Search

espanolObjetivos. Argentina ha informado de altos niveles de farmacorresistencia transmitida (TDR), en mujeres embarazadas infectadas por el VIH por secuenciacion poblacional. Nuestro objetivo fue describir, en pacientes con TDR, el porcentaje de cuasiespecies que albergan mutaciones de resistencia (RAM) y la carga mutacional (ML). Pacientes y metodos. Estudio retrospectivo en una cohorte de 40 mujeres embarazadas VIH positivas naive, cuyas muestras pretratamiento habian sido genotipificadas por TRUGENE (periodo 2008-2014). Las muestras se genotipificaron por secuenciacion ultraprofunda y se calculo la ML considerando la carga viral multiplicada por la frecuencia de las cuasiespecies que albergan RAMs. Resultados. La TDR para ITINN, ITIAN e IP fue del 17,5% (n=7 pacientes), 10% (n=4), 12,5% (n=5) respectivamente. Las RAMs ITINN predominantes fueron K103N (n=4; 10%) y G190A/E/ S (n=3; 7,5%). Para los ITINN, el 78% de los RAM estaban presentes en >93,5% de la poblacion viral y la ML fue >1000 copias/ml (c/mL) para el 89%, con una mediana (IQR) de 8330 c/ml (7738-29796). Se describieron los siguientes RAM de ITIAN (% de cuasiespecies, ML): T215I (99,7%, 11014 c/ml); D67G (1,28%, 502 c/ml); M41L (79,8%, 88578 c/mL) y M184I (1,02%, 173 c/mL). Las IP-RAMs mas frecuentes fueron I85V, M46I, I50V y L90M (n=2, 5% cada una). Para los IP, las cuasiespecies con RAMs fueron Conclusion. Los ITINN-RAMs son predominantes dentro de la poblacion viral, por lo general superan el umbral de 1000 c/mL, que indicaria un riesgo potencial mas alto de transmision perinatal. Por el contrario, las mutaciones de IP aparecen principalmente como variantes minoritarias, con un riesgo menor de transmision. Para ITIAN, las cuasiespecies que albergan RAM y los valores de ML fueron variables. EnglishObjective. Argentina has reported high levels of transmitted drug resistance (TDR), in HIV-infected pregnant women by population sequencing. We aimed to describe, in patients with TDR, the percentage of quasispecies harboring resistance mutations (RAMs) and mutational load (ML). Patients and Methods. Retrospective study in a cohort of 40 naive HIV-infected pregnant women, whose pretreatment samples had been genotyped by TRUGENE (period 2008-2014). Samples were re-sequenced with Ultra-deep Sequencing and ML was calculated considering baseline HIV-1 RNA load multiplied by the frequency of quasispecies harboring RAMs. Results. TDR for NNRTIs, NRTIs and PIs was 17.5% (n=7 patients), 10% (n=4), 12.5% (n=5) respectively. Predominant NNRTI RAMs were K103N (n=4; 10%) and G190A/E/S (n=3; 7.5%). For NNRTIs, 78% of RAMs were present in >93.5% of viral population and ML was >1000 copies/mL (c/mL) for 89%, with a median (IQR) of 8330 c/ml (7738-29796). The following NRTI RAMs were described (per patient: % of quasispecies, ML): T215I (99.7%, 11014 c/ml); D67G (1.28%, 502 c/mL); M41L (79.8%, 88578 c/mL) and M184I (1.02%, 173 c/mL). Most frequent PI-RAMs were I85V, M46I, I50V and L90M (n=2, 5% each). For PIs, quasispecies with RAMs were Conclusion. NNRTI-RAMs are predominant within the viral population, usually exceeding the threshold of 1000 c/mL, indicating potential higher risk of perinatal transmission. Conversely, PI mutations appear mostly as minority variants, with potential lower risk of transmission. Among NRTI, quasispecies harboring RAMs and ML values were variable.

BackgroundThe genetic diversity of persistent infectious agents, such as HHV-8, correlates closely with the migration of modern humans out of East Africa which makes them useful to trace human migrations. However, there is scarce data about the evolutionary history of HHV-8 particularly in multiethnic Latin American populations.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity and the phylogeography of HHV-8 in two distant geographic regions of Argentina and to establish potential associations with the genetic ancestry of the population.Study designA total of 605 HIV-1 infected subjects, Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) patients and blood donors were recruited in the metropolitan (MET) and north-western regions of Argentina (NWA). After HHV-8 DNA detection, ORF-26 and ORF-K1 were analyzed for subtype assignment. Uniparental and biparental ancestry markers were evaluated in samples in which subtypes could be assigned. Phylogeographic analysis was performed in the ORF-K1 sequences from this study combined with 388 GenBank sequences.ResultsHHV-8 was detected in 24.8% of samples. ORF-K1 phylogenetic analyses showed that subtypes A (A1-A5), B1, C (C1-C3) and F were present in 46.9%, 6.25%, 43.75% and 3.1% of cases, respectively. Analyses of ORF-26 fragment revealed that 81.95% of strains were subtypes A/C followed by J, B2, R, and K. Among KS patients, subtype A/C was more commonly detected in MET whereas subtype J was the most frequent in NWA. Subtypes A/C was significantly associated with Native American maternal haplogroups (p=0.004), whereas subtype J was related to non-Native American haplogroups (pConclusionsThese results give evidence of the geographic circulation of HHV-8 in Argentina, provide new insights about its relationship with ancient and modern human migrations and identify the possible origins of this virus in Argentina.

