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Resumen Introduccion Aunque las recomendaciones actuales sugieren el empleo de formulas especificas en nutricion enteral en personas con diabetes, hay poca evidencia de su efectividad a largo plazo en el control glucemico. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar la eficacia a largo plazo (24 semanas) de una formula de nutricion enteral hipercalorica hiperproteica especifica para personas con diabetes en control glucemico y mejora del estado nutricional. Metodologia Estudio multicentrico observacional prospectivo en vida real de pacientes con prescripcion de nutricion enteral de larga duracion a traves de sonda de gastrostomia o nasogastrica que recibieron una formula hipercalorica hiperproteica especifica para diabetes. Una vez obtenido el consentimiento informado del participante y comprobados los criterios de inclusion y exclusion, se recogieron datos relativos a control glucemico, parametros de inflamacion, bioquimicos, situacion nutricional y tolerancia gastrointestinal a 0, 12 y 24 semanas. Resultados Se recluto a 112 pacientes, 44,6% mujeres, edad 75,0 (12,0) anos y tiempo medio de evolucion de la diabetes 18,1 (9,5) anos. El porcentaje de pacientes con desnutricion segun la valoracion global subjetiva descendio a lo largo del tratamiento del 78,6% al 29,9% (p Conclusion Nuestro estudio en vida real apoya que el empleo de una formula hipercalorica hiperproteica especifica para diabetes durante un tratamiento nutricional a 6 meses permite un adecuado control glucemico y evolucion nutricional, con una buena tolerancia gastrointestinal.

Background: The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) care pathways include evidence-based items designed to accelerate recovery after surgery. Interdisciplinarity is one of the key points of ERAS programs. Objective: To prepare a consensus document among the members of the Nutrition Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Group for Multimodal Rehabilitation (GERM), in which the goal is to homogenize the nutritional and metabolic management of patients included in an ERAS program. Methods: 69 specialists in Endocrinology and Nutrition and 85 members of the GERM participated in the project. After a literature review, 79 statements were proposed, divided into 5 sections: 17 of general characteristics, 28 referring to the preoperative period, 4 to the intraoperative, 13 to the perioperative and 17 to the postoperative period. The degree of consensus was determined through a Delphi process of 2 circulations that was ratified by a consistency analysis. Results: Overall, in 61 of the 79 statements there was a consistent agreement, with the degree of consensus being greater among members of the SEEN (64/79) than members of the GERM (59/79). Within the 18 statements where a consistent agreement was not reached, we should highlight some important nutritional strategies such as muscle mass assessment, the start of early oral feeding or pharmaconutrition. Conclusion: Consensus was reached on the vast majority of the nutritional measures and care included in ERAS programs. Due to the lack of agreement on certain key points, it is necessary to continue working closely with both societies to improve the recovery of the surgical patients.

Medical nutrition therapy is a very useful tool in maintaining and recovering the health of patients with disease-related malnutrition, although its implementation can be complex and is not without risks. Quality processes are understood as sets of activities that are related or interact to transform input elements into results. From the SENPE Management Work Group we present the process of medical nutrition therapy (PMNT), which aims to facilitate the management of clinical nutrition of a multidisciplinary nutrition support team in a hospital setting. This paper describes the seven sub-processes PMNT is comprised of, in addition to a previous nutritional screening sub-process. Each sub-process is divided into a first section with a technical sheet detailing its general aspects, while a second section proposes key objectives, quality indicators, and standards for their evaluation. .El tratamiento médico nutricional es de gran utilidad en el mantenimiento y recuperación de la salud de los pacientes con desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad, aunque su implementación puede ser compleja y no está exenta de riesgos. Se entiende por proceso aquel conjunto de actividades que están mutuamente relacionadas o que interactúan para transformar elementos de entrada en resultados. Desde el Grupo de Trabajo de Gestión de la SENPE presentamos el Proceso de Tratamiento Médico Nutricional (PTMN), que tiene por objetivo facilitar la gestión de la nutrición clínica, pensando en un equipo de soporte nutricional multidisciplinar de atención al paciente hospitalizado. En este documento se describen los siete subprocesos que constituyen el PTMN, además de un subproceso previo de cribado nutricional. Cada subproceso se divide en una primera sección con una ficha técnica en la que se detallan sus aspectos generales, mientras que en la segunda sección se proponen objetivos clave, indicadores de calidad y estándares para su evaluación.

Resumen Obesidad y diabetes son dos entidades muy relacionadas. Las modificaciones en los habitos de vida y el tratamiento farmacologico no consiguen una remision exitosa de la diabetes. Una opcion terapeutica para estos pacientes es la cirugia bariatrica (CB). En funcion del tipo de tecnica empleada (restrictiva o malabsortiva), las tasas de remision parcial y completa varian, siendo mas efectivas las malabsortivas, tanto en reduccion de peso como en remision de diabetes (RD). Existen diferentes escalas (DiaRem, Ad-DiaRem o 5y-Ad-DiaRem) que predicen la probabilidad de RD tras CB, sobre todo tras bypass gastrico (BG). Algunos estudios muestran tasas de RD mas elevadas, en cirugias con mayor componente malabsortivo. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar los beneficios de la CB al ano y cinco anos, en cuanto a peso y perfil glucemico en pacientes con obesidad y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), evaluar el porcentaje de RD segun criterios de la American Diabetes Association (ADA), determinar la capacidad predictiva de RD de distintos scores y examinar que variables predicen RD al ano y a cinco anos de la derivacion biliopancreatica (DBP). La DBP presenta mayor porcentaje de sobrepeso perdido (PSP) y una mayor reduccion tanto en glucemia como en HbA1c. La remision completa de la diabetes oscila en un 80% aproximadamente a uno y cinco anos de la CB. En general los scores que determinan probabilidad de RD tienen poco poder discriminativo en cirugias malabsortivas. La HbA1c precirugia predice RD a uno y cinco anos tras DBP. Se debe individualizar el tipo de cirugia realizada, en funcion de la gravedad de la DM2 y las caracteristicas especificas de cada paciente.

Obesity and diabetes are two closely related disorders. Lifestyle changes and drug treatment do not achieve successful diabetes remission. A treatment option for these patients is bariatric surgery (BS). The partial and complete remission rates vary, depending on the type of technique used (restrictive or malabsorptive), with malabsorptive surgery being more effective in terms of both weight reduction and diabetes remission (DR). Different scales (DiaRem, Ad-DiaRem or 5y-Ad-DiaRem) predict the probability of DR after BS, particularly after gastric bypass surgery. Some studies report higher DR rates in surgery with a greater malabsorptive component. Our aim was to study the benefits of BS at one year and 5 years in terms of the weight and blood glucose profile in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus; assess percentage DR according to ADA criteria; determine the DR predictive capacity of different scores; and examine which variables predict DR at one and five years after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Percentage overweight reduction and the decrease in both blood glucose and HbA1c were greater with BPD. Complete diabetes remission was approximately 80% at one and 5 years after BS. In general, the scores that determine the probability of DR show poor discriminative capacity in malabsorptive surgery. Presurgery HbA1c predicts DR at one and 5 years after BPD. The type of surgery performed should be individualized, based on the severity of diabetes and the specific characteristics of each patient.

