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La tolerancia antimicrobiana mediada por biofilms es un grave problema, principalmente en infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud, debido a los diferentes mecanismos que expresa el biofilm como: la matriz de exopolisacaridos, alteraciones del microambiente, bacterias persistentes, señal de quorum sensing(Q.S), porinas, bombas de eflujo, expresión de genes ,vesículas de membrana, ADN extracelular y enzimas. con base a lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión es identificar los mecanismos y efectos del biofilm de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en la resistencia a antibióticos .Para esto, se realizo una revisión de la literatura sobre los principales mecanismos de tolerancia en antibióticos mediada por biofilms en diferentes bases de datos como: Proquest, Science direct, Scielo , Pubmed y Google schoolar con los descriptores MeSH y DeCS. Los biofilms aumentan la tolerancia de estas bacterias a los diferentes tipos de antibióticos, ya que cuando se exponen a cantidades mínimas de este genera la expresión de diferentes genes que expresan mecanismos que disminuyen la penetración y destrucción de los antibióticos sin embargo, no está bien definidos todos los factores que generan este tipo de tolerancia

Designing human–machine interactive systems requires cooperation between different disciplines is required. In this work, we present a Dialogue Manager and a Language Generator that are the core modules of a Voice-based Spoken Dialogue System (SDS) capable of carrying out challenging, long and complex coaching conversations. We also develop an efficient integration procedure of the whole system that will act as an intelligent and robust Virtual Coach. The coaching task significantly differs from the classical applications of SDSs, resulting in a much higher degree of complexity and difficulty. The Virtual Coach has been successfully tested and validated in a user study with independent elderly, in three different countries with three different languages and cultures: Spain, France and Norway.

In this work, we present an approach to understand the computational methods and decision-making involved in the identification of emotions in spontaneous speech. The selected task consists of Spanish TV debates, which entail a high level of complexity as well as additional subjectivity in the human perception-based annotation procedure. A simple convolutional neural model is proposed, and its behaviour is analysed to explain its decision-making. The proposed model slightly outperforms commonly used CNN architectures such as VGG16, while being much lighter. Internal layer-by-layer transformations of the input spectrogram are visualised and analysed. Finally, a class model visualisation is proposed as a simple interpretation approach whose usefulness is assessed in the work.

Introduction: Foodborne diseases constitute a health problem in the world, involving products of animal origin, vegetables, water sources, and foods ready for consumption. The problem arises because of the inadequate manipulation of food and the possibility of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms, mainly of a bacterial type.Objective: To describe the different conventional and molecular diagnostic techniques used in the food industry.Material and Methods: A search was carried though the analysis of review articles, original articles, and theses during a period of three months; these articles were written in English, Portuguese and Spanish. In their content, they demonstrated the use of conventional and molecular methodology for the identification of microorganisms in different types of food.Results: The conventional methods for the identification of these microorganisms make use of well-established protocols and norms, but require too much time for their identification and, in some cases, they provide low sensitivity and specificity. Molecular techniques are proposed as an alternative for the microbiological evaluation of food because they are fast, sensitive and reliable.Conclusions: Molecular techniques are proposed as a new and faster alternative for the detection of microorganisms, reducing the time for the emission of results from days to hours; identifying pathogenesis factors, virulence and drug resistance with only one assemblage, thus providing high sensitivity and specificity.Keywords: Pathogen, Diseases, Food, Transmission, Molecular Diagnostic Techniques.

Automatic emotion detection is a very attractive field of research that can help build more natural human–machine interaction systems. However, several issues arise when real scenarios are considered, such as the tendency toward neutrality, which makes it difficult to obtain balanced datasets, or the lack of standards for the annotation of emotional categories. Moreover, the intrinsic subjectivity of emotional information increases the difficulty of obtaining valuable data to train machine learning-based algorithms. In this work, two different real scenarios were tackled: human–human interactions in TV debates and human–machine interactions with a virtual agent. For comparison purposes, an analysis of the emotional information was conducted in both. Thus, a profiling of the speakers associated with each task was carried out. Furthermore, different classification experiments show that deep learning approaches can be useful for detecting speakers’ emotional information, mainly for arousal, valence, and dominance levels, reaching a 0.7F1-score.