Chronic HBV infection has been associated with severe liver disease although most of them do not progress to this stage. Even though low replicative carriers form the largest group of HBV chronically infected patients, there is a paucity of longitudinal studies to evaluate the molecular evolution of the whole genome in this subset of patients. In this study, longitudinal samples from 10 patients with persistently normal ALT levels were collected. HBV full-length genome sequences were obtained from 3 samples per patient (baseline, 5 and 10-years of follow-up). Patients were grouped according to HBV-DNA level into 103 IU/ml (group B). The substitution rate was inversely related with HBV-DNA levels. Moreover, the rate in the 10-year follow-up was significantly higher in group A (6.9 × 10−4 ± 1.3 × 10−4) than group B (2.7 × 10−4 ± 7.4 × 10−5 substitution/site/year, p

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of antiretroviral resistance associated mutations in HIV-1 infected pregnant woman treated in Buenos Aires metropolitan area (period 2008-2014). A total of 136 women with viral load = 500 copies/ml were included: 77 (56.6%) were treatment-naïve and 59 (43.4%) were antiretroviral-experienced patients either with current (n: 24) or previous (n = 35) antiretroviral therapy. Genotypic baseline resistance was investigated in plasma of antiretroviral-naïve patients and antiretroviral-experienced patients. The resistance mutations were identified according to the lists of the World Health Organization and the International Antiviral Society, respectively. Frequencies of resistance associated mutations detected in 2008-2011 and 2012-2014 were compared. A total of 37 (27.2%) women presented at least one resistance associated mutation: 25/94 (26.5%) in 2008-2011 and 12/42 (28.5%) in 2012-2014 (p > 0.05). Among naïves, 15 (19.5%) had at least one mutation: 10/49 (20.4%) in the period 2008-2011 and 5/28 (17.8%) in 2012-2014 (p > 0.05). The resistance mutations detected in naïves were associated with non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, being K103N the most common mutation in both periods. In antiretroviral experienced patients, 22/59 (37.3%) had at least one resistance mutation. This study demonstrates a high frequency of resistance associated mutations which remained stable in the period analyzed. These levels suggest an increased circulation of HIV-1 antiretroviral resistant strains in our setting compared to previous reports from Argentina

Introducción: El cáncer anal, asociado a la infección con virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo (HPV-AR), es muy frecuente en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH) HIV+. Objetivo: Evaluar frecuencia de infección por HPV-AR, genotipos y lesiones asociadas, y factores asociados. Materiales y métodos: Estudio en HSH HIV+ (septiembre 2012-marzo 2014, Hospital Fernández). Se recogió información demográfica, de HIV, HPV y prácticas sexuales. Se realizó citología anal, detección de HPV-AR (HC2 High- Risk HPV DNA, Digene®) y genotipificación en las muestras HPV-AR+ (Inno Lipa®, Fujirebio). Los pacientes firmaron consentimiento informado. Se indicó tratamiento según resultados. Resultados: Completaron el estudio 57 pacientes. Mediana de edad: 40 años (rango intercuartil [RIC]: 29-45); de CD4: 444 cels/mm3 (RIC: 345-568); 77% recibían tratamiento antirretroviral, 68% con carga viral no detectable. Citologías: negativas (24%); lesión intraepitelial de bajo grado (54%); lesión intraepitelial de alto grado (20%); ASCUS (2%). El 80% fue HPV-AR+. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de HPV-AR (p=0,006) y de lesión intraepitelial tuvieron CD4