Resumen La obesidad supone uno de los grandes retos en salud en la actualidad. Las importantes repercusiones que implica obligan a un manejo integral. El presente documento tiene como objetivo establecer recomendaciones practicas y basadas en la evidencia para el diagnostico y el manejo de la obesidad en Espana, desde la perspectiva del endocrinologo clinico. Se ha realizado un documento de posicionamiento que puede consultarse en www.seen.es , que ha sido consensuado por el Grupo de Obesidad de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion (GOSEEN), junto con el Area de Nutricion (NutriSEEN) y el Grupo de trabajo de Endocrinologia, Nutricion y Ejercicio Fisico (GENEFSEEN).

Resumen La seleccion de la formula mas adecuada en nutricion enteral domiciliaria a largo plazo es un tema controvertido. Nuestro objetivo fue estudiar una formula hipercalorica hiperproteica en pacientes con alimentacion exclusivamente con sonda a largo plazo (180 dias). Metodos Estudio multicentrico observacional prospectivo en vida real con formula hipercalorica hiperproteica (2 kcal/ml y 20% de proteinas). Se recogieron datos generales, antropometricos, analiticos y de calidad de vida mediante escala analogica visual del European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions al inicio, 60, 120 y 180 dias. La tolerancia gastrointestinal se evaluo con una escala analogica visual y escala de heces de Bristol y la valoracion del riesgo de desnutricion mediante NRS-2002. Resultados Un total de 51 pacientes (88,2% varones, edad media de 62,0 anos), con patologia oncologica en el 72,5%. No hubo diferencias en datos antropometricos, aunque si se redujo el porcentaje de pacientes con riesgo de desnutricion del 75 al 8,3% (p Conclusion Nuestro estudio apoya que el empleo de formulas hipercaloricas hiperproteicas durante un tratamiento nutricional a 6 meses permite una adecuada evolucion nutricional sin riesgo de deshidratacion y con una buena tolerancia, incluso mejoria de sintomatologia gastrointestinal, y puede contribuir a una mejora en la calidad de vida.

Disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is underdiagnosed and underreported despite its well-known association with a worse prognosis. The emergence of Big Data and the application of artificial intelligence in Medicine have revolutionized the way knowledge is generated. The aim of this study is to assess whether a Big Data tool could help us detect the amount of DRM in our hospital.This was a descriptive, retrospective study using the Savana Manager® tool, which allows for automatically analyzing and extracting the relevant clinical information contained in the free text of the electronic medical record. A search was performed using the term "malnutrition", comparing the characteristics of patients with DRM to the population of hospitalized patients between January 2012 and December 2017.Among the 180,279 hospitalization records with a discharge report in that period, only 4,446 episodes (2.47%) included the diagnosis of malnutrition. The mean age of patients with DRM was 75 years (SD 16), as compared to 59 years (SD 25) for the overall population. There were no sex differences (51% male). In-hospital death occurred in 7.08% of patients with DRM and 2.98% in the overall group. Mean stay was longer in patients with DRM (8 vs. 5 days, P.0001) and there were no significant differences in the 72-hour readmission rate. The most common diagnoses associated with DRM were heart failure (35%), respiratory infection (23%), urinary infection (20%), and chronic kidney disease (15%).Underdiagnosis of DRM remains a problem. Savana Manager® helps us to better understand the profile of these patients.

Resumen Introduccion La desnutricion relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE) esta infradiagnosticada e infrarreportada, a pesar de su asociacion con un peor pronostico. La irrupcion del big data y la inteligencia artificial aplicada en medicina ha revolucionado la forma de generar conocimiento. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo valorar si una herramienta de big data podria ayudarnos a detectar y conocer la DRE en nuestro hospital. Metodologia Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo, utilizando la herramienta Savana Manager®, que permite analizar y extraer de forma automatica la informacion clinica relevante contenida en el texto libre de la historia clinica electronica. Se realiza una busqueda con el termino «desnutricion», comparando las caracteristicas de los pacientes con DRE frente a la poblacion de pacientes hospitalizados en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2017. Resultados De 180.279 registros de hospitalizacion con informe de alta en dicho periodo, solo 4.446 episodios (2,47%) incluian el diagnostico de desnutricion. La edad media de los pacientes con DRE fue 75 anos (DE 16) frente a 59 (DE 25) anos de la poblacion global. No hubo diferencias en genero (51% varones). El fallecimiento intrahospitalario se produjo en el 7,08% de los pacientes con DRE frente al 2,98% en el grupo general. La estancia mediana fue superior en los pacientes con DRE (8 vs. 5 dias, p Conclusion El infradiagnostico de la DRE sigue siendo un problema. Savana Manager® ayuda a conocer mejor el perfil de estos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: In patients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), the frequency of hyponatraemia is high. However, the causes of hyponatraemia in TPN have not been elucidated, although diagnosis is required for appropriate therapy. The aim of this study is to describe the aetiology of hyponatraemia in non-critical hospitalised patients receiving TPN. METHODS: Prospective multicentre study in 19 Spanish hospitals. Non-critically hyponatraemic patients receiving TPN and presenting hyponatraemia over a 9-month period were studied. Data collected included sex, age, previous comorbidities, and serum sodium levels (SNa) before and following TPN initiation. Parameters for study of hyponatraemia were also included: clinical volaemia, the presence of pain, nausea, gastrointestinal losses, diuretic use, oedema, renal function, plasma and urine osmolality, urinary electrolytes, cortisolaemia, and thyroid stimulating hormone. RESULTS: 162 patients were included, 53.7% males, age 66.4 (SD13.8) years. Volume status was evaluated in 142 (88%): 21 (14.8%) were hypovolaemic, 96 (67.6%) euvolaemic and 25 (17.6%) hypervolaemic. In 111/142 patients the analytical assessment of hyponatraemia was completed. Hypovolaemic hyponatraemia was secondary to GI losses in 10/111 (9%), and to diuretics in 3/111 (2.7%). Euvolaemic hyponatraemia was due to Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH) in 47/111 (42.4%), and to physiological stimuli of Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) secretion in 28/111 (25.2%). Hypervolaemic hyponatraemia was induced by heart failure in 19/111 (17.1%), cirrhosis of the liver in 4/111 (3.6%). CONCLUSIONS: SIADH was the most frequent cause of hyponatraemia in patients receiving TPN. The second most frequent cause was physiological stimuli of AVP secretion induced by pain/nausea.

Objective Our aim is to assess the changes in clinical nutrition and dietetics education of the residents in endocrinology and nutrition for the last 10 years. Methods During the yearly update course in Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics held by SEEN, a survey about medical training is conducted since 2006. Descriptive data for the last 10 years are reported. Results Every hospital accredited for medical training in endocrinology and nutrition has a unit of nutrition, depending on endocrinology and nutrition departments in 94.5%. While 13.3% of the residents required a different hospital for training in nutrition in 2006, all of them had enough resources in their own hospital in 2018. The training started in their third year of residency in 62.6%. The rotation has been increasing its length and now it lasts 6 months for 66% of the residents. 41.9% of the residents think it should be longer than 6 months. Education in dietetics should be extended the most. The residents take part in study protocols or publications in 72.5%, against only 27.9% in 2009. There is still a percentage of 10.1% to 19% of the residents grading their training in nutrition as insufficient. Conclusion The residents consider their global training in nutrition has improved in these last 10 years, although there is still a chance for optimization in areas such as dietetics.

