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El uso de psicofármacos es frecuente en adultos con discapacidad intelectual, a menudo por conductas desafiantes en ausencia de diagnóstico de trastorno mental. Investigaciones previas cuestionan la eficacia de estos tratamientos a falta de una enfermedad psiquiátrica, y destacan sus efectos secundarios. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso de psicofármacos en función del diagnóstico de enfermedad mental y conducta desafiante, así como la distribución de la población según el uso de psicofármacos en 569 adultos con discapacidad intelectual que presentan enfermedad mental o conductas desafiantes. Los datos acerca de la elevada prescripción de psicofármacos y, especialmente, de antipsicóticos alertan sobre la necesidad de una profunda revisión de la práctica clínica que permita reducir el uso de esta medicación en el tratamiento de la conducta y los trastornos mentales en esta población, para garantizar una atención de calidad y el respeto de los derechos de estas personas. The use of psychotropic drugs in adults with an intellectual disability is frequent, often for defiant conduct due to the lack of a diagnosis of a mental disorder. Previous research has questioned the efficacy of such treatments in the absence of a psychiatric illness, and the stress has been on the side effects. The objective of this research is to analyze the use of psychotropic drugs based on the diagnosis of mental illness and behavioral disorders, as well as the distribution of the sample according to the use of psychotropic drugs in 569 adults with an intellectual disability who also suffer a mental illness and/or defiant conduct. Our data about the high prescription of psychotropic drugs and especially antipsychotics, warns of the need for a profound review of the clinical practice that would allow a reduction in the use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental disorders and behaviour in the said collective, so as to guarantee quality mental health care for these persons and respect for their rights.

This paper is the first up-to-date review of the various EEG-neurofeedback treatments for fibromyalgia patients and their psychological, physiological and general health consequences. Searches were made of the PubMed, PsycNet, Google Scholar and Scopus databases according to PRISMA guidelines for empirical peer-reviewed articles on EEG-neurofeedback treatment of fibromyalgia, yielding a final selection of 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria: (1) published articles and doctoral theses; (2) conducted between 2000 and 2022; (3) reporting empirical and quantitative data. These articles show that there is a wide range of protocols with different designs and procedures to treat fibromyalgia using EEG-neurofeedback techniques. The main symptoms that showed improvement were anxiety, depression, pain, general health and symptom severity, whilst the most commonly used method was traditional EEG neurofeedback based on a sensorimotor rhythm protocol. It may be concluded from the review that the lack of consistency and uniqueness of the protocols makes it very difficult to generalise results, despite the individual improvements identified. This review provides instructions and information that could guide future research and clinical practise, with the data extracted helping to gain a deeper understanding of the state of the art and the needs of the technique for this population group.

The World Health Organization (WHO), in its last review of its International Classification of Diseases, established a new classification for chronic pain. Among the principal categories, of particular interest is chronic primary pain as a new type of diagnosis in those cases in which the etiology of the disease is not clear, being termed as chronic primary visceral pain when it is situated in the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis. Due to the novelty of the term, the objective of the systematic review was to examine the psychopathological and neuropsychological disorders associated with chronic primary visceral pain. We carried out a search of the scientific literature following the PRISMA directives using the Pubmed, Medline, PsycInfo and Scopus databases. A total of 33 articles were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis of the studies showed that most persons with chronic primary visceral pain suffer from at least one psychological disorder; the most prevalent being anxiety, depressive or somatoform disorders. The most frequent psychopathological symptoms are anxiety, depression and somatization. Similarly, the findings are insufficient to determine the existence of deficits in the domains of executive functioning, memory and intelligence. However, the existence of attention biases does seem to be clear. This review supposes a starting point for conceptualizing chronic primary visceral pain. It is necessary to continue further research so as to obtain a better understanding of this pathology and the disorders associated.