Background: Rilpivirine-based regimens are now preferred or alternative first-line regimens according to many HIV treatment guidelines. Recently, a surveillance study conducted in Argentina determined that prevalence of pretreatment resistance to first-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) was 10%. The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of resistance mutations to newer generation NNRTIs in the population starting ART in Argentina. Methods: We analysed the prevalence of resistance mutations to rilpivirine and etravirine (according to the IAS list), obtained through a nationally representative pretreatment HIV-drug resistance (PDR) surveillance study performed in Argentina in 2014–2015. Briefly, 25 ART-dispensing sites throughout the country were randomly chosen to enrol 330 adults starting ART. Samples were processed with Trugene (Siemens)® and analysed using the Stanford algorithm. Results: All 270 samples corresponding to participants with no prior exposure to antiretroviral drugs were included in this analysis. Median (IQR) age was 35 years (28–43); 66.7% were male; median (IQR) CD4+ T-cell count was 284 cells/mm3 (112–489). The prevalence of resistance to any antiretroviral was 16% (±5%) and prevalence of NNRTI RAMs was 13% (±4%). The prevalence of resistance to rilpivirine was 8% (±3%). Prevalence of resistance to etravirine was 4% (±3%). The most frequent mutations conferring resistance to rilpivirine were: E138A (n=6) and G190A (n=4). Conclusions: This PDR surveillance study showed concerning levels of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in Argentina, not only for first-generation NNRTIs but also to rilpivirine. In our setting, performing resistance testing would be necessary before prescription of ART even if a second-generation NNRTI-based regimen was used as first-line therapy. Fil: Bissio, Emiliano. Fundación Centro de Estudios Infectológicos; Argentina Fil: Barbás, Maria G. Laboratorio Central de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Kademián, Silvia. Laboratorio Central de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Bouzas, Maria B. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; Argentina Fil: Salomon, Horacio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina Fil: Cudola, Analia Ester. Laboratorio Central de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Fernández Giuliano, Silvina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz"; Argentina Fil: Falistocco, Carlos. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina

Background: In Argentina, current national guidelines recommend starting with NNRTI-based regimens. Recently, there have been some local reports regarding concerning levels of NNRTI-transmitted resistance, but surveillance has never been carried out at a national level. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of HIV drug resistance in people starting ART in Argentina using a WHOproposed methodology. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, nationally representative study. Twenty-five antiretroviral-dispensing sites throughout the country were randomly chosen to enrol at least 330 persons starting ART, to generate a point prevalence estimate of resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) with a 5% CI (for the total population and for those without antiretroviral exposure). All consecutive patients older than 18 years starting or restarting ART in the chosen clinics were eligible. Samples were processed with Trugene and analysed using the Stanford algorithm. Results: Between August 2014 and March 2015, we obtained 330 samples from people starting ART. The mean±SD age was 35±11 years, 63.4% were male, 16.6% had prior antiretroviral exposure and the median (IQR) CD4 count was 275 cells/mm3 (106-461). The prevalence of RAMs found was 14% (±4%) for the whole population (3% NRTI-RAMs; 11% NNRTI-RAMs and 2%PI-RAMs) and 13% (+4%) for those without prior antiretroviral exposure (3%, 10% and 2%, respectively). The most common mutation was K103N. Conclusions: This surveillance study showed concerning levels of HIV drug resistance in Argentina, especially to NNRTIs. Due to this finding, Argentina´s Ministry of Health guidelines will change, recommending performing a resistance test for everyone before starting ART. If this is taken up properly, it also might function as a continuing surveillance tool. Fil: Bissio, E.. Fundación Centro de Estudios Infectológicos; Argentina Fil: Barbás, M. G.. Laboratorio Central de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Bouzas, M. B.. Hospital Muñiz; Argentina Fil: Cudola, A.. Laboratorio Central de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Salomon, Horacio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina Fil: Espínola, L.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud; Argentina Fil: Fernández Giuliano, S.. Hospital Muñiz; Argentina Fil: Kademián, S.. Laboratorio Central de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Mammana, L.. Hospital Muñiz; Argentina Fil: Suarez Ornani, M. L.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina Fil: Ravasi, G.. Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Estados Unidos Fil: Vila, M.. Organización Panamericana de la Salud; Argentina Fil: Zapiola, I.. Hospital Muñiz; Argentina Fil: Falistocco, C.. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud; Argentina

Fil: Moretti, Franco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Area Virologia; Argentina Fil: Bolcic, Federico Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Area Virologia; Argentina Fil: Mammana, Lilia. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas ; Argentina Fil: Bouzas, Maria Belen. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas ; Argentina Fil: Laufer, Natalia Lorna. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Area Virologia; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Juan A. Fernández"; Argentina Fil: Quarleri, Jorge Fabian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología. Area Virologia; Argentina

