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This dissertation analyses the phenomenon of a city within a city (CIC) in China. In particular, the palace CICs in the pre-1949 era and modern CICs constructed by work units in Beijing are examined and compared to other types of CICs and gated commercial communities in China as well as other parts of the world. To some extent, the collective life style of production and consumption in rural areas and enclosure-gating system of palace cities are transformed and integrated into the establishment of modern CICs after 1949., Diese Dissertation analysiert das Phänomen einer Stadt in einer Stadt (CIC) in China. Insbesondere die Palast-CICs in der Zeit vor 1949 und die modernen CICs, die von Danwei in Peking gebaut wurden, werden untersucht und mit anderen Arten von CICs und geschlossenen Kommerziellen Gemeinschaften in China sowie anderen Teilen der Welt verglichen. Bis zu einem gewissen Grad wurden der kollektive Lebensstil von Produktion und Konsum in ländlichen Gebieten und das Einschließungssystem von Palaststädten nach 1949 transformiert und in die Einrichtung moderner CICs integriert.

This dissertation analyses the phenomenon of a city within a city (CIC) in China. In particular, the palace CICs in the pre-1949 era and modern CICs constructed by work units in Beijing are examined and compared to other types of CICs and gated commercial communities in China as well as other parts of the world. To some extent, the collective life style of production and consumption in rural areas and enclosure-gating system of palace cities are transformed and integrated into the establishment of modern CICs after 1949., Diese Dissertation analysiert das Phänomen einer Stadt in einer Stadt (CIC) in China. Insbesondere die Palast-CICs in der Zeit vor 1949 und die modernen CICs, die von Danwei in Peking gebaut wurden, werden untersucht und mit anderen Arten von CICs und geschlossenen Kommerziellen Gemeinschaften in China sowie anderen Teilen der Welt verglichen. Bis zu einem gewissen Grad wurden der kollektive Lebensstil von Produktion und Konsum in ländlichen Gebieten und das Einschließungssystem von Palaststädten nach 1949 transformiert und in die Einrichtung moderner CICs integriert.

Rapidly increasing transportation energy use in China poses challenges to national energy security and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, the development of automobile oriented neighborhood structures, such as superblock housing, currently dominates urban expansion, and construction in Chinese cities. This research takes an empirical approach to understanding the relationship between neighborhood type and household travel energy use in Jinan, China, by examining nine neighborhoods that represent the four types of urban community commonly found in Chinese cities: traditional, grid, enclave, and superblock. After conducting a survey, we derive disaggregate household transport energy uses from the’ self-reported weekly travel diaries. Comparative analysis and two-step instrumental variable models are employed. Results show that, all else being equal, households located in superblock neighborhoods consume more transportation energy than those in other neighborhood types, because such households tend to own more cars and travel longer distances. Proximity to transit corridors and greater distance from the city center are also associated with higher household transport energy use in these neighborhoods, although both impacts are minor, partially because of the offsetting effects of car ownership. Overall, the analysis suggests that, to help chart a more energy-efficient future in urban China, policymakers should (1) examine past neighborhood designs to find alternatives to the superblock, (2) focus on strategic infill development, (3) encourage greater use of bicycles and e-bikes as a substitute for larger motorized vehicles, (4) improve the efficiency of public transportation, and (5) consider ways to shape citizens’ preferences for more energy-efficient modes of travel., Energy Foundation, Low Carbon Energy University Alliance (2011LC002), National Natural Science Foundation (China) (51378278)