Resumen Objetivo El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los cambios en la formacion en nutricion clinica y dietetica de los residentes de endocrinologia y nutricion en los ultimos 10 anos. Metodologia En el Curso Anual de Actualizacion en Nutricion Clinica y Dietetica que organiza la SEEN se realiza una encuesta de formacion a los residentes desde 2006. Se recogen los datos descriptivos de los 10 ultimos anos. Resultados Todos los hospitales con docencia acreditada en endocrinologia y nutricion disponen de una unidad de nutricion, con dependencia en el 94,5% de los servicios de endocrinologia y nutricion. Mientras que en 2006 un 13,3% de residentes necesitaban hacer su rotacion en nutricion en otro hospital, en 2018 todos tenian en su hospital recursos suficientes para su formacion. Un 62,6% comienzan su formacion en nutricion en su tercer ano de residencia. La duracion de la rotacion se ha ido incrementando y esta en 6 meses para el 66% de los residentes. Un 41,9% de los residentes considera que su rotacion en nutricion debe ser superior a 6 meses. La formacion en dietetica es la que mas consideran que necesitan ampliar. Un 72,5% de los residentes participan en protocolos de estudios o publicaciones, frente a solo un 27,9% en 2009. Existe aun un porcentaje de residentes entre el 10,1 y el 19% que califican como insuficiente su formacion global en nutricion. Conclusion Los residentes consideran que la formacion global en nutricion ha mejorado en estos 10 anos, aunque aun existen posibilidades de optimizacion en areas como dietetica.

Background Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a matter of concern after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between SHPT, 25(OH)D, and calcium after BPD. Design A retrospective analysis in obese patients after BPD performed between 1998 and 2016. Methods Patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. SHPT was considered when PTH > 65 pg/mL in the absence of an elevated corrected calcium. 25(OH)D (ng/mL) status was defined as: deficiency Results In total, 321 patients were included (76.6% women), with mean age 43.0 (10.5) years. Median follow-up was 6.0 (IQR 3.0-9.0) years. Mean body mass index was 49.8 (7.0) kg/m2. SHPT increased to a maximum of 81.9% in the ninth year of follow-up (95% CI: 1.5-9.1). Two years after surgery, 33.9% of patients with 25(OH)D sufficiency had SHPT (p = 0.001). Corrected calcium levels were lower in patients with PTH > 65 pg/mL when compared with PTH 65 pg/mL and 25(OH)D sufficiency had lower corrected calcium levels when compared with subjects with PTH and 25(OH)D in normal range. Two years: 9.0 vs 9.2 mg/dL (p Conclusions Once 25(OH)D is sufficient, the increase in PTH persists associated with a decrease in serum corrected calcium. It is important to ensure a sufficient calcium intake in these patients in order to avoid SHPT and osteomalacia in the future.

Introduction: disease-related malnutrition has a negative impact on the outcome in surgical patients. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of nutritional risk in the field of vascular surgery, as well as its consequences on patient outcome and health expenditure. Patients and methods: this is a prospective, observational study conducted during 6 months in a vascular surgery ward at the University Hospital of León, Spain. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool was used to obtain data on admission and then every 7 days until hospital discharge. Clinical variables, surgical intervention performed, medical-surgical complications, hospital stay, healthcare costs, and early readmissions were studied. Results: a total of 104 patients, 84.6 % males, with a mean age of 69 (SD: 13) years were enrolled. Of these, 46.2 % were admitted due to peripheral arterial disease; 10.6 % had a positive MUST at the time of admission and 19.2 % at discharge; 100 % of malnourished patients at admission remained in the same situation at discharge. During hospitalization, in 29 patients (27.9 %) the nutritional situation worsened. In all, 81.25 % of patients who experienced worsening of their MUST score had been admitted urgently (p0.05). Patients who required urgent surgery significantly worsened in terms of their nutritional status (p0.001). Patients with worsening nutritional status obtained higher rates for: surgical reintervention (p0.05), pharmaceutical expense (p = 0.017), total hospital expense (€1,000/patient/admission), transfers to chronic care centers (p = 0.0002), and number of early readmissions (p = 0.017). Conclusion: patients with nutritional risk suffered an increase in medical-surgical complications, hospital stay, healthcare costs, and re-admission rates. Therefore, we consider that an implementation of screening procedures and the development of further studies in the vascular surgery setting are necessary.Introducción y objetivos: la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad produce un impacto negativo en la evolución del paciente quirúrgico. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la prevalencia del riesgo nutricional en el ámbito de la cirugía vascular y sus consecuencias en la evolución del paciente y el gasto sanitario. Pacientes y métodos: estudio observacional prospectivo realizado durante 6 meses en la planta de cirugía vascular del Hospital Universitario de León. Se utilizó la herramienta Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) para recoger datos al ingreso y cada 7 días hasta el alta hospitalaria. Se estudiaron las variables clínicas, la intervención quirúrgica realizada, las complicaciones médico-quirúrgicas, la estancia hospitalaria, los costes sanitarios y los reingresos precoces. Resultados: el estudio contó con 104 pacientes, de los que el 84,6 % eran varones, cuya media de edad era de 69 años (DE: 13). El 46,2 % habían ingresado por enfermedad arterial periférica. El 10,6 % presentaban un MUST positivo al ingreso y el 19,2 % lo presentaban al alta; el 100 % de los pacientes desnutridos al ingreso permanecían en la misma situación al alta. Durante la hospitalización, en 29 pacientes (27,9 %) empeoró la situación nutricional. El 81,25 % de los pacientes que sufrieron empeoramiento del MUST habían ingresado de forma urgente (p0,05). Los pacientes que habían precisado una cirugía urgente empeoraron significativamente en términos de su estado nutricional (p0,001). Los pacientes con empeoramiento del estado nutricional obtuvieron mayores porcentajes de: reintervención quirúrgica (p0,05), gasto farmacéutico (p = 0,017), gasto hospitalario total (1000 €/paciente/ingreso), traslados a centros de cuidados crónicos (p = 0,0002) y número de reingresos precoces (p = 0,017). Conclusiones: los pacientes en riesgo nutricional se asociaron a un incremento de las complicaciones médico-quirúrgicas, de la estancia hospitalaria, del coste sanitario y de la tasa de reingresos, por lo que consideramos necesaria la implantación de cribados y el desarrollo de estudios en el ámbito de la cirugía vascular.

Obesity is a chronic disease associated with other comorbidities, including atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD). Bariatric surgery (BS) has shown to reduce cardiovascular risk (CVR) by achieving a significant weight reduction and improving the lipid profile. Different surgical techniques may have a different effect on the lipoprotein profile. To evaluate the lipid profile at 3 years after BS according to the surgical technique used and to determine which variables predict variation in the lipid profile at 3 years after BS. Retrospective observational study of 206 patients who underwent BS between 2010 and 2019. We analyzed the variation of lipid parameters in the 3 years of follow-up according to the surgical technique, including a group analysis of patients according to whether they had dyslipidemia and whether they were treated or untreated and determined which variables predict variation in the lipid profile at 3 years after BS. There was a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c), non-HDL, and LDL/non-HDL with biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Variables predicting lipid profile variation were surgical technique and pre-surgery lipoprotein level. Malabsorptive techniques achieve a greater decrease in TC and LDL-c throughout follow-up and could also improve residual cardiovascular risk (non-HDL and LDL/non-HDL). The type of surgical technique and the presurgery lipid profile predict variation after 3 years of BS.