Recent advances in sexual equality and diversity have not been able to mitigate the serious problem of discrimination suffered by sexual minorities. The most serious cases involve violence and physical or psychological aggression towards sexual orientations that differ from the heterosexual norm. This research analyses the dimensions of the personality and the moral disengagement mechanisms related to homophobia and the predictive value they have for hostile attitudes towards sexual diversity. The sample was made up of 849 university students between 18 and 24 years of age. The instruments used were the Modern Homophobia Scale (MHS), the Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement Scale (MMDS), and the reduced version of the Neo Personality Inventory—Reduced Version (NEO-FFI). The results show the involvement of moral disengagement in homophobia. It highlights evidence of subtle intimidatory behaviour patterns of rejection towards homosexuality. Furthermore, the low levels in the dimensions of a friendly personality and openness to experiences can be seen to predict homophobic behaviour. Thus, young people fall back on diverse mechanisms of moral disengagement to justify harmful attitudes towards the LGTBI collective. The results of the research are particularly relevant and useful for setting up programmes aimed at preventing and mitigating this serious problem of sexual discrimination.

Serial murder is a specific type of violent crime that falls into the crime category of multicide. According to the nomenclature of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Violent Crime Classification Manual and Academic Researchers for the Classification of Violent Crimes, most serial killers are adults. However, serial murder is also committed by young people, although to a lesser extent. Young serial killers are a topic of relevance in areas such as psychology, criminology, and the justice system. Given that the study of the variables that could be the basis of such multicide criminality is not conclusive, the need for further research is evident. The homicides perpetrated by children and young people point to a social panorama that is alarming due to their young age. This issue is prevalent enough to conduct a review. The performed review concludes the importance of psychosocial factors to better understand the process by which children and young people commit crimes as serious as serial murders. The scope of the problem of serial murders perpetrated by minors is controversial because it often depends on how the number of real cases is counted. Although official statistics indicate the low prevalence of juvenile serial killers, childhood is a period in which antisocial behaviour can have its beginning. Some authors consider that it is not uncommon for the first murder of this type to occur in adolescence. It is important to consider psychopathy as an influential factor in the various forms of serial criminal conduct committed by children and young people. The research works consulted provide evidence of the special relevance of psychopathy in the generation of serious juvenile delinquency.

This work studies the emotional and behavioural difficulties and the personal wellbeing of adolescents under protective measures. The sample is made up of 151 adolescents in residential care between 11 and 17 years of age. The instruments used were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI). The results indicate that a high percentage of adolescents have emotional and behavioural difficulties. We found a greater presence of behavioural rather than emotional problems in the adolescents. Similarly, we also found that females showed more emotional difficulties than the males. As for personal wellbeing, the results indicate that the adolescents are dissatisfied in several areas of their life, they feel insecure and have a pessimistic view of their future and of their achievements. Furthermore, those adolescents who were admitted to residential care due to something other than child abuse have a greater prosocial behaviour. It can be concluded that the more difficulties the adolescents experience (emotional, behavioural and with their peers), the lower the perception of their personal wellbeing will be. This study allows us to design interventions aimed at promoting psychological wellbeing among these adolescents.

Psychopaths are portrayed as deceitful, manipulative, domineering and narcissistic; the result of an irregular and irresponsible interpersonal style that harms both the psychopath him/herself and others. Furthermore, psychopathy is frequently associated with both violent and antisocial conduct. However, subclinical psychopaths are known for manifesting this type of profile without committing crimes. The objective of this study is to examine the differences that exist in subclinical psychopathy concerning gender, the number of intimate relationships and the age of the university student. The number of university students participating was 1289. They were given the Integrated/Subclinical Psychopathy Questionnaire (CUPIS). The results show that, in subclinical psychopathy, men present higher scores than women and younger persons have higher scores than older persons. In addition, the scores in psychopathy are higher for students who have had a larger number of intimate relationships. The contributions of this study allow us to determine the profile associated with subclinical psychopathy.

