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This paper presents an investigation of the linguistic choices employed in harassment complaints submitted to the Punjab Commission on the Status of Women and four police stations located in Lahore during 2017-2018. In a patriarchal society such as Pakistan’s, where a woman’s honour epitomizes the whole family’s honour (Atakav 2015, 52; Sharlach 2008, 96), sexual harassment, a stigmatizing issue is hardly ever reported (Ali and Kramar 2015, 241). This paper, using Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis’s (Lazar, 2005, 2007) theoretical perspective of asymmetrical gendered power relations mirrored in harassment complaints, explores the form and severity of harassing practices which had prompted women in Lahore to report them. In order to unwrap the complex interplay of gender and power, linguistic features of the complaints are examined through Fairclough’s text analysis (1989, 1992), the first dimension of the 3D model which explores lexical choices such as adjectives, adverbs, culturally informed metaphors and metaphorical extensions, which are embedded in grammatical structure exemplified through transitivity analysis. In this paper, harassment complaints are analysed as important documents invested with socio-cultural gender ideologies that underline the need for dismantling gender oppression to achieve social transformation.

The 20th century offers us a wealth of literary authors. The Spanish poets of the 20th century that usually come to mind are mainly male due to the fact that the female poets never received proper recognition and were ignored for many years. The historical events of the 20th century could have ceasedthe literary works of the Spanish authors. However, instead, the Spanish utilized the poetry of protest as a means of rebelling towards their social reality. Not only male poets but also women were extremely prolific in their craft. First during the Civil War and after during the thirty six years of dictatorship that followed in spite of the hardships, censorship and vigorous opposition. A few of these women are Carmen Conde, Rosa Chacel, Ernestina de Champourcin and others. This research studies thecontribution of a few outstanding women poets to the 20th century Spanish literature and language.

Although the studies which calculate the similarity index between languages are abundant, to date the similarity index between English and Portuguese has not been calculated. When calculating the similarity index between English and Portuguese it is important to have in consideration the amount of Latin loan words English has received from Latin which may influence the similarity index. However, English is a Germanic language whereas Portuguese is a Romance language. The purpose of this research is to calculate this level of lexical similarity through the computational lexical distance comparison of 500 high frequency words in English and Portuguese and the identification of cognates. The main hypothesis of this study is based on the fact that English and Portuguese degree of genetic difference may be less than 30% considering that the comparison of English with other Romance languages has resulted in similar indexes The study is aimed at assisting students of English or Portuguese as an L2 with their language acquisition through the identification of items which present similarities in both languages and in this manner aid vocabulary acquisition. Se han realizado múltiples estudios para revelar el nivel de similitud entre diferentes lenguas. Sin embargo, el nivel de similitud entre el inglés y el portugués no se ha calculado todavía. El inglés ha recibido una considerable cantidad de préstamos del latín, lo cual puede aumentar el nivel de similitud entre las dos lenguas debido a que el portugués deriva directamente del latín. Sin embargo, el inglés es una lengua germánica, mientras que el portugués es una lengua romance. El propósito de esta investigación es calcular este nivel de similitud léxica a través de la comparación de la distancia computacional léxica de 500 palabras de alta frecuencia del inglés y portugués y la identificación de cognados. La principal hipótesis de este estudio se basa en el hecho de que el inglés y el portugués presentan cierto grado de diferencia genética, y como tal, su coeficiente de similitud probablemente será inferior al 30%. El estudio tiene como objetivo ayudar a los estudiantes de inglés o portugués como L2 en la adquisición de la lengua a través de la identificación de elementos que presentan similitud en ambas lenguas. University of the Punjab