Few areas of current medicine have undergone change and evolution in recent years such as those of clinical nutrition. Currently, 98 % of endocrinology and nutrition departments in hospitals with 500 or more beds incorporate a clinical nutrition and dietetics Unit. The training of the professionals that integrate these units has been and will be a key point in their ongoing development towards excellence. In medicine degree studies, despite its relevance, nutrition training is currently scarce and heterogeneous, and needs improvement, which may come hand in hand with the recently published ESPEN proposals. In the case of doctors specializing in endocrinology and nutrition, the adaptations in the teaching program established by the National Commission for this specialty, and the training efforts led by the SEEN have allowed significant improvement. In hospital pharmacy studies there is a nutrition training curriculum that could be updated. University training in nutrition within the nursing degree is also heterogeneous. The most related studies such as the Degree of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Technician in Dietetics, Food Science and Technology or Bromatology fundamentally address issues related to dietetics. There is a lack of coordinated effort to define the role of the members of these multidisciplinary UNCyDs, also in regard to their training.Pocas áreas dentro de la medicina actual han experimentado en los últimos años un cambio y una evolución como los de la nutrición clínica. Actualmente, el 98 % de los servicios de endocrinología y nutrición en los hospitales de 500 o más camas incorporan una unidad de nutrición clínica y dietética (UNCyD). La formación de los profesionales que integran estas unidades ha sido y será un punto clave para continuar su desarrollo hacia la excelencia. En los estudios del Grado de Medicina, a pesar de su relevancia, la formación en nutrición es actualmente escasa y heterogénea, y necesita una mejora que puede venir de la mano de las propuestas de la ESPEN recientemente publicadas. En el caso de los médicos especialistas en endocrinología y nutrición, las sucesivas adaptaciones del programa docente establecido por la Comisión Nacional de la especialidad y los esfuerzos en formación liderados por la SEEN han permitido una importante mejoría. En la farmacia hospitalaria existe un curriculum de formación en nutrición que podría actualizarse. La formación universitaria en nutrición dentro del Grado de Enfermería también es heterogénea. Los estudios más relacionados, como el Grado de Nutrición Humana y Dietética, Técnico Superior en Dietética, Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos o Bromatología, abordan fundamentalmente temas relacionados con la dietética. Se echa de menos un esfuerzo de coordinación para definir el papel de los integrantes de estas UNCyD multidisciplinares también en lo referente a su formación.

[Abstract] Obesity is one of the great challenges in healthcare nowadays with important implications for health so requiring comprehensive management. This document aims to establish practical and evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of in Spain, from the perspective of the clinical endocrinologist. A position statement has been made that can be consulted at www.seen.es, and that has been agreed by the Obesity Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (GOSEEN), together with the Nutrition Area (NutriSEEN) and the Working Group of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Physical Exercise (GENEFSEEN). [Resumen] La obesidad supone uno de los grandes retos en salud en la actualidad. Las importantes repercusiones que implica obligan a un manejo integral. El presente documento tiene como objetivo establecer recomendaciones prácticas y basadas en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y el manejo de la obesidad en España, desde la perspectiva del endocrinólogo clínico. Se ha realizado un documento de posicionamiento que puede consultarse en www.seen.es, que ha sido consensuado por el Grupo de Obesidad de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (GOSEEN), junto con el Área de Nutrición (NutriSEEN) y el Grupo de trabajo de Endocrinología, Nutrición y Ejercicio Físico (GENEFSEEN).

During pregnancy, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies may increase the risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH). Both conditions appear to be associated to maternal-fetal complications. The objectives of this study were to analyze if a relationship exists between TSH and TPO levels during pregnancy and the potential effects on gestational and perinatal complications, and to assess whether detectable, but not positive, TPO levels have an impact on development of gestational SCH.A prospective study was conducted at the Leon Health Area (CAULE), where universal screening for gestational thyroid dysfunction is performed between weeks 7-13 of pregnancy. Data on TSH and TPO levels and gestational and perinatal complications were collected for all 2016 deliveries. Positive TPO antibodies were defined as values≥35IU/mL. In a previous study, a TSH level3.72mU/L was established as the cut-off value for gestational SCH.Records corresponding to 1,980 deliveries at CAULE, 21 abortions, and 18 deliveries outside the hospital were analyzed. Of the 1,670 pregnant women screened (84.34%), 142 (8.50%) had positive TPO antibodies and their presence was associated to diagnosis of SCH (P0.01) and to significantly higher mean TSH levels (3.51mU/L vs. 2.46mU/L, P=0.03). There were no significant differences in gestational or neonatal complications. In the group with undetectable TPO antibodies (10lU/mL), the mean TSH levels was slightly lower than in the group with TPO values ranging from 10-35 IU/mL, but the difference was not significant (P=0.89).Presence of positive TPO antibodies is associated to higher TSH levels and higher risk of gestational SCH, but does not increase the rate of maternal-fetal complications.

Resumen Introduccion Los anticuerpos antiperoxidasa tiroidea (ATPO) en la gestacion pueden influir en el desarrollo de hipotiroidismo subclinico gestacional (HSG). Ambas entidades parecen asociarse a complicaciones maternas y fetales. Los objetivos de este estudio son analizar si existe relacion entre los valores de TSH y ATPO durante el embarazo, los posibles efectos sobre complicaciones gestacionales y perinatales, y valorar si los ATPO detectables, pero no positivos, influyen en el desarrollo de HSG. Metodologia Estudio prospectivo realizado en el area sanitaria del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Leon (CAULE), donde se realiza cribado universal para disfuncion tiroidea gestacional entre la semana 7-13 de gestacion. Se recogieron datos de TSH, ATPO, obstetricos y neonatales de los partos de 2016. Se considera ATPO positivo si ≥ 35 UI/ml. En estudio previo se establecio valor TSH > 3,72 mU/L como corte para HSG. Resultados Se analizaron registros correspondientes a 1.980 partos en CAULE, 21 abortos y 18 partos fuera del centro. Se realizo cribado a 1.670 gestantes (84,34%): 142(8,50%) tuvieron ATPO positivos. La deteccion de ATPO positivo se asocio con el diagnostico de HSG (p Conclusion La presencia de ATPO positivo se asocia con valores de TSH mas elevados y con mayor riesgo de HSG, pero no incrementa la tasa de complicaciones materno-fetales.