En la presente revisión teórica analizamos las posibles relaciones entre la psicopatía subclínica y las diversas manifestaciones de maltrato psicológico en las relaciones íntimas. Para ello es preciso delimitar el concepto de psicopatía subclínica, así como también la problemática del maltrato psicológico en la pareja, también denominado violencia emocional y/o violencia invisible, puesto que es el tipo de maltrato que mayormente perpetran las parejas psicópatas en sus relaciones, todo lo cual nos permitirá ofrecer un conjunto de indicadores para concretar un perfil no psicopatológico del agresor psicópata en la pareja. Delimitamos el perfil general del psicópata integrado en la pareja, así como también el tipo de relaciones íntimas que suelen establecer y los indicadores de maltrato psicológico que representan factores de riesgo de la relación. Finalmente, también revisamos las posibles relaciones entre esos indicadores y los rasgos psicopáticos.

Resumen Los trastornos del lenguaje en victimas de maltrato infantil constituyen un area de especial interes, tanto por sus consecuencias negativas en el nino, como por su implicacion en el plano social y la adaptacion interpersonal. En este trabajo participaron 5 ninos con medidas de proteccion, institucionalizados en centros de acogida, de edades comprendidas entre los 8 y los 10 anos. Se lleva a cabo un programa de intervencion pragmatico dirigido a desarrollar habilidades funcionales que permitan la comunicacion efectiva de los ninos, fomentando la capacidad de iniciativa y espontaneidad conversacional. Para ello, se trabajan las destrezas conversacionales, las peticiones y el discurso narrativo. La evaluacion pretest-postest de los ninos confirma la eficacia de la intervencion.

Resumen Presentamos el caso de una nina de 8 anos de origen magrebi, con discapacidad intelectual ligera y con graves problemas de lenguaje, derivados de su lengua de origen y agravados por su discapacidad. El desarrollo del lenguaje oral de la nina se encuentra por debajo de lo estimado para su edad. Para la evaluacion del lenguaje, utilizamos la version Screening Revisada de la Bateria de Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial (BLOC-SR) y la version completa (BLOC-C). Los resultados determinan dificultades en todo los componentes del lenguaje, y se observan mas dificultades a nivel morfologico y sintactico. Para la intervencion se han disenado quince sesiones, en las que se trabajan diferentes actividades relacionadas con los cuatro niveles del lenguaje (morfologia, sintaxis, semantica y pragmatica). El objetivo principal de la intervencion ha sido potenciar la comunicacion, la expresion y la comprension verbal de la nina en castellano, para favorecer su desarrollo linguistico.

In a study conducted at a major university in Spain, 648 university students between the ages of 17 and 23 years were assessed to identify the manifestations of psychological abuse prior to the consolidation of marital status (e.g., matrimony, start of cohabitation). To evaluate psychological abuse in the students’ intimate relationships, the authors created a Questionnaire on Psychological Abuse. Results show coercive patterns of interaction in the students’ dating relationships. Significant differences were found between men and women, with behavioral factors such as hostility, blaming, and abusive insistence. Future research is suggested that would permit changes in attitude and behavior to be introduced into dating relations.

Resumen Presentamos el caso de un nino de 10 anos con graves repercusiones en el lenguaje a consecuencia de su situacion de negligencia infantil. El desarrollo del lenguaje del nino se encuentra por debajo de su edad. Para la evaluacion del lenguaje utilizamos la version Screening Revisada de la Bateria de Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial (BLOC-SR) y la version completa (BLOC-C). Los resultados concluyen que todos los componentes linguisticos estan afectados, evidenciandose mayores dificultades en los modulos de morfologia y pragmatica. Disenamos un programa para trabajar durante 20 sesiones con el nino. Los objetivos de la intervencion fueron: mejorar la expresion y la comprension del nino a traves de la estimulacion linguistica, y favorecer el desarrollo socioemocional. Durante las sesiones se trabajaron los cuatro niveles del lenguaje (morfologia, sintaxis, semantica y pragmatica) a traves de diferentes actividades, en colaboracion con el tutor del centro escolar.

