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This research paper will investigate the internal factors regarding the Balochistan insurgency. This province has become the victim of violence and insurgent factors from the last many decades due to multiple factors such as unequal distribution of resources, and tribal and kinship systems. Moreover, this paper will also discuss the political, economic and social development in the province. In the end, some recommendations and ways forward would also be provided for the betterment of Balochistan.

The Soviet-Afghan War was a crucial event in the Cold War era that had far-reaching implications on global politics and regional stability. The article explores the history of the conflict, including the political situation in Afghanistan prior to the invasion, Soviet strategies, and the significance of the war. The article also sheds light on the foreign policies of the United States during the Cold War and its role in the Soviet-Afghan conflict. Furthermore, the article delves into the role played by Pakistan in the Soviet- Afghan war and its impact on regional dynamics. The article provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of international and regional factors that shaped the outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War.

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is often the cause of serious ocular infections that are difficult to treat, and these ocular infections are a significant public health problem. Aims and Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of MRSA in ocular infections. Materials and Methods: The patients were recruited from the outpatient and inpatient departments from July 2018 to February 2021 from the Institute of Ophthalmology and study was done in the Department of Microbiology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh (UP). MRSA was identified by Cefoxitin disk diffusionmethod. Polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of mecA gene. Results: Seventy-six S. aureus were found in 350 patients with clinically suspected various bacterial infections. Among all S. aureus, 41 (53.94%) were MRSA. Maximum 10 (24.4%) MRSA were isolated from lacrimal apparatus infection followed by 7 (17%) in lid infection, and 6 (14.6%) in keratitis. All MRSA isolates were positive for mec A gene. MRSA isolates showed 85.3% sensitivity to amikacin and 100% to vancomycin. Fluoroquinolones showed resistance to the majority of MRSA strains. Conclusion: MRSA is the main pathogen of ocular infections, resistant to a wide range of antibiotics. The monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity patterns, regular surveillance of associated ocular diseases, and strict antibiotics policy should be followed in an institute.

Sound health is considered a basic need of every individual. It allows a person to enjoy routine activities. Objective: To examine the impact of moderate intensity exercise on aerobic fitness. Methods: Participants of the study were voluntarily selected from the department of sports science and Physical Education, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan. In addition, the participants of the study were categorized as; control group (CG =20) and experimental groups (EG-20). A self-made exercise protocol of twelve weeks was applied on the selected subjects and thus for the assessment of aerobic fitness, Harvard Step Test, developed by Brouha et al., (1943) was used. The collected data were tabulated and were analyzed by using appropriate statistical tools i.e. Percentage, Means, Standard Deviation, Paired Sample t-Test and ANOVA. Results: The study found significant difference were found between pre & post cardiovascular fitness of male subject i.e. t (9) = -21.433, sig. = .000 < a= .05. Similarly, significant difference was found between pre & post cardiovascular fitness of female subject i.e. t (9) = -25.249, sig = .000 < a= .05. According to the results of this research study, it may be recommended that the Physical education and exercise must be a necessary subject for all college, school and university level students or the student is necessary to take the subject of physical education and exercise for each year so that their cardiovascular fitness is maintained. Conclusions: The study concluded that moderate intensity exercise has significant impact on aerobic fitness of respondents.

Since as a hegemon, the US has dominated the world through its unilateral policies and put diverse effects on different regions. Since 2001, China is emerging as a powerful country on the world stage and increasing its influence in its neighbourhood, especially in South Asia, under Belt and Road Initiative. In South Asia, the US is exploiting Indian skepticism about Chinses policies to get its support against China. The Sino-US new Cold War is on the brink, and South Asia is a potential theatre. The competition has created a precarious situation for Pakistan, and it had to pick options with great care. This paper aims to analyze the US and China's policies in the economic, military and political spheres in South Asia and how their competition or cooperation will affect the region's stability, security, the balance of power and how it will affect Pakistan's policy options.

Revisionism is the exercise of revising or reforming of one’s point of view to a previously held belief or accepted viewpoint of a situation. In literature, revisionism is the retreading of a canonical text through a different point of view. Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea is one such retelling of the story of the canonical text of Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, from the viewpoint of the minor character Bertha Mason. While Jane Eyre tells the story of a simple girl, Jane Eyre, and the happy ending of her romantic narrative, this paper will study Wide Sargasso Sea as a revisionary text that picks up the minor narrative of Bertha Mason as Antoinette, a Creole heiress, making it a tragic feminist grand narrative of postcolonial response to the romantic tale of Jane Eyre. Similarly, J. M. Coetzee’s novel Foe is a revisionary text based on the canonical text Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. Placing a woman in a male dominated world, the novel Foe highlights the issues of patriarchal oppression, colonial oppression, authorial tyranny, and language and power, which remain hidden in the romantic canonical narrative of Crusoe’s adventurous life and his valorous escape from the island where he was stranded for twenty eight years. This paper will trace the difference of a woman’s life and journey than a man’s in a world ruled by patriarchal laws. Moreover, this paper will establish the novel Foe as a revisionary text that retells Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe from a realistic and colonial point of view instead of a heroic tale.