The selection of the most appropriate formula in long-term home enteral nutrition is a controversial issue. Our objective was to study a high protein hypercaloric enteral nutrition formula in patients with long-term feeding (180 days).Prospective observational multicenter real-life study with high-protein hypercaloric formula (2kcal/ml and 20% protein). General, anthropometric, analytical and quality of life data were collected by visual analog scale of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions at the beginning, 60, 120 and 180 days. Gastrointestinal tolerance was assessed with a visual analog scale and Bristol Stool Scale and the risk of malnutrition was assessed using NRS-2002.51 patients (88.2% men, mean age 62.0 years), with oncological diseases in 72.5%. No differences in anthropometric data were observed, although the percentage of patients at risk of malnutrition according to NRS 2002 was reduced from 75% to 8.3% (p0.0001). No differences were observed in albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, lymphocytes or hematocrit. The quality of life improved from 3.84 (1.27) to 5.37 (1.12) on the visual analog scale (p0.0001). A reduction in gastrointestinal symptoms was observed throughout the period of enteral nutrition. Both the number and percentage of stools considered normal according to the Bristol scale remained stable.Our study supports that the use of high-protein hypercaloric formulas during a 6-month nutritional treatment allows an adequate nutritional evolution without risk of dehydration and with a good tolerance, even improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms, and can contribute to an improvement in the quality of lifetime.

Resumen Antecedentes La imprecision en la terminologia dentro de la nutricion clinica puede acarrear malas interpretaciones entre los distintos profesionales. Objetivo Por esta razon, la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion (SEEN) ha promovido la realizacion del presente trabajo, el primero sobre terminologia y definiciones en nutricion artificial clinica (enteral y parenteral) publicado en castellano. Metodos Un total de 47 especialistas en Endocrinologia y Nutricion expertos en la materia, miembros del Area de Nutricion de la SEEN, han participado entre los meses de abril y septiembre de 2016. Tras una revision bibliografica sistematizada fueron propuestos 52 conceptos, ampliandose a 54 por las coordinadoras y finalmente a 57 por el grupo de trabajo: 13 de caracter general, 30 referidos a la nutricion enteral y 14 a la parenteral. En una fase posterior se determino el grado de acuerdo mediante un proceso Delphi de 2 circulaciones. Finalmente fue ratificado mediante un analisis de consistencia y concordancia. Resultados En 54 de los 57 terminos hubo un acuerdo muy consistente y resultaban concordantes. Solo 3 no presentaron concordancia, de los que 2 eran muy consistentes y uno inconsistente. En conclusion, queda consensuada la definicion de 54 terminos basicos en la practica de la nutricion clinica.

Background Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment. However, there have been concerns regarding the negative effect on the bone. The aim of this study was to assess changes in bone metabolism and the risk of fracture after biliopancreatic diversion (BPD). Material and methods A retrospective analysis of obese patients undergoing BPD between 1998 and 2017 was conducted, and patients with at least 1 year of follow-up were included. The incidence of fracture and of changes in bone metabolism was studied. Results In total, 216 patients were included (78.2% female), with a mean age of 42.5(10.6) years. The median follow-up was 6.8(IQR 10.2–3.2) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 49.7(6.3) kg/m2. 13.2% (n = 29) suffered a bone fracture after surgery; the time until the first fracture was 7.9(3.8) years (55.2% secondary to a casual fall). The rate of fracture incidence was 19.6 per 1000 person-years (95%CI: 1.3–2.7), prevalence was 13.4% (95%CI: 8.9–18.0). The risk of bone fractures seems to increase with longer postoperative evolution time. PTH (pg/ml) levels were significantly higher in patients with fractures (1 year, 98.1 vs. 77.8; 5 years, 162.5 vs. 110.3 p Conclusion BPD is related to important changes in bone metabolism, which can lead to an increased risk of bone fractures. Assessing the risk of fractures should be part of BS patient care.

espanolIntroduccion: las enfermedades oncohematologicas asocian una elevada prevalencia de malnutricion, especialmente durante la hospitalizacion. Objetivo: analizar la aparicion de malnutricion y su repercusion en pacientes normonutridos al ingreso. Metodos: estudio prospectivo de un ano en una cohorte de ingresados hematologicos. El Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) se realizo al ingreso, repitiendose semanalmente. Los pacientes con cribado negativo al ingreso que desarrollaron malnutricion durante la hospitalizacion constituyeron nuestra muestra. Se realizo evaluacion e intervencion nutricional, analizando el efecto de la aparicion de malnutricion en el pronostico, comparado con los pacientes que permanecieron normonutridos. Resultados: el 21% de los pacientes normonutridos al ingreso desarrollo malnutricion en la hospitalizacion. El 62.4% preciso intervencion nutricional (100% suplementos orales, 21,4% cambios dieteticos, 5.2% nutricion parenteral). La intervencion logro un aumento de ingesta real de 623 kcal y 27,3 g proteina/dia, frenando la perdida de peso y estabilizando las proteinas viscerales. La estancia fue 8,5 dias mayor en nuestra muestra que en los pacientes que permanecieron normonutridos. Conclusiones: uno de cada cinco ingresados normonutridos al ingreso desarrollo malnutricion en la hospitalizacion, asociando mayor estancia. La intervencion nutricional puede mejorar la ingesta y el estado nutricional, por tanto, la vigilancia nutricional deberia ser obligatoria. EnglishIntroduction: oncohematological diseases are associated with a high prevalence of malnutrition during hospitalization. Our aim was to analyze the appearance and repercussions of malnutrition in well-nourished hematological inpatients at admission. Method: a prospective one-year study conducted in hematology inpatients. The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) was used at admission and repeated weekly. Patients with a negative screening at admission who developed malnutrition during hospitalization constituted our study sample. A nutritional evaluation and intervention was performed. We also analyzed the effect of newly diagnosed malnutrition on patients’ outcomes in comparison with the outcomes of patients that remained well-nourished during hospitalization. Results: twenty-one percent of hematological inpatients who were well nourished at admission developed malnutrition during hospitalization. Of the patients, 62.4% needed a nutritional intervention (100% oral supplements, 21.4% diet changes, 5.2% parenteral nutrition). After intervention, an increase in real intake was achieved (623 kcal and 27.3 g of protein/day). Weight loss was slowed and visceral protein was stabilized. Length of stay was 8.5 days longer for our sample than for well-nourished patients. Conclusions: newly diagnosed malnutrition appeared in one in five hematological well-nourished inpatients, leading to a longer length of stay. Nutritional intervention improved intake and nutritional status. Nutritional surveillance should be mandatory.

