en investigación propuesto por estudiantes de medicina colombianos y evaluar la importancia de fomentarlos en América Latina. Materiales y métodos: La población de estudio incluyó a los estudiantes de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (Risaralda, Colombia) participantes, quienes resolvieron un cuestionario sobre aspectos asociados a la investigación y publicación científica; además, se utilizó el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la investigación. Se realizó una segunda encuesta a un grupo de estudiantes latinoamericanos que incluyó la importancia de realizar programas vacacionales de investigación. Los análisis estadísticos se hicieron en STATA. Resultados: Ser parte de una asociación aumenta las posibilidades de ganar un premio en un congreso (86%), presentar un trabajo de investigación en un congreso (68%) y tener una publicación científica (59%). El 82,2% dedicaría al menos 5 h diarias de forma ininterrumpida a la investigación durante su periodo vacacional. En vacaciones tienen en promedio 5,5 h frente a 2,2 h durante jornada académica para investigar. Conclusiones: La investigación es de gran importancia en la formación del médico; los estudiantes de medicina desean que en sus universidades se realicen cursos o programas vacacionales en investigación científica porque es cuando más tiempo disponen para actividades complementarias. Abstract: Introduction: Research has become a priority in academic training among medical undergraduate students, and it has been associated with positivism, motivation, and critical thinking. Scientific associations also play a role in the research training for undergraduate students. The objective of this study was to describe the results of a research program during holiday periods proposed by Colombian medical students and to evaluate the importance of promoting them in Latin America. Materials and methods: The study population included students from the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira (Risaralda, Colombia) who had completed a questionnaire on aspects associated with scientific research and publications. Furthermore, a questionnaire of attitudes towards research was also completed. A second survey was conducted by a group of Latin America students, which included the importance of conducting research–based programs. The statistical analysis was performed using the STATA program. Results: To be a member of an association increased the chances of winning an award at a congress (89%), as well as presenting a research paper at congress (68%), and to have a scientific publication (59%). The large majority of them (82,2%) would spend at least 5 hours a day continuously on research during their vacation time. During their vacation, they spend a mean of 5.5 hours per day, and 2.2 hours in an academic day. Conclusions: Research is important in medical training. Medical students would like to receive courses or programs during holiday periods about scientific research, as they have more free time for these complementary activities. Palabras clave: Estudiantes de Medicina, Sociedades científicas, Investigación, Vacaciones y feriados, Educación médica, Colombia, Keywords: Medical students, Scientific societies, Research, Holidays, Medical education, Colombia

Resumen: Los pseudoaneurismas son una rara y grave complicación de endocarditis infecciosa, cirugía cardiaca previa, traumatismo torácico etc. Pueden conllevar serias complicaciones, como su rotura, compresión de estructuras cardiacas o fistulización. Describimos el caso de un varón de 42 años intervenido en 2015 de sustitución de raíz aórtica con preservación valvular (técnica de David), anuloplastia mitral y cierre de foramen oval permeable. En agosto del 2017 ingresó por síndrome febril de origen urinario, que no respondió al tratamiento convencional. Con la sospecha de endocarditis infecciosa, se obtuvieron hemocultivos que fueron positivos para Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-sensible. Se realizó un ecocardiograma observándose una imagen en raíz aórtica compatible con absceso. Se optó por tratamiento conservador y revaluación. Dos semanas después, el ecocardiograma mostró un pseudoaneurisma en el tracto de salida del ventrículo izquierdo. Una angiotomografía computarizada cardiaca confirmó este hallazgo y además, su fistulización a la aurícula derecha. Es trasladado a nuestro hospital donde es intervenido. En la cirugía observamos un absceso originado en la base del seno no coronariano con rotura del velo aórtico que se continuaba hasta fistulizar en aurícula derecha. Se realizó reconstrucción del anillo aórtico con parche de pericardio heterólogo y sustitución valvular aórtica mediante prótesis mecánica desde la raíz aórtica, y cierre de fístula desde aurícula derecha. Los cultivos de las muestras quirúrgicas resultaron estériles y el ecocardiograma postoperatorio no mostró complicaciones. La cirugía es fundamental para evitar las posibles complicaciones de un pseudoaneurisma y, si se asocia a una endocarditis infecciosa, erradicar la extensión de la infección. Abstract: Pseudoaneurysms are rare and severe complications of infective endocarditis, previous heart surgery, thoracic trauma, etc. They can lead to serious complications, such as their rupture, compression of cardiac structures, or fístula formation. A case is presented of a 42 year-old male who underwent aortic root replacement with valve preservation (David procedure), mitral valve annuloplasty, and patent foramen ovale closure in 2015. In August 2017 he was admitted to hospital with a fever of urinary origin that did not respond to standard treatment. Suspecting an infective endocarditis, blood cultures were collected, which were positive for Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. An echocardiogram was performed, in which was observed an image compatible with an abscess in the aortic root. The chosen course of action was conservative management and subsequent re-evaluation. Two weeks later the echocardiogram showed a left ventricular outflow tract pseudoaneurysm. A CT angiography confirmed this finding, as well as a right auricular fistula. The patient was transferred to our hospital where he underwent surgery. During the surgery, an abscess was observed that originated from the base of the non-coronary aortic sinus with rupture of the aortic valve that continued into a right auricular fistula. The aortic annulus was re-constructed with a heterologous pericardial patch and the aortic valve was replaced from its root with a mechanical prosthesis. Closure of the fistula from the right atrium was also performed. Cultures from the surgical specimens were sterile, and the post-surgery echocardiogram did not show any complications. Surgery is essential to avoid any possible pseudoaneurysm complications and should the pseudoaneurysm be associated with an infective endocarditis, surgery is necessary to eradicate the spreading of the infection. Palabras clave: Falso aneurisma, Endocarditis, Cirugía cardiaca, Reoperación, Tracto de salida de ventrículo izquierdo, Keywords: False aneurysm, Endocarditis, Cardiac surgery, Re-operation, Left ventricular outflow tract