Here we present a survey including 52 drug-naive recently HIV-1-infected subjects from Buenos Aires City and province (79%) and 3 other regions in Argentina (21%). Recent infections were established from previous negative serology (32/52), indeterminate Western blot (12/52), or acute retroviral syndrome after high-risk HIV exposure (8/52) within 9 months before genotyping (median time, 4.2 months). Genotyping was performed from plasma by sequencing both protease and reverse transcriptase. Phylogenetic analysis combined with bootscanning resulted in 21 subtype B sequences and 31 B/F recombinants (RecBF). On protease, minor resistance-related mutations were found in both subtype B and RecBF with low frequencies. The substitution L89M, recently suggested as a resistance-related mutation in some subtype F viruses, was observed in 1 RecBF. On reverse transcriptase, major resistance-related mutations were found in 4 of 52 (7.7%) patients from different health centers: M41L (subtype B) and K103N+/-P225H (1 RecBF and 2 subtype B). The greater than 5% resistance threshold found indicates a need for sentinel resistance surveillances calling for an update in the current resistance testing guidelines in Argentina.

The major limitation of drug resistance genotyping for human immunodeficiency virus remains the interpretation of the results. We evaluated the concordance in predicting therapy response between four different interpretation algorithms (Rega 6.3, HIVDB-08/04, ANRS [07/04], and VGI 8.0). Sequences were gathered through a worldwide effort to establish a database of non-B subtype sequences, and demographic and clinical information about the patients was gathered. The most concordant results were found for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (93%), followed by protease inhibitors (84%) and nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTIs) (76%). For therapy-naive patients, for nelfinavir, especially for subtypes C and G, the discordances were driven mainly by the protease (PRO) mutational pattern 82I/V + 63P + 36I/V for subtype C and 82I + 63P + 36I + 20I for subtype G. Subtype F displayed more discordances for ritonavir in untreated patients due to the combined presence of PRO 20R and 10I/V. In therapy-experienced patients, subtype G displayed a lot of discordances for saquinavir and indinavir due to mutational patterns involving PRO 90 M and 82I. Subtype F had more discordance for nelfinavir attributable to the presence of PRO 88S and 82A + 54V. For the NRTIs lamivudine and emtricitabine, CRF01_AE had more discordances than subtype B due to the presence of RT mutational patterns 65R + 115 M and 118I + 215Y, respectively. Overall, the different algorithms agreed well on the level of resistance scored, but some of the discordances could be attributed to specific (subtype-dependent) combinations of mutations. It is not yet known whether therapy response is subtype dependent, but the advice given to clinicians based on a genotypic interpretation algorithm differs according to the subtype.

Introduction : Surveillance of primary resistance to antiretroviral drugs is particularly important in pregnant population, in which infection by drug-resistant HIV has not only implications for maternal treatment, but could also jeopardize the efficacy of neonatal prophylaxis. We aim to describe the prevalence of resistance associated mutations (RAMs) in pregnant women with intrapartum HIV diagnosis in a public hospital of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Materials and Methods : Prospective pilot study (period from 2008 to October 2013). Plasma samples were tested for viral load by Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 (bDNA) and sequenced using HIV-1 TRUGENE ™ Genotyping Kit (Siemens). The prevalence of RAMs was analyzed according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Results : Of 231 HIV-infected pregnant women assisted, 6% (n=14) had intrapartum diagnosis of HIV infection. 12 patients (85.7%) had previous pregnancies, 10 (71.4%) had inadequate prenatal care and 3 (23.1%) seroconverted during pregnancy. Maternal characteristics (expressed medians and ranges) were: age 25.5 (16–35) years; gestational age at birth: 39 (30–42) weeks; CD4 count: 500 (132–925) cells/µL; viral load: 9418 (1800–55299) copies/mL. No one had hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection; four (33.3%) had syphilis. Eight patients (57.1%) had vaginal delivery and six emergency C-section (42.9%). In six cases (46.2%), membrane rupture was spontaneous; four patients (28.6%) failed to receive intrapartum zidovudine (ZDV) infusion. In 12 patients a genotypic resistance test was performed: two (16.7%) had WHO RAMs corresponding to K103N mutation in both cases, conferring high-level resistance to nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz. Two newborns (14.3%) were preterm. All received neonatal prophylaxis: ZDV in 1 case and combined prophylaxis (ZDV/3TC/NVP) in the remaining 13 (92.9%). All newborns were formula-fed. Two (14.3%) had congenital syphilis, one of whom died. One newborn was HIV-infected (positive proviral DNA at 24 hours of life, wild-type HIV). Conclusions : This pilot study suggests that levels of transmitted resistance in this high-risk population of pregnant women could be moderate to high. We preliminarily observed high-level resistance to NVP: if this finding is confirmed with a larger sample, it could potentially jeopardize the utility of this drug in the combined neonatal prophylaxis recommended in the absence of maternal antiretroviral therapy. (Published: 2 November 2014) Citation: Cecchini D et al. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2014, 17(Suppl 3) :19704 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/19704 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.4.19704

