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Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la lactancia materna y el estado nutricional en menores de seis meses de edad que acuden al control de crecimiento y desarrollo en un Hospital General de Perú en el año 2018. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y comparativo en 218 binomios madre-niño, atendidos en el Servicio de Crecimiento y Desarrollo de un Hospital General de Perú. Se aplicó una encuesta a la madre del infante y las medidas antropométricas se compararon con las tablas de crecimiento propuestas por la OMS. Resultados: Según peso para la edad hubo desnutrición en 35 (16,1%) y sobrepeso en 3 (1,4%). De acuerdo a la talla para la edad, esta fue baja severa en 26 (11,9%) y baja en 38 (17,4%). Respecto a peso para la talla se halló 13 (6,0%) desnutridos severos, 6 (2,8%) desnutridos, 8 (3,7%) con sobrepeso y 26 (11,9%) obesidad. La lactancia materna exclusiva se reportó en 184 (80,70%) de las madres entrevistadas mientras que alimentación mixta en 30 (13,16%). La alimentación únicamente con fórmula láctea se reportó en 4 (1,75%) de los niños. Hubo relación estadísticamente significativa entre el tipo de lactancia y el peso para la edad (p

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo llevar a cabo una revisión del concepto de agencia en dos propuestas actuales de fundamentación de los derechos humanos, con el fin de mostrar las falencias de la concepción naturalista y sentar las bases para una fundamentación alternativa, desde un enfoque no cognitivista. Para ello consideramos que es preciso determinar en qué medida el concepto de agente retoma la idea naturalista de la atribución de derechos en virtud de los rasgos propiamente humanos. Nuestra hipótesis es que esta interpretación opaca algunos elementos de las teorías contemporáneas que pueden ser dilucidados a la luz de la epistemología moral y la metaética.

Recent studies have alluded to the constant mobility of people from rural to urban areas for several reasons, in Costa Rica 27% of the population still live-in rural locations. To achieve the ideal connectivity between these two areas would impact the mobility people, goods, services, and knowledge. Additionally, connectivity and mobility are cross-disciplinary efforts, takes into consideration technology and consumer characteristics to give the best solution. Transport and infrastructure development should provide different options and avoid automobile-centric mechanism as in the past years. Sustainable mobility and connectivity form part of a key strategic economic pathways for most countries. Research also confirms that urban development and environmental sustainability can coexist. Most of the strategic pathways being implemented in various economies include energy efficiency, renewable energy, and green mobility. Additionally, green mobility has the following immediate short-term alternatives; walking, cycling and use of public transport and other climate and people-friendly innovative transport modes. This article evaluates the option of implementing sustainable mobility in Costa Rica’s national strategic development plan. With this approach we can ensure equitable access as well as protecting the environment and improving on the economic livelihood for all.

There is a lack of information regarding the ergonomic principles that should be followed when designing the interior of a tractor cabin in order for it to be comfortable, usable and safe. This design must take into account operator’s characteristics such as his posture when driving, the forces that need to be applicated when manipulating the instruments panel or the cognitive processes implied when the operator is interacting with the interior of the cabin. Since an ergonomic cabin can not only ensure the safety of the driver, but it can also help him/her to be more efficient in their daily activities, the objective of this report is to propose ergonomic interventions through literature research, suggesting a conceptual design that could improve the usability of a tractor cabin. Some decision-making methodologies such as Reverse brainstorming and Lightning Decision Jam are applied along the design process in order to evaluate and delimit the attributes of the new design that could best impact the positive experience of the tractor’s operators.

Infections are frequent complications of kidney transplants. We aimed at determining the frequency and type of infections that occur in renal transplant recipients during the early (0-1 month), intermediate (1-6 months) and late (6-12 months) post-transplant period and analyzing the risk factors for infection. To this aim, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on 1-year post-transplant follow-up in two third-level university hospitals in Cordoba city. All consecutive recipients of renal transplants performed between 2009 and 2015 were included, except those with multiple solid organ transplantation and pediatric patients. We included 375 recipients, of which 235 (62.7%) had at least one episode of infection during follow-up. There were 504 episodes of infection, of which 131 (26%) occurred in the early, 272 (53.9%) in the intermediate, and 101 (20.1%) in the late post-transplant period. The most frequent infections in all periods were caused by bacteria (mainly urinary tract infections), and the most frequent viral infection was caused by Cytomegalovirus (mainly in the second and third period). In the multivariate analysis, infection risk factors were: age60 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.05-3.49), organ transplantation from deceased donor (aOR = 8.19; 95% CI = 2.32-28.9), use of pigtail catheter for urinary tract drainage (aOR = 4.06; 95% CI = 1.27-12.9), and number of days in hospital after transplant (aOR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01-1.11). In conclusion, infections in renal transplant recipients represent a very frequent health problem in our hospitals. Understanding the local epidemiology of infection and the potential risk factors for infection acquires utmost importance.Las infecciones son complicaciones frecuentes de los trasplantes renales. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar la frecuencia y el tipo de infecciones que ocurren en el período post-trasplante temprano (0-1 mes), intermedio (1-6 meses) y tardío (6-12 meses) en nuestro medio y analizar los factores de riesgo de infección. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó todos los pacientes con trasplantes renales realizados entre 2009 y 2015 en dos hospitales universitarios de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Córdoba, excluidos los receptores de trasplante simultáneo de múltiples órganos sólidos y los menores de 18 años. Fueron incluidos 375 pacientes, de los cuales 235 (62.7%) tuvieron al menos un episodio de infección. Hubo 504 episodios de infección: 131 (26%) ocurrieron en el período temprano, 272 (53.9%) en el intermedio y 101 (20.1%) en el tardío. La mayoría de las infecciones fueron de origen bacteriano (principalmente del tracto urinario). La mayoría de las infecciones virales ocurrieron en el segundo y el tercer período y Citomegalovirus fue el responsable más frecuente. En el análisis multivariado, los factores de riesgo de infección post-transplante renal fueron: edad60 años (odds ratio ajustado [aOR] 1.92; IC95% 1.05-3.49), donante cadavérico (aOR 8.19; IC95% 2.32-28.9), uso de catéter pigtail (aOR 4.06; IC95% 1.27-12.9) y número de días internado postrasplante (aOR 1.05; IC95% 1.01-1.11). En conclusión, confirmamos que las infecciones en pacientes con trasplante renal son muy frecuentes en nuestro medio, por lo cual es importante conocer la epidemiología local y los factores de riesgo.