Municipal solid waste and sewage sludge are produced in large quantities that are often managed through industrial composting treatment. Because of their origin, composition, and complexity, ensuring adequate stabilization of the organic matter, and sanitation of fecal contaminants during composting is of the utmost significance, and difficult to achieve on an industrial scale. In this study, the operations of six industrial composting facilities that process municipal solid waste and sewage sludge were evaluated from the point of view of the sanitation achieved and the quality of the compost produced. In addition, the results were compared using the model of industrial compost from green waste. Differences between the plants were ascribable to operations other than composting systems. High phytotoxicity and fecal contamination above legislation thresholds were found in compost produced from municipal solid waste. In contrast, compost from sewage sludge were more stable and mature than those produced from green waste, and also had an adequate level of sanitation. The raw material and operational factors are of great relevance to obtain a stable, mature, and pathogen-free compost.

Abstract Background Recent findings support a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of inflammatory pathways in articular cells. This study investigates in vivo in an acute model whether intra-articular administration of oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial function, induces an oxidative and inflammatory response in rat knee joints. Methods Oligomycin was injected into the rat left knee joint on days 0, 2, and 5 before joint tissues were obtained on day 6. The right knee joint served as control. Results were evaluated by macroscopy and histopathology and by measuring cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and CD68 (macrophages) and chemokine levels. The marker of mitochondrial mass COX-IV was also evaluated. Results The macroscopic findings showed significantly greater swelling in oligomycin-injected knees than in control knees. Likewise, the histological score of synovial damage was also increased significantly. Immunohistochemical studies showed high expression of IL-8, coinciding with a marked infiltration of polymorphonuclears and CD68+ cells in the synovium. Mitochondrial mass was increased in the synovium of oligomycin-injected joints, as well as cellular and mitochondrial ROS production, and 4-HNE. Relatedly, expression of the oxidative stress-related transcription factor Nrf2 was also increased. As expected, no histological differences were observed in the cartilage; however, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated in this tissue. Conclusions Mitochondrial failure in the joint is able to reproduce the oxidative and inflammatory status observed in arthritic joints.

Preservation of the peritoneal membrane is an essential determinant of the long-term outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PD-related peritoneal membrane injury. We hypothesized that mitochondria may be implicated in the mechanisms that initiate and sustain peritoneal membrane damage in this setting. Hence, we carried out ex vivo studies of effluent-derived human mesothelial cells, which disclosed a significant increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in mesothelial cells with a fibroblast phenotype, compared to those preserving an epithelial morphology. In addition, in vitro studies of omentum-derived mesothelial cells identified mtROS as mediators of the EMT process as mitoTEMPO, a selective mtROS scavenger, reduced fibronectin protein expression induced by TGF-ß1. Moreover, we quantified mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels in the supernatant of effluent PD solutions, disclosing a direct correlation with small solute transport characteristics (as estimated from the ratio dialysate/plasma of creatinine at 240 min), and an inverse correlation with peritoneal ultrafiltration. These results suggest that mitochondria are involved in the EMT that human peritoneal mesothelial cells suffer in the course of PD therapy. The level of mtDNA in the effluent dialysate of PD patients could perform as a biomarker of PD-induced damage to the peritoneal membrane.