Objective: Our objective was to estimate primary resistance in an urban setting in a developing country characterized by high antiretroviral (ARV) coverage over the diagnosed population and also by an important proportion of undiagnosed individuals, in order to determine whether any change in primary resistance occurred in the past five years. Design: We carried out a multi-site resistance surveillance study according to WHO HIV resistance guidelines, using a weighted sampling technique based on annual HIV case reports per site. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 197 drug-naive HIV-1-infected individuals diagnosed between March 2010 and August 2011 at 20 HIV voluntary counselling and testing centres in Buenos Aires. Clinical records of enrolled patients at the time of diagnosis were compiled. Viral load and CD4 counts were performed on all samples. The pol gene was sequenced and the resistance profile determined. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by neighbour-joining (NJ) trees and bootscanning analysis. Results: We found that 12 (7.9%) of the 152 successfully sequenced samples harboured primary resistance mutations, of which K103N and G190A were the most prevalent. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) resistance mutations were largely the most prevalent (5.9%), accounting for 75% of all primary resistance and exhibiting a significant increase (p =0.0072) in prevalence during the past 10 years as compared to our previous study performed in 1997-2000 and in 2003-2005. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and protease inhibitor primary resistance were low and similar to the one previously reported. Conclusions: Levels of primary NNRTI resistance in Buenos Aires appear to be increasing in the context of a sustained ARV coverage and a high proportion of undiagnosed HIV-positive individuals. © 2013 Rodriguez-Rodrigues N et al; licensee International AIDS Society. Fil: Rodriguez Rodrigues, Nahuel Emiliano. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina Fil: Duran, Adriana. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina Fil: Bouzas, Maria Belen. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz; Argentina Fil: Zapiola, Ines. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Infecciosas F. J. Muñiz; Argentina Fil: Vila, Marcelo. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud; Argentina Fil: Indyk, Debbie. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; Estados Unidos Fil: Bissio, Emiliano. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina Fil: Salomon, Horacio Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Microbiología; Argentina Fil: Dilernia, Dario Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida; Argentina

Endemic foci for HTLV-II infection have been identified in several Amerindian populations. To determine HTLV-I and/or HTLV-II infection among Amerindians living in Argentina we studied 454 sera or plasmas from Indians and natives from different areas of our country. All samples were tested by the particle agglutination technique, and positive reactions were confirmed by the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). IFA titration was used to differentiate HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies. Twenty-three of 222 samples (10.4%) were found positive among the Tobas Indians; 22 samples were typed as HTLV-II and 1 as HTLV-I. Antibodies for HTLV-I were found in the serum and CSF of three natives from Salta with a TSP diagnosis. No positive samples were found among 96 Mapuche Indians and 133 natives from San Luis. Our results indicate that HTLV-II is endemic among the Tobas Indians. In this study, infection by these retroviruses in Argentinian Amerindians seems to have a marked geographic distribution.

Background Genetic characterization of HIV-1 in Argentina has shown that BF recombinants predominate among heterosexuals and injecting drug users, while in men who have sex with men the most prevalent form is subtype B. Objectives The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of HIV dual infections in HIV-infected individuals with high probability of reinfection Study design Blood samples were collected from 23 HIV positive patients with the risk of reinfection from Buenos Aires. A fragment of the HIV gene pol was amplified and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Antiretroviral drug resistance patterns of all the sequences were analyzed. Results Five dual infections were detected with four patients coinfected with subtype B and BF recombinants and one patient was coinfected with two BF recombinants presenting different recombination patterns. Prolonged infection with a stable clinical condition was observed in the five individuals. Resistance mutation patterns were different between the predominant and the minority strains. Conclusions Our results show that HIV dual infection can occur with closely related subtypes, and even with different variants of the same recombinant form in certain populations. Clinical observations showed neither aggressive disease progression nor impact on the resistance patterns in the dually-infected patients.

The presence of HBV genomes with deletions at the basal core promoter (BCP) is associated with more aggressive liver disease. This 3-year longitudinal analysis of two HIV-HBV-coinfected patients allowed identification of three deletions with dissimilar abundance and permanence into the HBV quasispecies composition. These deletions may contribute to HBV pathogenesis in HIV-coinfected individuals.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes were examined in HIV-infected patients with chronic and occult HBV infection. From a total population of 593 HIV-infected patients, 22 individuals (prevalence 3.7%) were found to be HBsAg while 72 (12.1%) were found to be anti-HBc alone. From them, 20 and 4 were HBV DNA positive, respectively. These last four patients are therefore considered to be HBV infected in an occult form. The genotypes could be determined in all 24 HBV-infected patients. HBV-A was the most common (20/24; 83.3%), followed by HBV-D (2/24; 8.3%) and HBV-F (1/24; 4.2%). The remaining sample exhibited mixed infection involving genotypes A and D as pure ones, thus also forming part of three intergenotypic recombinant forms exhibiting different mosaic S gene patterns. The sexual route of transmission was predominant among HBV genotype A-infected patients. Among the 24 HBV DNA-positive patients, point mutations related to lamivudine resistance were found in four strains. These viral strains showed a methionine-to-valine substitution at codon 204 (rtM204V) in association with an upstream B-domain change at rtL180M. Additionally, two of them exhibited the additional rtV173L mutation. The value of HBV molecular monitoring including both HBV viral genomic characterization and genotypic resistance profile in HIV-HBV-coinfected individuals is discussed.