El aumento en la incidencia de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud causada por microorganismos multiresistentes a antibióticos, han incrementado la morbilidad, mortalidad y otros factores que afectan a paciente, familias e instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud; por lo que se ha hecho necesario el estudio permanente del tema, para identificar posibles estrategias que contribuyan a disminuir la situación. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre el origen de los antibióticos, la evolución de su respectiva resistencia, el impacto en la salud pública; desde una perspectiva histórica y actual. La búsqueda de la literatura se realizó en las bases de datos bibliográficas: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, SciELO, The Cochrane Library y Lilacs. El análisis de la literatura mostró desde el punto de vista histórico, el descubrimiento de los antibióticos hasta los últimos antibióticos de última generación, y la rápida coevolución de los genes de resistencia a los antibióticos y su posterior diseminación a cientos de especies de microorganismos mediante la Transferencia Horizontal de Genes (THG). También es discutido como el incremento de la resistencia a los antibióticos (RAM) genera una serie de factores que potencian las infecciones asocia de las a los cuidados de la salud (IACS) y su impacto en la salud pública. La historia desde el descubrimiento, los cambios en el comportamiento de uso de los antibióticos y la respuesta de los microorganismos con la generación de la RAM poco tiempo después, es uno de los ejemplos más fantásticos de coevolución que existe en la naturaleza.

Introducción: Epidemiología etimológicamente significa "ciencia que estudia enfermedades que afecta a las comunidades"; esta ha venido evolucionando a través de los siglos describiendo y explicando la dinámica de la salud poblacional; ha integrado nuevas ramas, como la epidemiología molecular definida como una disciplina en la cual se implementa técnicas moleculares para aportes científicos, de investigación y clínico. Objetivo: Presentar las técnicas con fundamento en biología molecular, que han aportado al desarrollo de la investigación. Material y Métodos: Se realizó revisión de artículos científicos durante los meses de agosto a octubre de 2016 y julio a septiembre de 2017, en inglés, portugués, francés y español en revistas científicas Pubmed, Scielo, Biomed Central, Free Medical Journals, LILACS, Redalyc, Inbiomed, Dialnet, usando términos DeCs descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud y MeSH; se emplearon artículos publicados en el período de 2012 a 2017, usando publicaciones de años anteriores como aporte a la historia del tema. Resultados: se presentan 05 técnicas de Biología molecular que han aportado a la investigación: RCP, Secuenciación, Hibridación de sondas de ADN, RAPD y RFLP. Conclusiones: Hoy en día el uso técnicas moleculares permite el estudio de genoma completo o secuencias específicas de ADN cortas o largas con el fin de detectar y analizar secuencias de interés para la investigación en las ciencias agronómicas, forenses, diagnóstico clínico e investigación básica, traslacional y aplicada; cada una de ellas se caracteriza por la confiabilidad y rapidez en la obtención del resultado, robustez, especificidad, sensibilidad y flexibilidad, comparado con métodos fenotípicos.Palabras claves: Epidemiología, reacción de cadena polimerasa, hibridación, secuenciación, RAPD, RFLP.

Home is associated with well-being especially during aging, reinforcing aspects such as control and security perception. In that sense more than 80% of the Spanish elderly population prefers to get support at home than outside. Moreover, home-based solutions preserve the dignity of and tend to be less costly. The goal of this workshop is, through a participative process, obtain a map of factors and opportunities for the absorption of ICT technology by remote care services. The specific goal is to evaluate how virtual agents and related tools can provide support and home-based solution for elderly people suffering cognitive impairment. We believe that such innovations can extend the autonomy of the patients and their life at home. This workshop is targeted at remote services providers or related agents such as social agents, formal or informal caregivers, patient associations etc. We aim to identify new opportunities for virtual agents, based on the technology developed within the Empathic EU project. Identification process will be achieved by confronting a PUSH approach, based on technology capabilities, against a PULL approach, based on market needs and end user’s real service acceptance. The workshop will have 2 separated parts. The first part (30 min), is designed to create meaningful stimulus for the attendees through two invited experts. The considered experts are coming from “Centro de Referencia Estatal de atención a personas con enfermedad de Azheimer y otras demencias de Salamanca (IMSERSO)” and “Fundación más que ideas”. Both experts will provide real examples of ICT solutions for people suffering different types of cognitive impairment and dementia. After the expert’s intervention, we will split the participants in different groups. Each group will have a set of so called “modules capacities”. Each module capacity is a minimal integrated technological solution that can provide added-value. The focus of this second phase is to respond to the question: “Could any of those capacity provide benefit in the daily life of a patient or caregiver?”. The living lab H-ENEA will provide support on the design and the implementation of the workshop in order to ensure the proper interaction and dynamics among participants. Basically, the working groups from the experts’ interventions, the list of “module capacities” and the scenarios provided (showing different value chain of services) will identify from its own perspective: - Factors that have allowed to integrate technology (20 min) - Potential use of the “module capacities” (20 min) Finally, through the group coordinators, the main conclusions will be presented and shared among all the participants (20 min).