Purpose: Sustainable employability has emerged as a multifaceted construct that measures individuals' abilities to function in the labour market throughout their working lives. Therefore, it is no longer just about analysing how to achieve a successful transition from school/university to employment, but also about identifying the conditions that will allow people to continue to be capable and motivated in the long term. The aim of this work was to identify and rank the personal factors of an individual that contribute to his or her perceived sustainable employability. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used a quantitative methodology to estimate the structural model proposed. A stratified random procedure was used to administer an online questionnaire to 202 university master's degree students. Before testing the structural model, the validation of each scale was performed, both at the exploratory and confirmatory levels. Findings: The results indicate that four groups were key to improve individual sustainable employability: (1) Health Status; (2) Career Competencies; (3) Core Self-Evaluations and (4) Overcoming Competencies. Research limitations/implications: The results are of interest to any individual, employed or not, insofar as they can reflect on the relevance of each category and how to improve them at the individual level. Originality/value: This study contributes to research on sustainable employability focus on the analysis of young people by providing empirical evidence on its relationship with other key variables, in an area where the literature remains mainly conceptual and centred in workers.

The subtraction from forms of community and resistance to figures of authority that we find in Samuel Beckett’s Trilogy can be approached in the light of Alain Badiou’s critique of communitarian ethics and of the administrative and management function of the state, in which the individual is considered as a subset. It can also be seen as informed by the particular historical manifestations of political totalitarianism and authoritarianism that characterized the European context from which the Trilogy emerged. Drawing on Badiou’s own readings of Beckett and on Andrew Gibson’s revaluation of Badiou and Beckett, and as opposed to prevalent interpretations of the Trilogy that have underlined its despairing character and sole concern with the isolated ego, I would like to approach Molloy, Malone and the Unnamable as unconsenting and persistent individuals that refuse to become part of a community, reject established knowledges and resist to the conformity and obedience demanded by the state.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la Ley 28/2005 de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo en la prevalencia de la exposición al humo ambiental del tabaco (HAT) en Barcelona. Métodos: Estudio de evaluación antes-después mediante comparación de dos encuestas transversales. Las fuentes de datos fueron las Encuestas de Salud de Barcelona de 2000 y 2006. Se analizó la prevalencia de exposición al HAT en población adulta no fumadora según el ámbito de exposición (hogar, trabajo y tiempo libre) y las variables sociodemográficas. Resultados: La exposición al HAT en no fumadores en el hogar y el trabajo disminuyó significativamente (p Objective: To assess the impact of the 28/2005 Spanish smoking law on exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) in Barcelona. Methods: We performed a pre-post evaluation study. Two cross-sectional surveys were compared. Data were obtained from the Barcelona Health Surveys of 2000 and 2006. The prevalence of SHS exposure among non-smoking adults was analyzed by setting (home, workplace and leisure time) and sociodemographic variables. Results: SHS exposure in non-smokers significantly decreased between 2000 and 2006 (p

Glycogen-rich clear cell (GRCC) is a rare subtype of breast carcinoma characterized by carcinoma cells containing an optically clear cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic glycogen. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman with a palpable mass in the right breast and clinical signs of locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). The diagnosis of GRCC carcinoma was based on certain histopathological characteristics of the tumor and immunohistochemical analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first case of GRCC LABC with intratumoral calcifications. There is no evidence of recurrence or metastatic disease after 14 months’ follow-up.

The objective of this study was to analyze research trends in the field of sustainable management of metals on a global level between 1993 and 2017. To do so, a bibliometric analysis was carried out on a total of 6967 articles. The results revealed the growing interest in this research field, particularly over the last five year-period during which 63% of all articles were published. The three journals in which most articles had been published were the Journal of Cleaner Production, ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, and Chemsuschem. The countries that published the most articles were China, the United States, India, Germany, and the United Kingdom. A sizeable network of collaboration has been established between countries for the joint publication of studies. The main lines of research have been focused on metal decontamination in water and soil, waste management oriented towards reuse and recycling, and the innovation of processes for cleaner and more efficient production. The results revealed the need for comprehensive studies that integrate different disciplines within the same analytical framework, and to promote research that contributes to the different dimensions of sustainability (environmental, economic, and social).

Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios en las expectativas y las actitudes sobre la Ley 28/2005 de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo de los trabajadores de la hostelería tras 2 años de su entrada en vigor. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal de una cohorte de trabajadores del sector de la hostelería de cinco comunidades autónomas (n=431) antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley y 24 meses después. Se comparararon el conocimiento de la ley, las expectativas de cumplimiento y los conocimientos sobre los efectos adversos del tabaquismo pasivo antes y después de la ley. Resultados: De los 431 trabajadores participantes iniciales se obtuvo respuesta de 219 a los 2 años (tasa de seguimiento del 50,8%). El 79,0% de los trabajadores conocía el proyecto de ley antes de su entrada en vigor, frente al 94,1% que afirmó conocerla después (pObjective: To assess changes in hospitality workers' expectations and attitudes towards the Spanish smoking law before and 2 years after the smoking ban. Methods: We performed a longitudinal study of a cohort (n=431) of hospitality workers in five regions in Spain before the law came into effect and 24 months later. Expectations and attitudes towards the ban and knowledge about the effect of second-hand smoke on health were compared before and after the ban. Results: We recruited 431 hospitality workers in the baseline survey and 219 were followed-up 24 months later (overall follow-up rate of 50.8%). The percentage of hospitality workers who knew the law was 79.0% before it was passed and was 94.1% 24 months later (p

Objetivo: Evaluar el punto de corte óptimo de la concentración de cotinina en saliva para discriminar el consumo de tabaco en la población adulta de Barcelona. Métodos: Estudio transversal de una muestra representativa (n=1117) de la población adulta (>16 años) de la ciudad de Barcelona (2004-2005). El estudio recogió información sobre tabaquismo (activo y pasivo) mediante cuestionario y una muestra de saliva para la determinación de cotinina. Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad y especificidad estratificado por sexo, edad, tipo de consumo (diario y ocasional) y exposición al humo ambiental del tabaco en el hogar. Se calcularon las curvas ROC y el área bajo la curva. Resultados: La prevalencia de fumadores (diarios y ocasionales) fue del 27,8% (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 25,2-30,4%). El punto de corte óptimo que separa a los no fumadores de los fumadores es 9,2ng/ml (sensibilidad del 88,7% y especificidad del 89,0%). El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,952. El punto de corte fue 12,2ng/ml para los hombres y 7,6 para las mujeres, y aumentaba en los grupos de edad con mayor prevalencia de tabaquismo. Los fumadores diarios tenían un punto de corte superior al de los fumadores ocasionales. Conclusiones: El punto de corte óptimo que discrimina fumadores de no fumadores en la población adulta es 9,2ng/ml, con sensibilidad y especificidad cercanas al 90%. El punto de corte es más alto en los hombres y en los grupos de menor edad, y aumenta cuanto mayor es la prevalencia de consumo diario.Objective: To assess the optimal cut-point for salivary cotinine concentration to identify smoking status in the adult population of Barcelona. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of a representative sample (n=1,117) of the adult population (>16 years) in Barcelona (2004-2005). This study gathered information on active and passive smoking by means of a questionnaire and a saliva sample for cotinine determination. We analyzed sensitivity and specificity according to sex, age, smoking status (daily and occasional), and exposure to second-hand smoke at home. ROC curves and the area under the curve were calculated. Results: The prevalence of smokers (daily and occasional) was 27.8% (95% CI: 25.2-30.4%). The optimal cut-point to discriminate smoking status was 9.2ng/ml (sensitivity=88.7% and specificity=89.0%). The area under the ROC curve was 0.952. The optimal cut-point was 12.2ng/ml in men and 7.6ng/ml in women. The optimal cut-point was higher at ages with a greater prevalence of smoking. Daily smokers had a higher cut-point than occasional smokers. Conclusions: The optimal cut-point to discriminate smoking status in the adult population is 9.2ng/ml, with sensitivities and specificities around 90%. The cut-point was higher in men and in younger people. The cut-point increases with higher prevalence of daily smokers.