Recognizing the emerging significance of the English Language as an International Link Language and its possibility to remain so, this paper traces the history of the dissemination of the English language in all through the British colonialism and make an assessment of its current status at the global level. The paper presumes the language’s bright future on the basis of its macroscopic usage and scope for neologisms. An answer to the questions like, How English language emerged as an International link language? and What were the causes that lead to the emergence of English as an International Link Language?, will be provided with an intricate analysis of the scope and importance of English as an International Link Language in the present scenario. An enlightening discussion regarding the paramount position of the English language as an internal link language of India and its influence on other languages of India will be made on the basis of the questions like, How English was introduced in India by the East India Company? How did it continue to remain the official language of India (along with Hindi) even after independence?, and Why is it widely spoken and taught as the most important foreign language? The contribution of some Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi writers will be scrutinized to suit the theme of the current research work.

An important public health problem in India is dengue infection, and every year there is an increase in the number of dengue cases. Dengue affects all individuals irrespective of their gender and age, but still, the infection rate was higher among males and younger ones. Despite low severity in general, the dengue virus can cause severe health conditions in some individuals. Genetic characterization of the circulating endemic dengue virus (DENV) serotypes plays a significant role in establishing epidemiological knowledge and subsequent vaccine development. In the present study over a 4-yr period, we tried to figure out the dengue virus transmission dynamics in major regions of western Uttar Pradesh in North India. ELISA tests were used to diagnose dengue, and PCRs were used to determine the circulating serotype. We found that dengue infection peaks after the rainy season and affects all sexes and ages. A total of 1277 individual are found positive for dengue, among them 61.7% are males and 38.3% are females, DEN-1 was found in 23.12%, DEN-2 in 45%, DEN-3 in 29.06%, and DEN-4 in 1.5% of the dengue infected individuals. All four dengue virus serotypes are circulating in the study area, and dengue virus serotype-2 (DEN-2) is the most prevalent serotype.

An important public health problem in India is dengue infection, and every year there is an increase in the number of dengue cases. Dengue affects all individuals irrespective of their gender and age, but still, the infection rate was higher among males and younger ones. Despite low severity in general, the dengue virus can cause severe health conditions in some individuals. Genetic characterization of the circulating endemic dengue virus (DENV) serotypes plays a significant role in establishing epidemiological knowledge and subsequent vaccine development. In the present study over a 4-yr period, we tried to figure out the dengue virus transmission dynamics in major regions of western Uttar Pradesh in North India. ELISA tests were used to diagnose dengue, and PCRs were used to determine the circulating serotype. We found that dengue infection peaks after the rainy season and affects all sexes and ages. A total of 1277 individual are found positive for dengue, among them 61.7% are males and 38.3% are females, DEN-1 was found in 23.12%, DEN-2 in 45%, DEN-3 in 29.06%, and DEN-4 in 1.5% of the dengue infected individuals. Dengue infects all individuals irrespective of gender and age. Still, the infection is most common among male individuals and younger ones. All four dengue virus serotypes are circulating in the study area, and dengue virus serotype-2 (DEN-2) is the most prevalent serotype.

In a parliamentary democracy, the opposition has a significant role in the parliament. This research article analyzes the role of opposition benches in finance bills presented on the floor of the National Assembly in the PML-N government from 2013-2018. It thoroughly investigates the debates of the members of the opposition benches made on all the budget bills in the period 2013-18. Moreover, the suggestions and amendments put forward by the members of the opposition parties are also critically analyzed.This study has carried out under a qualitative research design. The descriptive-analytical method is adopted for the analysis of data. This research shows that the opposition benches had actively participated in the budget bills through debate and cut motions. It had also criticized those policies of the government which are against the welfare of the common people, particularly the imposition of new taxes. It further finds that the opposition parties did the contrary when they came in power.