This study analyses the effectiveness of a child abuse prevention programme in an educational context. The proposal for action is based on the use of stories as an instrument of primary prevention. The programme aims to improve a child's capacity to face potentially threatening situations and was applied in 10 primary schools of Extremadura (Spain) to 317 pupils aged 9 and 10 years old. There were 12 sessions whose aim was for the children to gain an awareness of abuse, identify situations of abuse and learn strategies to face them. This was done through the use of tutorials and by linking the programme to the aims of the pupils' educational stage. The evaluation of the programme shows that the pupils in the experimental group resolved the situations with increasing skill, confidence and determination; and that they could see more clearly where to look for help in terms of protection measures. The tutors evaluated the programme positively, considering the contents useful for prevention.

La investigación analiza la variable antigüedad de la relación de pareja y la existencia de manifestaciones de maltrato psicológico en estudiantes universitarios/as. Aporta un mayor conocimiento en lo relativo a la relación entre la antigüedad de pareja y la posibilidad de que aparezcan manifestaciones de maltrato psicológico en el seno de la misma; y analiza la presencia de los diferentes componentes que configuran la interacción coactiva (desvalorización, hostilidad, indiferencia, intimidación, imposición de conductas, culpabilización y bondad aparente) en el sistema conyugal. El estudio pone de manifiesto que conforme las relaciones de noviazgo avanzan en el tiempo, existe una mayor propensión al ejercicio de conductas de violencia psicológica reproduciéndose en mayor medida indicadores como trivializaciones, reproches, indiferencia, intimidación, juzgar, criticar, corregir, conductas destructivas, insistencia abusiva y acusaciones. Asimismo, los resultados indican que los jóvenes presentan en función de la antigüedad de la relación conyugal una mayor frecuencia en "conductas destructivas" y “reproches”. La investigación se desarrolla en el contexto de la Universidad de Extremadura (España). La muestra se compone de 1.080 estudiantes universitarios/as de entre 17 y 23 años ó más. Los hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de documentar y concienciar sobre esta gran desconocida forma de maltrato.

El artículo destaca la necesidad del empleo de la inteligencia emocional como una alternativa constructiva para la prevención del mal-trato psicológico en la pareja. Basándonos en las investigaciones que afir-man que habitualmente las manifestaciones de maltrato psicológico en la pareja son previas a las físicas (Follingstad, Rutledge, Berg, Hause y Polek, 1990; Loring, 1994; O´Leary, 1999) y que el impacto en las víctimas es igual o superior al ocasionado por el maltrato fisico (Henning y Klesges, 2003; Marshall, 1992; Sackett y Saunders, 1999; Street y Arias, 2001), des-tacamos la necesidad de una intervención preventiva primaria. Se trata de que víctimas y agresores rompan con los estereotipos marcados por el género y aprendan a través de la inteligencia emocional a establecer rela-ciones de pareja basadas en la empatía, el diálogo, la negociación, la coope-ración y la resolución de conflictos constructiva. El análisis de las compe-tencias emocionales llevado a cabo a partir del modelo multifactorial de Bar-On (1997) secunda nuestra tesis sobre la importancia de una preven-ción integral que implique en sus medidas tanto a mujeres como a varones y evite incurrir en la percepción engañosa de considerar la violencia como un problema “patrimonio de mujeres” (Bonino, 2000).