HTLV-1 is currently classified in 7 different subtypes (a-g) based on the nucleotide diversity of its LTR region. The Cosmopolitan subtype (a) has spread worldwide and is further divided into 5 sub-groups: Transcontinental (A), Japanese (B), West African (C), North African (D) and Peruvian (E). Different clusters has been described within the sub-group a including the Latin American cluster a and b and the South African cluster A. The aim of this study was to examine the molecular epidemiology of HTLV-1 in inhabitants of Argentina and explore its relationship with clinical features of the disease. HTLV-1 provirus DNA (LTR region of 672 bp) was amplified by nested PCR and sequenced from 23 isolates from residents of Argentina. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all sequences belonged to the Cosmopolitan subtype a, clustering in the Japanese B (n=1) and in the Transcontinental A (n=22). Among the latter, 1 clustered in the Latin American a (from Bolivia), 15 in the Latin American b from different geographic regions (9 Argentina, 2 Peru, 2 Paraguay, 1 Bolivia), 3 in the South African cluster A (1 Peru, 2 Buenos Aires), and 3 did not belong to any previously described clusters [2 Argentina, 1 Peru]. Among all the isolates, 4 belonged to symptomatic patients (3ATLL and 1 TSP). All ATLL cases belonged to the sub-type aA, clustering 2 within the Latin American b cluster and 1 with no specific cluster. The isolate from the TSP patient belonged to the South African cluster A. Her mother also belonged to this cluster but she was asymptomatic. In conclusion, most of the isolates belonged the Cosmopolitan subtype A and were from asymptomatic patients from the different regions. This is in accordance with previous reports that establish the major contribution of this sub-type to the circulation of the virus in South America. The only case of sub-type aB had no epidemiological link with Japanese descendants. Although, the phylogenetic classification of HTLV-1 has been associated with geographic localization of the infections, in this study we found a high frequency of isolates from Argentina and Peru (26%) not related to the Latin American cluster. This might reflect that the circulation of these viral types in South America is a recent phenomena.

Interpretation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) genotypic drug resistance is still a major challenge in the follow-up of antiviral therapy in infected patients. Because of the high degree of HIV-1 natural variation, complex interactions and stochastic behaviour of evolution, the role of resistance mutations is in many cases not well understood. Using Bayesian network learning of HIV-1 sequence data from diverse subtypes (A, B, C, F and G), we could determine the specific role of many resistance mutations against the protease inhibitors (PIs) nelfinavir (NFV), indinavir (IDV), and saquinavir (SQV). Such networks visualize relationships between treatment, selection of resistance mutations and presence of polymorphisms in a graphical way. The analysis identified 30N, 88S, and 90M for nelfinavir, 90M for saquinavir, and 82A/T and 46I/L for indinavir as most probable major resistance mutations. Moreover we found striking similarities for the role of many mutations against all of these drugs. For example, for all three inhibitors, we found that the novel mutation 89I was minor and associated with mutations at positions 90 and 71. Bayesian network learning provides an autonomous method to gain insight in the role of resistance mutations and the influence of HIV-1 natural variation. We successfully applied the method to three protease inhibitors. The analysis shows differences with current knowledge especially concerning resistance development in several non-B subtypes.

Few ATLL cases have been reported in the country, the majority of the acute leukemia subtype. HTLV-1 proviral load is considered a prognosis marker and it has been available in our setting since 2008. We present HTLV-1 proviral loads in 3 cases of ATLL received during the last 4 years. Two cases were of the acute subtype and one case of the lymphoma subtype. All were male with ages of 49, 34 and 54, respectively at diagnosis. Both acute cases were treated with CHOP chemotherapy. One was responder and one was chemo resistant. The latter after several treatments had disease progression and died 16 months after diagnosis. HTLV-1 proviral load was only measured at 10 months from diagnosis and was 5.3 log10/106 PBMC. The acute responder case had several measures of proviral load after clinical remission post-CHOP and during antiretroviral treatment plus alpha interferon. The proviral load was high but stable during almost four years (5.36 log10/106 PBMC). Afterwards, the patient was stopping treatment with interferon. Proviral load was 5.16 log10/106 PBMC and 6 log10/106 PBMC after one and 6 months, respectively. The lymphoma case was recently diagnosed (February 2013) had a proviral load of 3,76 log10/106 PBMC at that time and is currently untreated. The two acute leukemia cases showed similarly high proviral loads despite differences in survival time and response to treatment. Otherwise, in the lymphoma case proviral load was lower than in the acute leukemia cases. Further proviral load studies are needed to confirm this preliminary finding.