The EMPATHIC project is developing a personalised Virtual Coach to help healthy elderly people to extend and maintain their quality of life, through the promotion of healthy habits and behaviour. The virtual coach methodology is based on a practical and “future orientated” model, focus on the user goals. Basically, the virtual agent is guiding the user through different stages and intermediate goals. Those “easy to reach” intermediate goals will allow the user to reach a more ambitious ones. The Empathic Virtual Coach (VC) is being designed to run on tablets, smartphones, PCs, laptops, or even on a large-screen TV. Our ambitions is to easily adapt the solution to the user’s home and to avoid unfamiliar gadgets or devices. Moreover, The VC communication is through a simple and natural conversation (non-intrusive technologies). The Empathic-VC development is based on an end-user driven design, involving healthy seniors from the first phase up to the last prototype. In order to achieve a real co-design, we are involving 180 participants distributed in three different countries (Norway, Spain and France). The target population refers to people between 65 and 79 years old healthy with no relevant chronic diseases. In addition, we will target a set of people with depressive symptoms. The VC development consider 3 main field studies carried out from 2018 to 2020. The field studies are defined as: 1) Approach validation by user 2) Early prototype 3) mature prototype. Every participant will be involved in each field study (from design to prototype). Currently we are implementing the approach validation based on a Wizard of OZ (WOZ) approach. Basically, for this first step the tools used are: 1) Well-being questionnaires, 2) WOZ interaction and 3) Ad-hoc user acceptance questionnaire. The selected Well-being questionnaires are the Geriatric Depression Scale- 30 items and the World Health Organization Quality of Life -26 items. Both questionnaires are validated on the 3 considered countries. The WOZ setup includes a screen showing an avatar. The avatar interacts with the participant mainly through speech. Importantly, the conversation/feedback provided by the avatar is controlled by a human (i.e. the wizard). A key fact is that participants must not be aware of this human control. They must believe that they are interacting with a machine (principle idea of the WOZ method). However, the Wizard is not freely controlling the output. We have stablished a protocol and dialog structure in order to test all the features that we are aiming to developed. The initial protocol, which is common for the 3 countries will evolved depending on the participant interaction. The wizard is adapting the dialog structure based on interactions. Finally, the consortium has developed a user acceptance questionnaire in order to evaluate: the willingness to interact, the pragmatism of the solution, the interaction experience, the attractiveness of the solution and the potential applications. All the user input gathered from the WOZ studies will be adapted and implemented on the early VC prototype. Thus integrating the end-user opinion within the solution design.

La constante aparición de microorganismos que incrementan su tolerancia a sustancias utilizadas para su control como los biocidas está generando atención en salud pública y debe ser estudiado, teniendo en cuenta los diversos riesgos que se pueden enfrentar principalmente en pacientes con alta susceptibilidad a las infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud, dado que estos biocidas son utilizados cotidianamente lo que ha generado mecanismos bacterianos como lo son la formación de biopelículas y aquellos que incrementan su tolerancia como la generación de bombas de flujo. Esta respuesta bacteriana a la presión de los biocidas se potencia por la aparición de microorganismos resistentes a los antimicrobianos de uso en el tratamiento y control de las infecciones lo que hace difícil el control de estos. Se realizó una revisión de literatura disponible en las bases de datos Proquest, ovid, Science direct, PubMed, donde se encontraron un total de 103 artículos y se seleccionaron 73, de acuerdo con el año de publicación en los idiomas español e inglés, que incluyeron estudios descriptivos y de revisión, sobre los principales mecanismos de acción de biocidas y el aumento a la tolerancia que presentan los microorganismos a estos; además de las implicaciones del uso de estas sustancias sobre la salud humana. Se observa que se relaciona el aumento de la tolerancia a los biocidas con la resistencia a los antibióticos y se recomienda continuo estudio de los mecanismos de respuesta bacteriana a la acción de dichas sustancias.

This paper presents a dialogue act taxonomy designed for the development of a conversational agent for elderly. The main goal of this conversational agent is to improve life quality of the user by means of coaching sessions in different topics. In contrast to other approaches such as task-oriented dialogue systems and chit-chat implementations, the agent should display a pro-active attitude, driving the conversation to reach a number of diverse coaching goals. Therefore, the main characteristic of the introduced dialogue act taxonomy is its capacity for supporting a communication based on the GROW model for coaching. In addition, the taxonomy has a hierarchical structure between the tags and it is multimodal. We use the taxonomy to annotate a Spanish dialogue corpus collected from a group of elder people. We also present a preliminary examination of the annotated corpus and discuss on the multiple possibilities it presents for further research.