Antimicrobial resistance has posed a serious health concern worldwide, which is mainly due to the excessive use of antibiotics. In this study, gold nanoparticles synthesized from the plant Tinospora cordifolia were used against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active components involved in the reduction and stabilization of gold nanoparticles were revealed by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry(GC-MS) of the stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia. Gold nanoparticles (TG-AuNPs) were effective against P. aeruginosa at different concentrations (50,100, and 150 µg/mL). TG-AuNPs effectively reduced the pyocyanin level by 63.1% in PAO1 and by 68.7% in clinical isolates at 150 µg/mL; similarly, swarming and swimming motilities decreased by 53.1% and 53.8% for PAO1 and 66.6% and 52.8% in clinical isolates, respectively. Biofilm production was also reduced, and at a maximum concentration of 150 µg/mL of TG-AuNPs a 59.09% reduction inPAO1 and 64.7% reduction in clinical isolates were observed. Lower concentrations of TG-AuNPs (100 and 50 µg/mL) also reduced the pyocyanin, biofilm, swarming, and swimming. Phenotypically, the downregulation of exopolysaccharide secretion from P. aeruginosa due to TG-AuNPs was observed on Congo red agar plates

There is a wide range of applications for photodetectors in wireless sensing networks as well as environmental monitoring systems, while 3D materials contain gaps of different bands that can be used in different application fields. Graphene was used in this research as a semiconductor material to produce a photodetector operating with a wide range of wavelengths that useful in detecting waves of applied interest in the industrial field. The very small energy gap of a single Graphene layer under the grating in Gold based MSM nanostructure showed encourage behavior of electric field distribution upon the plasmonic surface. Also, the measured optical properties and detector parameters gave acceptable results. The achieved results show that the best plasmonic surface, responsivity about 94.48 A/W, and detectivity about 5.408×1013 with lowest NEP of about 1.849×10-14 when using 1550 nm wavelength.

In this paper, we develop unbiased estimators of the finite population cumulative distribution function (CDF) using two-stage and three-stage cluster sampling. In addition, the ranked-set sampling ...

Candidiasis is recognized as a significant cause of morbidity, especially in immunocompromised individuals. An epidemiologic change in Candida species and emergence of resistance can impact the usage of antifungal agents as empirical therapy for Candidiasis in patients with or without AIDS. The present study was done to find out: i) The species of Candida isolated from H.I.V. and Non-HIV infected patients. ii) The resistance pattern of these Candida isolates to antifungal agents. A total of 160 Candida species isolates (80 isolates each from H.I.V. and Non-HIV infected patients) were characterized. Identification of yeast isolates was made by standard procedures including morphology (Staib agar, cornmeal agar, CHROMagar), germ tube test, fermentation, and assimilation of sugars and growth at 42°C. In addition, sensitivity testing was done using the broth microdilution method (M27-A2) as per the C.L.S.I. guidelines against amphotericin B, nystatin, voriconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and itraconazole. In both the groups, i.e., H.I.V. and Non-HIV infected patients, Candida albicans was the most common species (61.2 % and 85 % respectively), followed by Candida guilliermondi (16.2 % and 5 %), Candida tropicalis (5 % and 3.7 %), Candida krusei (5% and 2.5 %), Candida dubliniensis 1(5 % and 1.2 %) and others. Among HIV infected patients fluconazole resistance was 16.25%, ketoconazole 13.5%, clotrimazole 12.5%, itraconazole 6.25 %. In the non-HIV infected group, fluconazole resistance was 8.75% and itraconazole 1.25%. For the appropriate treatment of Candida infections, antifungal susceptibility has become an essential tool, especially in the present scenario of increasing resistance.

INTRODUCTION: Hydatid disease, commonly known as cystic echinococcosis (CE), is a parasitic infestation caused by the atworm Echinococcus granulosus. Abdominal pain is the most common symptom in hepatic hydatidosis, followed by a palpable mass and jaundice. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical presentation of abdominal hydatidosis in adults > 18 years of age. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was conducted in Government Medical College Srinagar over a period of two years. This study included 30 patients after meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: In our study, the most popular age group involved in this disease was 21-30 years (50%). The mean age in our study was 31.1±12.38 with range of 18-75years. . Most of our patients were women aged 18 years (60%) with a male to female ratio of 1:1.5. In our study, a correlation with dogs or cattle was observed in 6 cases (20%). In our study, the majority of patients presented with abdominal pain (80%). The majority of patients had no prodormal symptoms (53.3%). The most commonly affected organ in our study was the liver (93.3%), with the right lobe of the liver being affected in 71.4% (20) of cases. In our study, a single cyst was found in 25 cases (83.3%). All patients were treated surgically and did well with no major complications. CONCLUSION: Hydatid disease can occur in any age group. The liver is the most commonly affected organ, with abdominal pain being the most common complaint

The green synthesis method of was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using