The HIV epidemic in Argentina has changed since the first case was reported in 1982. Since the beginning of the 1990s, a decrease in the number parenterally acquired infections has been observed, with a marked increase in transmission through unprotected sexual contact (heterosexual and homosexual), and in the number of women living with HIV/AIDS [1]. Few prevalence studies have addressed the hepatitis B and C virus coinfection in Argentina. We performed this study in a large single clinic in Buenos Aires, taking care of more than 3,000 HIV patients. During a seven-month period (9/2004 to 3/2005), all HIV-positive patients ≥ 18 years old, who were followed up at our unit and who had their scheduled controls for HIV viral load (VL) at the Argentinean National Reference Centre for AIDS (CNRS), were invited to participate in the study. The study was approved by the Fernandez Hospital Ethics Committee. Patients gave their informed consent to be included in the study. Six hundred subjects were asked to enter the study, and 593 accepted. Studied population: 65.6% males, 64% young adults between 20 and 40 years old. The main route of HIV infection was through sexual contact (70%). Of the 593 samples, 52% (n=308) showed positive results for serological markers (HBcAb/HBsAg/anti-HCV) for hepatitis B or C coinfection. Coinfection rates and subjects characteristics are described in Table 1. Table 1 Demographics, rates of HCV/HBV coinfection, main routes of infection, median levels of CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, HAART, frequency of ALT level among HIV-positive patients studied HBV genotype A was identified in 85% of the samples with detectable HBV DNA, instead of genotype F, the most prevalent in our country among blood donors [2]. Among the 22 HBsAg-positive samples, four showed mutations in the rt domain of the pol gene. These samples belonged to patients who had a prolonged history of exposure to lamivudine (median: 25 months) and none of them had received tenofovir. This data reinforces the importance of adequate management of drugs with HBV/HIV dual activity when selecting antiretroviral therapies in coinfected patients, as stated in the last update of the European and North American guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents [3,4]. The main isolated HCV genotype was 1 (65%), followed by genotype 3 (16.5%). Our study shows a change in the prevalence of HCV and HBV coinfection comparing with a previous report of the same geographical area [5], among people living with HIV/AIDS in Buenos Aires, the city with the highest prevalence of HIV in Argentina. A reduction in prevalence rates of dual HIV/HCV (from 58.5% in 1999 to 21%, p 0.000) and HIV/HBV coinfection (from 14.5% in 1999 to 3.7%, p 0.000) was observed. This could be related to the decreasing number of injecting drug users in our country because of the introduction of non-injecting recreational drugs and the increasing transmission through unprotected sex [1]. Despite the decrease in the rates of HCV/HIV and HBV/HIV coinfections the prevalence of those coinfections continues to be high and it could lead to the increase in the morbidity and mortality associated with liver disease, especially in the context of expanded antirretroviral therapy in Argentina. The epidemiological data presented in this study provides information for the development of prevention campaigns for hepatitis C through harm reduction policies and for hepatitis B vaccination programs among people living with HIV/AIDS.

Background The central nervous system is considered a sanctuary site for HIV-1 replication. Variables associated with HIV cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load in the context of opportunistic CNS infections are poorly understood. Our objective was to evaluate the relation between: (1) CSF HIV-1 viral load and CSF cytological and biochemical characteristics (leukocyte count, protein concentration, cryptococcal antigen titer); (2) CSF HIV-1 viral load and HIV-1 plasma viral load; and (3) CSF leukocyte count and the peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte count. Methods Our approach was to use a prospective collection and analysis of pre-treatment, paired CSF and plasma samples from antiretroviral-naive HIV-positive patients with cryptococcal meningitis and assisted at the Francisco J Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina (period: 2004 to 2006). We measured HIV CSF and plasma levels by polymerase chain reaction using the Cobas Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Test version 1.5 (Roche). Data were processed with Statistix 7.0 software (linear regression analysis). Results Samples from 34 patients were analyzed. CSF leukocyte count showed statistically significant correlation with CSF HIV-1 viral load (r = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.13-0.63, p = 0.01). No correlation was found with the plasma viral load, CSF protein concentration and cryptococcal antigen titer. A positive correlation was found between peripheral blood CD4+ T lymphocyte count and the CSF leukocyte count (r = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.125-0.674, p = 0.0123). Conclusion Our study suggests that CSF leukocyte count influences CSF HIV-1 viral load in patients with meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans.