Introducción. La mayoría de los estudios en torno a la violencia conyugal presentan un mar-cado interés por la dimensión física del maltrato, ignorando el maltrato psicológico a pesar de su elevada incidencia y graves repercusiones en la víctima.Objetivo. El artículo tiene como propósito aportar un mayor conocimiento sobre el fenómeno del maltrato psicológico en las relaciones de noviazgo en jóvenes universitarios mediante la identificación de factores asociados al maltrato psicológico, así como la determinación del grado en que son afectados y la posible relación existente entre éstos y la variable edad.Método. Participaron 216 estudiantes universitarios de diferentes titulaciones de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Extremadura con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 23 años, distribuidos en cuatro grupos diferenciados atendiendo a los siguientes intervalos de edad: 17-18, 19-20, 21-22 y 23 ó más. Se diseñó un cuestionario de maltrato emocional compuesto por los factores desvalorización, hostilidad, indiferencia, intimidación, imposición de conductas, culpabilización y bondad aparente, que posibilitó la recogida y posterior análisis de datos, en función de otras investigaciones de carácter nacional e internacional en materia de violencia coyugal.Resultados. Los resultados indican que todos los componentes del maltrato psicológico analizados se encuentran afectados. Existen evidencias de un mayor repertorio conductual por parte de los jóvenes de 17-18 años frente al resto de intervalos de edad, en lo referido al mal-trato psicológico en la pareja. Los datos muestran diferencias significativas entre los sujetos de 17-18 años y 21-22 en los indicadores: descalificaciones, trivializaciones, conductas destructivas, aislamiento social. Discusión y conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos, acordes a otras investigaciones realiza-das permiten afirmar que los jóvenes universitarios con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 23 años describen patrones de interacción coactiva en sus relaciones de noviazgo. Asimismo, se comprueba el empleo diferencial de los indicadores de violencia psicológica según la edad en que se encuentra el sujeto, siendo puestos en práctica en mayor medida por los jóvenes de 17-18 años. Se propone anticiparnos a las situaciones de conflictividad conyugal desde el con-texto educativo mediante el entrenamiento en competencias emocionalmente “inteligentes”.

An increasing number of young women are being diagnosed with cancer, and most cancer treatments have irreversibly negative effects on reproduction. Ovarian stimulation and preservation of oocytes or embryos is far from an ideal solution, in part because hormonal treatment may adversely affect some cancers. Another possibility is cryopreservation of ovarian tissue for later autotransplantation, but the ischemic damage caused by the procedure can lead to follicle loss. Using the ovarian medulla for orthotopic ovarian cortex transplantation might limit the risk of ischemia because the ovarian artery would assure a good blood supply. In addition, the medulla may have a role in follicular development. This prospective case-control study examined the effects of ischemia on long-term ovarian function in 12 premenopausal women who had abdominal hysterectomy for uterine disease and also bilateral fresh orthotopic transplantation of the entire ovarian cortex. Five control women had only hysterectomy. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) were monitored over 2 years, and ovulatory cycles were identified by vaginal ultrasonography and estimating serum progesterone. Bilateral cortex resection and transplantation took about 30 minutes and caused no complications. Ovulation returned in 11 of the 12 grafted patients (91.7%). The mean number of ovulations was 9.3, compared to 12.0 in control women. Nine study patients remained ovulatory 2 years after surgery. Five of the 12 women in the study group had the same pattern of FSH secretion as the control women. In six cases the serum FSH increased postoperatively and then declined to less than 20 IU/liter after 5 months. Two patients ultimately had menopausal levels of FSH. In only one grafted patient did ovarian function cease after surgery. AMH levels correlated less closely with normal ovarian function than did FSH levels. Serum AMH tended to decline after surgery, but was higher in women whose FSH patterns suggested normal ovarian function. Although this is a small-scale study, the results indicate that fresh orthotopic ovarian cortex transplantation maintains normal ovarian function for at least 2 years in a majority of women, and also may protect against ovarian ischemia.

La investigación analiza la competencia comunicativa y el grado de adaptación escolar de niños con medidas de protección. Aporta un mayor conocimiento en lo relativo a la relación entre la competencia social y lingüística de los niños; y analiza la presencia de dificultades en los diferentes componentes del lenguaje (morfología, sintaxis, semántica y pragmática). El estudio pone de manifiesto un desarrollo lingüístico por debajo de la edad cronológica de los niños, siendo mayores las dificultades en pragmática y morfología que en sintaxis y semántica. Asimismo, los resultados indican que los niños presentan inadaptación escolar, que se manifiesta en aversión al aprendizaje, indisciplina, baja motivación e interés por el estudio, aversión al profesor e insatisfacción escolar. La investigación se desarrolla en los Centros de Acogida de Menores de Extremadura (España). La muestra se compone de 74 niños de entre 6 y 18 años. Llamamos la atención sobre aspectos tan importantes como la intencionalidad en la comunicación y el contexto en el que se desarrolla el lenguaje de los niños.