Background: multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Weight loss and malnutrition are prevalent in advanced stages of MS. Objective: the aim of this study was to define the nutritional profile in moderate-advanced MS (especially by documenting malnutrition) and its evolution. Methods: a case-control study was designed; cross-sectional observational study was complemented by a 12-month prospective longitudinal observational study of MS patients. Nutritional status was evaluated by collecting clinical, anthropometric, dietary and analytical data. Results: one hundred and twenty-four patients with MS and 62 controls were recruited; 8% of the patients were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Only MS patients with advanced disability needed nutritional support. During the follow-up, five patients died and four of them received nutritional support. Conclusions: malnutrition was unusual in our sample of patients with moderate-advanced MS. The need for nutritional support is related to dysphagia in patients with advanced neurological disability. The nutritional status of patients with moderate-advanced MS is defined by a tendency to overweight and by the decrease in basal energy expenditure and handgrip strength test in relation to the loss of muscle mass. The deficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and vitamin D is exacerbated in the evolution of the disease.Introducción: la esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad inflamatoria y neurodegenerativa del sistema nervioso central. La pérdida de peso y la malnutrición son frecuentes en fases avanzadas de la EM. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue definir el perfil nutricional de la EM en estadio moderado-avanzado (especialmente, documentando la malnutrición) y su evolución a 12 meses. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos-controles; el estudio observacional transversal se complementó con un estudio observacional longitudinal prospectivo a 12 meses de los pacientes con EM. El estado nutricional se evaluó mediante la recogida de datos clínicos, antropométricos, dietéticos y analíticos. Resultados: se incluyeron en el estudio 124 pacientes con EM y 62 controles. El 8% de los pacientes estaban desnutridos o en riesgo de desnutrición. Solo los pacientes con EM con discapacidad avanzada necesitaban soporte nutricional. Durante el seguimiento, cinco pacientes fallecieron y cuatro de ellos estaban recibiendo soporte nutricional. Conclusiones: la desnutrición es infrecuente en nuestra muestra de pacientes con EM moderada-avanzada. La necesidad de apoyo nutricional está relacionada con la disfagia en pacientes con discapacidad neurológica avanzada. El estado nutricional de los pacientes con EM moderada-avanzada se define por una tendencia al sobrepeso y por valores bajos en el gasto energético basal y en la dinamometría manual en relación con la pérdida de masa muscular. La ingesta deficiente de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, fibra y vitamina D se acentúa en la evolución de la enfermedad.

espanolEl Grupo de Trabajo de Gestion de SENPE tiene entre sus objetivos el desarrollo de procesos de evaluacion en Nutricion Clinica. Con anterioridad se elaboro el documento denominado “Proceso de atencion nutricional: guia de autoevaluacion”, como una herramienta concebida para ayudar a evaluar la calidad de la terapia nutricional en pacientes hospitalizados, fundamentalmente desde la perspectiva de la nutricion artificial. Ahora se presenta un texto complementario del anterior, en el que se describe el proceso por el que alimenta a los pacientes hospitalizados. Hemos dividido el proceso de alimentacion hospitalaria en seis secciones, para las que se hace una descripcion general y se proponen indicadores de calidad para su evaluacion. Confiamos en que este trabajo sirva para mejorar la calidad de las dietas de los hospitales y para ayudar a los profesionales de la alimentacion de los hospitales a hacer su labor mas satisfactoria y efectiva. EnglishThe Management Working Group of SENPE has among its objectives the development of evaluation processes in clinical nutrition. Previously, the document entitled “Process of nutritional care: self-evaluation guide” was prepared as a tool designed to help assess the quality of nutritional therapy in hospitalized patients, mainly from the perspective of artificial nutrition. Now, a complementary text of the previous one is presented, describing the process by which hospitalized patients are fed. We have divided the hospital feeding process into six sections, for which a general description is made and quality indicators are proposed. We hope that this work will serve to improve the quality of hospital food and help hospital food professionals to make their work more satisfactory and effective.

Resumen Introducción: la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE) tiene una alta prevalencia e importantes repercusiones clínicas y económicas. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la factibilidad e importancia de establecer una estrategia de cribado nutricional en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: estudio prospectivo realizado en una planta quirúrgica. Se realizó el Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) al ingreso y semanalmente, hasta el alta hospitalaria, a todos los pacientes. Cuando fue necesario, se realizó valoración e intervención nutricional así como codificación al alta de los diagnósticos y procedimientos nutricionales. Datos de estancia hospitalaria (EH), costes hospitalarios y parámetros clínicos fueron analizados posteriormente. Resultados: en un 15,6% de pacientes, el MUST detectó riesgo de desnutrición (≥ 2 puntos). Los pacientes con desnutrición al ingreso (DI) presentaron una estancia hospitalaria (EH) cuatro días superior y mayor tasa de mortalidad y de reingresos urgentes (2,4 y 2,0 veces, respectivamente), un año después del alta hospitalaria. La edad y el ingreso urgente fueron los factores asociados a mayor tasa de mortalidad anual. Un 9% de los pacientes con MUST < 2 inicial sufrieron un deterioro del estado nutricional (DEN) durante el ingreso. Estos pacientes, tuvieron mayor EH (siete días) a igualdad de comorbilidad. Considerando los costes relacionados con la EH, en los pacientes que presentaron DI o DEN se observó un sobrecoste del 57% y el 145%, respectivamente. Conclusión: los pacientes con DI presentaron mayor EH y tasa de mortalidad y de reingresos urgentes un año después del alta hospitalaria. Los pacientes con DI o DEN ocasionan un sobrecoste económico. El cribado nutricional es indispensable para el manejo y la detección precoz de la DRE.

espanolIntroduccion: la esclerosis multiple (EM) es una enfermedad inflamatoria y neurodegenerativa del sistema nervioso central. La perdida de peso y la malnutricion son frecuentes en fases avanzadas de la EM. Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue definir el perfil nutricional de la EM en estadio moderado-avanzado (especialmente, documentando la malnutricion) y su evolucion a 12 meses. Metodos: se realizo un estudio de casos-controles; el estudio observacional transversal se complemento con un estudio observacional longitudinal prospectivo a 12 meses de los pacientes con EM. El estado nutricional se evaluo mediante la recogida de datos clinicos, antropometricos, dieteticos y analiticos. Resultados: se incluyeron en el estudio 124 pacientes con EM y 62 controles. El 8% de los pacientes estaban desnutridos o en riesgo de desnutricion. Solo los pacientes con EM con discapacidad avanzada necesitaban soporte nutricional. Durante el seguimiento, cinco pacientes fallecieron y cuatro de ellos estaban recibiendo soporte nutricional. Conclusiones: la desnutricion es infrecuente en nuestra muestra de pacientes con EM moderada-avanzada. La necesidad de apoyo nutricional esta relacionada con la disfagia en pacientes con discapacidad neurologica avanzada. El estado nutricional de los pacientes con EM moderada-avanzada se define por una tendencia al sobrepeso y por valores bajos en el gasto energetico basal y en la dinamometria manual en relacion con la perdida de masa muscular. La ingesta deficiente de acidos grasos poliinsaturados, fibra y vitamina D se acentua en la evolucion de la enfermedad. EnglishBackground: multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Weight loss and malnutrition are prevalent in advanced stages of MS. Objective: the aim of this study was to define the nutritional profile in moderate-advanced MS (especially by documenting malnutrition) and its evolution. Methods: a case-control study was designed; cross-sectional observational study was complemented by a 12-month prospective longitudinal observational study of MS patients. Nutritional status was evaluated by collecting clinical, anthropometric, dietary and analytical data. Results: one hundred and twenty-four patients with MS and 62 controls were recruited; 8% of the patients were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. Only MS patients with advanced disability needed nutritional support. During the follow-up, five patients died and four of them received nutritional support. Conclusions: malnutrition was unusual in our sample of patients with moderate-advanced MS. The need for nutritional support is related to dysphagia in patients with advanced neurological disability. The nutritional status of patients with moderate-advanced MS is defined by a tendency to overweight and by the decrease in basal energy expenditure and handgrip strength test in relation to the loss of muscle mass. The deficient intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber and vitamin D is exacerbated in the evolution of the disease.