Background: NO has an antiproliferative action on HepG2 cells and Thioredoxin (Trx) and Glutaredoxin (Grx) have denitrosilase and deglutathionylase activities. Aims: To ascertain whether Trx and/or Grx systems intermediate the anti-proliferative effect of NO on hepatoblastoma cells by modulating the redox-state of key proteins. Methods: HepG2 cells overexpressing Nitric Oxide Synthase-3 (NOS-3) were transfected with specific siRNA to silence Trx1 and Grx1. The expression and thiolic redox state of proteins were determined by Western blot and redox mobility shift assay. Results: Overexpression of NOS3 increased the levels and activities of proteins of the redoxin systems, Trx1, Grx1, TrxR1 and TxnIP, and the levels of signaling proteins (Akt1, pAkt1-Ser473, MapK, pMapK, Stat3, Fas). The thiolic redox state of Trx1, Grx1 and Akt1 shifted to more oxidized. Increases were also observed in Pro-apoptotic Caspase-3 fragment levels; caspase 3, 8 and 9 activities; antiapoptotic (Bcl-2); mitochondrial energetic (Aco2) and heme (Urod) metabolism; Glycolysis (Pkm2); and pentose phosphate pathway (Tkt). However, two cytosolic proteins related to iron (Aco1) and one carbon (Mat2) metabolism decreased markedly. Moreover, the redox state of Urod and Aco1 shifted to more oxidized cysteines.Trx1 or Grx1 silencing augmented Tyr nitration and diminished cell proliferation in WT cells, but attenuated the antiproliferative effect on NO, the increase of Fas, Akt1 and pAkt1-Ser473 and the oxidative modification of Akt1 in NOS3 cells. Conclusions: Trx1 and Grx1 exert contradictory influences on HepG2 cells. They are required for proliferation but they also contribute to antiproliferative effect of NO, associated to Akt1 redox changes.

Objetivos: Describir los niveles de exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) a los que está expuesta la población en diferentes espacios públicos en Barcelona. Material y método: La nicotina en fase vapor se midió mediante monitores pasivos que contenían un filtro de 37 mm de diámetro tratado con bisulfato sódico en su interior. Se tomaron muestras en colegios de primaria y secundaria, hospitales, centros de atención primaria, estaciones de tren, transportes metropolitanos, universidades, aeropuerto, restaurantes y discotecas. Resultados: Los centros de enseñanza (primaria y secundaria) y los centros sanitarios presentan los niveles de exposición al HAT más bajos y en todos ellos la concentración media es < 1 μg/m³. En transportes y universidades los valores medios encontrados fueron: 2,16 μg/m3 en las estaciones de tren, 3,30 μg/m3 en el metro, 4,30 μg/m3 en los aeropuertos y 4,97 μg/m3 en las universidades. Los restaurantes y las discotecas son los lugares en los que la concentración es más alta, con valores medios de 12,36 μg/m³ en los restaurantes y 130,65 μg/m3 en las discotecas. En el caso de los centros de enseñanza primaria y secundaria, en el aeropuerto, en el metro y en restaurantes y discotecas todas las muestras tomadas revelan presencia de HAT. Asimismo, se encontró presencia de HAT en el 90% de las muestras tomadas en las estaciones de tren y en el 96% de las muestras de universidades. En hospitales se revela presencia de HAT en un 79% de las muestras tomadas, y en el caso de centros de atención primaria, en el 58%. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman que el tabaquismo pasivo es un problema de salud pública que merece una especial atención en nuestro medio y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de reforzar la implantación y especialmente el cumplimiento de políticas sin humo en lugares públicos y de trabajo.Objectives: To describe levels of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in various public places in Barcelona (Spain). Material and method: Vapor-phase nicotine was measured with passive samplers containing a sodium bisulfate treated filter with a 37 mm diameter. The places sampled were primary and secondary schools, hospitals, primary care centers, train stations, subways, universities, airports, restaurants and discotheques. Results: Primary and secondary schools and health centers had the lowest levels of ETS exposure, with mean concentrations of less than 1 μg/m3. The mean values found in transport and universities were 2.16 μg/m3 in train stations, 3.30 μg/m3 in subways, 4.30 μg/m3 in airports and 4.97 μg/m3 in universities. The highest concentrations were found in restaurants and discotheques, with mean values of 12.36 μg/m3 in restaurants and 130.65 μg/m3 in discotheques. All samples taken from primary and secondary schools, airports, subways, restaurants and discotheques contained ETS. Likewise, 90% of the samples taken from train stations and 96% of those from universities contained ETS. Seventy-nine percent of the samples from hospitals and 58% of those from primary care centers contained ETS. Conclusions: The results confirm that passive smoking is an important public health problem in Spain and that greater efforts are needed to enforce smoke-free policies in public spaces and workplaces.