Purpose of the study Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocyte count in asymptomatic HIV-infected patients without central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic diseases has a positive correlation with peripheral blood CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. However, previous communications showed that this correlation is lost in patients with CNS opportunistic infections. This fact has been attributed to the low CD4 Tcell counts found in this population. These studies were undertaken in a low number of patients with different CNS opportunistic infections (cerebral toxoplasmosis, cryptococcal meningitis, Cytomegalovirus encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, tuberculous meningitis) considered altogether for the analysis. To date, no study has evaluated correlation between CSF leukocyte count and peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocyte count in a cohort of patients with a single CNS opportunistic infection. The objective of this study was to address this issue in patients with cryptococcal meningitis.

Background The genetic differences among HIV-1 subtypes may be critical to clinical management and drug resistance surveillance as antiretroviral treatment is expanded to regions of the world where diverse non-subtype-B viruses predominate. Methods and Findings To assess the impact of HIV-1 subtype and antiretroviral treatment on the distribution of mutations in protease and reverse transcriptase, a binomial response model using subtype and treatment as explanatory variables was used to analyze a large compiled dataset of non-subtype-B HIV-1 sequences. Non-subtype-B sequences from 3,686 persons with well characterized antiretroviral treatment histories were analyzed in comparison to subtype B sequences from 4,769 persons. The non-subtype-B sequences included 461 with subtype A, 1,185 with C, 331 with D, 245 with F, 293 with G, 513 with CRF01_AE, and 618 with CRF02_AG. Each of the 55 known subtype B drug-resistance mutations occurred in at least one non-B isolate, and 44 (80%) of these mutations were significantly associated with antiretroviral treatment in at least one non-B subtype. Conversely, of 67 mutations found to be associated with antiretroviral therapy in at least one non-B subtype, 61 were also associated with antiretroviral therapy in subtype B isolates. Conclusion Global surveillance and genotypic assessment of drug resistance should focus primarily on the known subtype B drug-resistance mutations., Most research has focused on HIV-1 subtype B, although most infections worldwide are non-B. However, this paper suggests that the same drug resistance mutations occur across subtypes

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in the innate immune defense against invading microorganisms. Deficiency of functional MBL is linked to polymorphisms in the MBL2 gene. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of MBL2 polymorphisms in susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection. A total of 43 HTLV-1 infected subjects and 127 healthy controls were evaluated for polymorphisms in the coding region of MBL2 gene. The point mutations in exon 1 at codon 54 (allele B) and codon 52 (allele D) and the wild type allele A were detected by PCR-RFLP. The frequency of the allele A, B and D was 66%, 29% and 5% among HTLV-1 infected subjects and 79%, 18% and 3% among healthy controls, respectively. Genotype and allele frequencies were statistically different between both groups, being the allele B more frequent among HTLV-1 infected subjects than in controls (29% and 18%, respectively; p=0.032). Moreover, the homozygous genotype BB was observed in 14% of HTLV-1 patients and only 3% of controls (p=0.016), and it was associated with an almost five-fold higher risk of HTLV-1 infection (p=0.016; OR=4.98, 95%CI=1,33-18,63). Our results suggest that carriers of the MBL2 allele B are more susceptible to HTLV-1 infection. Further studies with a large number of individuals are ongoing to confirm the impact of MBL polymorphisms as genetic determinant of HTLV-1 susceptibility.

Methodology A total of 87 indeterminate WB samples (HTLV blot 2.4 assayGenelabs Diagnostics-) were studied over a 10 year period referred from the Blood Bank at Garrahan Hospital (n=83) and from the Virology Unit at Muniz Hospital (n=4). HTLV-I and –II tax and pol proviral sequences were amplified by in-house nested PCR assays. HTLV-I pVL was estimated by a quantitative real-time PCR assay targeting the HTLV-I pol gene and the albumin gene as normalizer. The limit of detection of the assay was 2.6 log10 copies of HTLV-I/106 PBMCs (0.04% copies/100 PBMCs).

Methodology HTLV-I pVL was evaluated in 62 subjects; 52 asymptomatic and 10 symptomatic (5 HAM/TSP, 2 ATLL, 2 uveitis and 1 PG). HTLV-I pVL in PBMCs was estimated by a quantitative real-time PCR assay with SYBR Green, where HTLV-I pol gene is amplified in parallel with albumin gene as a normalizer. The limit of detection of the assay was of 400 copies of HTLV-I/10 PBMCs (0.04%). Differences among groups where assessed by Mann-Whitney test.