Resumen El conjunto de microorganismos residentes en nuestro organismo que se encarga de la absorción de los nutrientes y del mantenimiento de la salud se denomina microbiota. Sus principales funciones son protectoras, tróficas y metabólicas. Las distintas agrupaciones de microbiota intestinal se denominan enterotipos, cada uno de los cuales están relacionados con hábitos dietéticos específicos. La ausencia de estímulo enteral afecta tanto al epitelio y GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) como al desarrollo de la microbiota. Altera la interacción con el sistema inmune, con una menor exclusión competitiva de bacterias más patógenas, lo que puede favorecer infecciones. Estos cambios son probablemente reversibles cuando se emplea suplementación con nutrición enteral. La fibra dietética y los prebióticos, al ser fermentados por la microbiota colónica, producen ácidos grasos de cadena corta y gases, generando un pH ácido en el intestino grueso que dificulta el crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos. La administración de probióticos asociados a la nutrición enteral en pacientes críticos se ha relacionado con menores tasas de infección sin evidenciarse efectos en la mortalidad, estancia media o diarrea. También se ha propuesto como estrategia para reducir las complicaciones infecciosas en cirugía programada y para reducir el tiempo de tolerancia de la alimentación enteral en neonatos pretérmino o de bajo peso. En pancreatitis aguda, se ha propuesto un posible papel de los probióticos para restablecer la integridad intestinal, pero son necesarios más estudios en materia de seguridad. Hay descritos casos aislados de bacteriemia, sepsis o endocarditis, habitualmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Aun así, los beneficios parecen ser superiores frente a los riesgos. Abstract Set of resident microorganisms in our body that are responsible for the absorption of nutrients and the maintenance of health is named microbiota. The microbiota´s role is protective, trophic and metabolic. Different groups of microbiota intestinal name enterotypes, each one of them are in relation to specific dietary habits. The absence of enteral stimulation affects both epithelial and GALT and the development of the microbiota. This situation modifies the immune system´s interaction, with a less competitive exclusion of more pathogenic bacteria, which can promote infections. These changes are likely reversible when supplementation with enteral nutrition is used. Dietary fibre and probiotics, to be fermented by colonic microbiota produce gases and short-chain fatty acids causing an acid pH in the large intestine which hinders the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The administration of probiotic with enteral nutrition in critically ill patients was associated with lower rates of infection with no effect on mortality, average stay, or diarrhea. Also proposed as a strategy to reduce infectious complications in elective surgery and to reduce the time of tolerance of enteral feeding in preterm or low birth weight. In acute pancreatitis, it has been suggested a possible role of probiotics to restore intestinal integrity, but more safety studies are needed. There are isolated cases of bacteremia, sepsis or endocarditis usually in immunocompromised patients. Yet the benefits appear to be greater than the risks.

Introduction: Among the objectives of the SENPE Management Working Group is the development of knowledge and tools related to the evaluation of health outcomes. Objectives: To obtain an approximate profile of clinical nutrition in hospitals in Spain, specifically concerning its organization, endowment, activities and quality indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted in 2013 through a structured survey sent to a random sample of 20% of hospitals from the network of the National Health System of Spain, stratified by the number of hospital beds. Results: The overall response rate was 67% (83% in hospitals with over 200 beds). In 65% of hospitals, clinical nutrition is run by a coordinated team or unit, with a doctor working full time in only 50% of centers. Other professionals are often not recognized as part of the team or unit. There is a specialized monographic nutrition clinic in 62% of centers and 72% have more than 40 new inpatient consultations per month (27% with more than 80 per month). Among the centers with a clinical nutrition team or unit, there is a greater tendency to monitor quality indicators related to clinical practice. Conclusions: There is widespread addition of clinical nutrition teams and units in hospitals in Spain. However, truly multidisciplinary organization is not often found. High workloads are assumed in relation to staffing levels. The existence of well-organized structures may be associated with benefits that directly affect attendance

Imprecision in terms used in the field of clinical nutrition may lead to misinterpretations among professionals.For this reason, the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) promoted this document on the terms and definitions used in clinical artificial nutrition (enteral and parenteral), establishing an agreement between Spanish experts of this specialty.Forty-seven specialists in endocrinology and nutrition, members of the Nutrition Area of the SEEN, participated between April and September 2016. After a systematic literature review, 52 concepts were proposed. The coordinators included two additional concepts, and 57were finally selected by the working group: 13 of a general nature, 30 referring to enteral nutrition and 14 to parenteral nutrition. The degree of agreement was subsequently determined using a two-round Delphi process. It was finally ratified by consistency and concordance analysis.Fifty-four of the 57 terms had a very consistent agreement and were concordant. Only three showed no concordance, of whom two were very consistent and one inconsistent. In conclusion, there was consensus in the definition of 54 basic terms in the practice of clinical nutrition.

Introduccion: la cuantificacion y registro de la ingesta alimentaria del paciente hospitalizado es clave dentro del plan de cuidado nutricional. Objetivo: evaluar la validez de un cuestionario semicuantitativo de valoracion del consumo comparado con una tecnica de registro de alimentos por observacion y pesada de los platos incluidos en la dieta hospitalaria. Metodos: estudio transversal realizado en condiciones de practica clinica habitual. Las tecnicas de valoracion del consumo que se compararon fueron un registro por doble pesada y un cuestionario semicuantitativo por observacion de la ingesta de cinco categorias (todo [> 80%], casi todo [80-60%], la mitad [60-40%], casi nada [40-20%] o nada [< 20%]), ambas realizadas por un dietista-nutricionista. La comparacion entre ambas herramientas fue realizada con el indice kappa con ponderacion cuadratica e intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: fueron realizadas un total de 1.980 valoraciones. Se observo con el cuestionario semicuantitativo que en el 50% de los casos se ingirio todo, en el 19% casi todo, en el 13% la mitad, en el 9% menos de la mitad y en el 9% nada. La mediana de la ingesta por doble pesada de alimentos fue de 76,8 (RIC 45,8)%. Se observo que existio un acuerdo satisfactorio entre la tecnica de doble pesada y la valoracion visual del consumo con un valor κ = 0,907 (IC 95% 0,894-0,925). Conclusion: la escala visual empleada en este estudio permite cuantificar la ingesta real del paciente de forma precisa y adecuada por personal cualificado.

Introducción: la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE) afecta al menos a una cuarta parte de los pacientes hospitalizados, aumentando la morbimortalidad del paciente durante su hospitalización y al alta. Sin embargo, su repercusión en la actividad hospitalaria no está bien cuantificada.Objetivo: determinar el impacto de una adecuada codificación de la DRE y los procedimientos empleados para revertirla en el peso medio del hospital y otros índices hospitalarios.Material y métodos: estudio comparativo realizado en todos los pacientes subsidiarios de soporte nutricional artificial seguidos por la Unidad de Nutrición Clínica y Dietética de la Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición (UNCyD-SEyN) del Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León durante los años 2008 y 2013. Se realizó un informe de codificación nutricional del diagnóstico, el tratamiento nutricional y la vía de acceso según la CIE-9-MC. Se comparó el peso medio depurado del hospital, el índice de estancia media ajustada (IEMA), la casuística e índice de funcionamiento previo a la codificación nutricional y tras la misma.Resultados: el peso medio depurado del hospital se incrementó tras la codificación, tanto en 2008 (+ 4,1%) como en 2013 (+1,7%) y especialmente en aquellos servicios en los que se realiza cribado nutricional (Hematología, +10,5%). El IEMA se redujo por debajo de 1 (-5,7% y -0,2% en 2008 y 2013), indicando un mejor funcionamiento, y también disminuyó el índice funcional (-5,6% y -0,4% en 2008 y 2013), lo que supondría una mayor eficiencia.Conclusión: la correcta codificación del diagnóstico y el tratamiento nutricional del paciente con desnutrición aumenta el peso medio depurado de un hospital de tercer nivel, y mejora el IEMA y el índice de funcionamiento.