Poster presentado en el 10º Congreso de Estudiantes de Física Biomédica el 7 de Junio de 2019, Conjunto Amoxcalli, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.

Poster presentado en el 10º Congreso de Estudiantes de Física Biomédica el 7 de Junio de 2019, Conjunto Amoxcalli, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM.Gracias a Verónica Alejandra Cáceres Chávez por preparar las muestras cerebro con tinciones.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo construir la Escala de Estrés Cotidiano Infantil (EECI) y reportar sus propiedades psicométricas. La prueba fue aplicada en 421 niños y niñas de 3ero, 4to y 5to grado de primaria de colegios públicos y privados de Lima Metropolitana. Se proporcionan evidencias de validez relacionadas al contenido de la prueba por medio de un criterio de jueces conformado por nueve expertos.

Objective. To describe the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the past 66 years among Mexican women on reproductive age, and to analyze the efficacy of interventions implemented for its prevention and control. Material and Methods. Observational and clinical epidemiological studies as well as federal intervention programs published between 1939 and 2005 having original data related to anemia were reviewed using electronic databases (Medline and Artemisa) and manual searches. Keywords were anemia, iron deficiency, women, and Mexico. The quality of clinical trials was evaluated using the Jadad scale. Anemia prevalence tendency was analyzed using a linear regression weighted according to the sample size. Results. Forty-six research studies were included, nine corresponded to clinical trials and four to federal-operative programs. Seventeen papers reported anemia prevalence in non-pregnant women and twenty-three in pregnant women. In the first group, weighted anemia prevalence had decreased from 39.6 to 15.5%, whereas in pregnant women it decreased from 35 to 25%. Of the clinical trials, 55% were considered to be good quality studies. Conclusions. Anemia in women on reproductive age, particularly in pregnant women, is still a public health problem in Mexico. If the current conditons continue, it would take 57 years to eradicate anemia in non-pregnant and 121 years in pregnant women. It is necessary to evaluate intervention policies and conduct consistent studies in order to enable appropriate steps to be taken to control anemia.

The objective of this study is to compare the declared licit and illicit drug consumption, between paired methodology (MP) and self assessed questionnaire (CAR). We suggest that understatement of illicit drug use will be minimized with the use of peer methodology, and that licit drug understatement will not be affected using peer methodology. The population of this study is composed by male school students ranging between middle and high School. The sample reached to 301 students. The results obtained regarding illicit drug consumption in the year, tend to be higher using MP compared with the CAR. Similarly, last month consumption reached a higher prevalence using MP than using CAR. There are no significant differences in both samples, during both periods. Nevertheless, in the last 12 months, illicit drug consumption doubled the CAR report in comparison to MP. Regarding drug consumption in the last 30 days, the results also showed that CAR underestimated half of the rate stated using MP. Illicit drug consumption is significantly higher using MP, than CAR, in both periods that were studied. Illicit consumption rates of in the past year and in the last month are significantly higher using MP, particularly with Marihuana. There are no statistical differences in the same periods, regarding licit drug consumption rate, as alcohol and tobacco.

To describe the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the past 66 years among Mexican women on reproductive age, and to analyze the efficacy of interventions implemented for its prevention and control.Observational and clinical epidemiological studies as well as federal intervention programs published between 1939 and 2005 having original data related to anemia were reviewed using electronic databases (Medline and Artemisa) and manual searches. Keywords were anemia, iron deficiency, women, and Mexico. The quality of clinical trials was evaluated using the Jadad scale. Anemia prevalence tendency was analyzed using a linear regression weighted according to the sample size.Forty-six research studies were included, nine corresponded to clinical trials and four to federal-operative programs. Seventeen papers reported anemia prevalence in non-pregnant women and twenty-three in pregnant women. In the first group, weighted anemia prevalence had decreased from 39.6 to 15.5%, whereas in pregnant women it decreased from 35 to 25%. Of the clinical trials, 55% were considered to be good quality studies.Anemia in women on reproductive age, particularly in pregnant women, is still a public health problem in Mexico. If the current conditions continue, it would take 57 years to eradicate anemia in non-pregnant and 121 years in pregnant women. It is necessary to evaluate intervention policies and conduct consistent studies in order to enable appropriate steps to be taken to control anemia.