Introducción: la dieta hospitalaria deberá aportar la suficiente cantidad de energía a partir de una adecuada distribución de macronutrientes.Objetivo: determinar la calidad nutricional de las dietas hospitalarias.Metodología: estudio transversal realizado en condiciones de práctica clínica habitual. Se realizó una valoración nutricional de todas las dietas hospitalarias y una estimación de las necesidades energéticas y proteicas del paciente hospitalizado. Finalmente, se valoró la adecuación del diseño nutricional y dietético de las dietas actuales teniendo en cuenta las necesidades nutricionales del paciente. Se consideró: “Dieta energética y proteicamente completa” si el aporte de energía y proteínas estaba por encima del percentil 95 de las necesidades nutricionales detectadas en los pacientes del centro; “Dieta energética y proteicamente potencialmente completa” si el aporte de energía y proteínas estaba comprendido entre el percentil 75 y 95 de las necesidades nutricionales detectadas en el centro; “Dieta energética y proteicamente incompleta” si el aporte de energía y proteínas estaba por debajo del percentil 75 de las necesidades nutricionales detectadas en el centro.Resultados: fueron evaluadas nutricionalmente 54 dietas destinadas a pacientes adultos. Fueron valorados un total de 201 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 71,60 (RIC 21,40) años y el 51,25% fueron mujeres. Sus necesidades energéticas fueron 25,84 (DE 2,55) kcal/kg peso/ día o 1.753,54 (DE 232,51) kcal/día, el percentil 95 fue de 2.153,9 kcal/día y el percentil 75 fue 1.772,5 kcal/día. Las necesidades proteicasfueron 1,2 (DE 0,10) g/kg peso/día o 82,30 (DE 16,76) g/día, el percentil 95 fue 112,3 g/día y el 75 fue 91,8 g/día. El 25% de las dietas cubrían las necesidades energéticas de la población hospitalaria; una dieta cubría las necesidades proteicas.Conclusión: las dietas evaluadas no cubrían las necesidades nutricionales del paciente hospitalizado. La reestructuración actual logrará satisfacer sus necesidades nutricionales así como sus expectativas gastronómicas.

Objective To provide practical recommendations for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine diseases and nutritional conditions. Participants Members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology, a methodologist, and a documentalist. Methods Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed), using the following terms associated to the name of each condition: AND "osteoporosis", "fractures", "bone mineral density", and "treatment". Papers in English with publication date before 18 October 2011 were included. Current evidence for each disease was reviewed by two group members, and doubts related to the review process or development of recommendations were resolved by the methodologist. Finally, recommendations were discussed in a meeting of the Working Group. Conclusions The document provides evidence-based practical recommendations for evaluation and management of endocrine and nutritional diseases associated to low bone mass or an increased risk of fracture. For each disease, the associated risk of low bone mass and fragility fractures is given, recommendations for bone mass assessment are provided, and treatment options that have shown to be effective for increasing bone mass and/or to decreasing fragility fractures are listed.

Objective To provide practical recommendations for evaluation and treatment of osteoporosis associated to endocrine diseases and nutritional conditions. Participants Members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology, a methodologist, and a documentalist. Methods Recommendations were formulated according to the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed), using the following terms associated to the name of each condition: AND “osteoporosis”, “fractures”, “bone mineral density”, and “treatment”. Papers in English with publication date before 18 October 2011 were included. Current evidence for each disease was reviewed by two group members, and doubts, related to the review process or development of recommendations were resolved by the methodologist. Finally, recommendations were discussed in a meeting of the Working Group. Conclusions The document provides evidence-based practical recommendations for evaluation and management of endocrine and nutritional diseases associated to low bone mass or an increased risk of fracture. For each disease, the associated risk of low bone mass and fragility fractures is given, recommendations for bone mass assessment are provided, and treatment options that have shown to be effective for increasing bone mass and/or to decreasing fragility fractures are listed.

Thyroid metastases are rarely seen in clinical practice but should be considered particularly in patients with a history of non-thyroidal malignancies. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common tumor to metastasize to the thyroid gland and may present many years after a nephrectomy. Thus, patients require a long-term follow-up and, physicians should have a high index of suspicion particularly in patients with benign disorders of the thyroid gland. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and thyroglobulin immunohistochemical staining are considered the most effective methods for diagnosis. Surgical treatment of solitary thyroid metastases is recommended and prolongs survival. Adjuvant medical treatment may also be useful in specific situations. We present the unusual case of a relative young patient with goiter who presented with an intrathyroidal metastasis of RCC. Turk Jem 2014; 2: 58-60

Selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones is a syndrome that involves inadequate response of thyroid-stimulating hormone to changes in thyroid hormones. Unlike generalized resistance syndromes, this entity produces central hyperthyroidism and clinical thyrotoxicosis. Sometimes the disease may not be properly diagnosed and is treated with drugs with harmful effects on the thyroid, such as amiodarone, hampering diagnosis and possibly exacerbating the disorder. The treatment of this condition can be symptomatic, based on control of tachycardia and anxiety, or etiological, acting on the pituitary to regulate thyrotropin secretion or on the thyroid gland to control thyroid hormone production. We report the case of a patient with pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone, who was treated with amiodarone to control paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

Introduction: Nutritional support for malnourished patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery reduces the complication rate and shortens the length of stay. The efficacy of nutritional support after hospital discharge was analyzed in this systematic review. Methods: The search strategy (nutrition OR "enteral nutrition" OR "nutritional supplements" OR "oral nutritional supplements" OR "sip feed" OR "sip feeding" OR "dietary counseling") AND ("patient discharge" OR discharge OR postdischarge) AND (surgery OR operation OR "surgical procedure") was followed in Medline, CENTRAL, and Trip databases. Inclusion criteria comprised: type of study (randomized controlled trial), language (English, Spanish), and subjects (patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery). The risk of bias was assessed by using the Cochrane methodology. Results: Five studies which were published in six different articles and recruited 446 patients were included. A high risk of bias was detected for most of them. Nutritional support improved energy intake and protein intake when high-protein oral supplements were provided. The intervention was associated with better weight prognosis, but the data about body composition were inconsistent. In most of the trials, nutritional intervention did not enhance functional capacity or quality of life. None of the studies analyzed the effects on complications after discharge. Conclusion: Nutritional support provided at discharge may increase dietary intake and improve body weight, but the low quality of studies can weaken the validity of results.