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To reflect on how characteristics inherent in the nursing profession might be related to burnout syndrome among the nursing collective.Most people are unaware of the tasks and responsibilities of the nursing profession, as well as the burnout rates suffered by nurses. The nursing profession is a feminized profession, and this feminization may lead to the assignment of gender stereotypes and roles traditionally attributed to women. Much of the care provided by nurses is unrecorded, "invisible" and could be seen as an extension of their role as caregivers.This is a discussion paper. The literature on gender stereotypes, unrecorded (invisible) care in nursing and burnout are the argumentative basis of this work.Stereotypes and gender roles may explain the lack of recognition of some of the carework carried out by nurses. Care, which is the essence of the profession, continues to be largely invisible and is not valued. This lack of recognition of invisible care, coupled with gender stereotypes, may help to understand burnout syndrome in nursing.Health organizations should take into account the history of the nursing profession and the stereotypes associated with it. It is necessary to recognize and make visible much of the care provided by nurses which are not recorded (invisible care), since this would facilitate the visibilization of the workload and could reduce the possibility of suffering burnout. If we want quality care and staff who enjoy the greatest possible well-being, it will be necessary to take these variables into consideration. One purpose should be: to care for them so that they can provide quality care to others.This is a discussion paper.

This 386-participant study investigated the structural and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI). Exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis revealed that the ODI meets the requirements for essential unidimensionality. Measurement invariance held across our sample and the English- and French-speaking samples used in the ODI’s initial validation study. Mokken scale analysis indicated that (a) the scalability of the instrument was strong, (b) no violations of monotonicity or local independence were present, and (c) invariant item ordering was sufficiently accurate. The ODI’s reliability was optimal. The ODI exhibited both convergent validity and discriminant validity vis-à-vis a job-unrelated measure of depression. Furthermore, occupational depression correlated substantially, and in the expected direction, with objective cognitive performance and 10 widely studied work-life characteristics. This study suggests that the ODI’s Spanish version has excellent structural and psychometric properties and can be confidently employed by occupational health specialists. El presente estudio, realizado con 386 participantes, ha indagado en las propiedades estructurales y psicométricas de la versión española del Inventario de Depresión Ocupacional (ODI, según sus siglas en inglés). Un análisis bifactorial de un modelo exploratorio de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que el ODI reúne los requisitos de unidimensionalidad esencial. La invarianza de la medida se mantuvo en nuestra muestra y en las muestras anglo y francoparlantes utilizadas en el estudio de validación inicial. Un análisis Mokken de la escala indica que: a) el instrumento tenía un fuerte carácter escalar, b) no hubo violación de la monotonicidad o independencia local y c) el orden invariante de los ítems fue lo suficientemente preciso. La fiabilidad ha sido óptima. El ODI presentó tanto validez convergente como discriminante en relación con una medida de depresión no relacionada con el trabajo. Además, la depresión laboral correlacionó en gran medida, en la dirección esperada, con el desempeño cognitivo objetivo y 10 características muy estudiadas de la vida laboral. El estudio destaca que la versión española del ODI tiene unas propiedades estructurales y psicométricas excelentes, por lo que puede utilizarse con toda confianza por los especialistas en salud ocupacional.

The Emotional Reactions to Challenging Behaviours Scale (ERCBS) was designed to evaluate the emotional states of support staff facing challenging behaviours from recipients. Employees working with People Exhibiting Intellectual Disability (PEIDs) are exposed to challenging behaviours. Exposure to challenging behaviours can affect the occupational well-being of these employees. It is thus important for investigators to have instruments assessing employees’ emotional reactions to challenging behaviours reliably and validly. In this study, we translated the ERCBS into Spanish and inquired into the psychometric and structural properties of the adapted instrument. We relied on a sample of 232 employees working with PEIDs. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the ERCBS was best modelled as a two-factor measure involving a negative emotion factor and a positive emotion factor. The two factors were highly correlated (0.547), suggesting that a distinction between “emotional” and “non-emotional” individuals might be relevant when using the ERCBS. Alpha and omega reliabilities were satisfactory. ERCBS scores did not differ between men and women. ERCBS scores correlated negatively with participants’ age and years of service with PEIDs. Our study suggests that the Spanish version of the ERCBS can be used to assess emotional reactions to challenging behaviours among employees working with PEIDs.

To evaluate whether the perceived threat of COVID-19 moderates the influence of work resources and demands on burnout.A cross-sectional study.We used a convenience sample of 771 nurses working in 10 hospitals in northern Spain. The data on burnout, demand, and resources at work and the perceived threat of COVID-19 were compiled in the second fortnight of April 2020 using an online questionnaire. We used several hierarchical linear regression models.Work overload, material and human resources and social support at work were significant in explaining burnout. The perceived threat of COVID-19 variable was also significant and presented the highest regression coefficient (β = 0.392). The perceived threat of COVID-19 moderated the relationship between social support at work and burnout.The perceived threat of COVID-19 helped to explain the degree of burnout in nurses and moderated the relationship between social support at work and burnout.Hospitals should implement strategies to ensure that health emergency situations are not perceived as a threat. In pandemics, the organization should maintain clear, fluid, and regular communication with the nursing staff, which would help increase staff members' confidence and sense of control.目的: 评估感知到的新冠肺炎威胁是否能调节工作资源及工作需求对工作精力的影响 设计: 进行横向研究 方法: 为便于研究,我们搜集了在西班牙北部的10所医院里工作的771名护士的相关信息作为样本。通过在线问卷调查,我们在2020年4月的第四周编制了关于工作倦怠、工作需求和工作资源及感知到的新冠肺炎威胁的数据。编制过程中,我们使用了几个分层线性回归模型。 结果: 在说明工作倦怠数据时,护理人员的超负荷工作、其工作时所获的人资物资及社会支持为几项重要信息。而感知到的新冠肺炎威胁这一变量回归系数最高(β = 0.392),因此该变量也同样值得注意。结果是,此项变量调节了护理人员工作时所获社会支持及其工作倦怠之间的关系。 结论: 感知到的新冠肺炎威胁数据有助于说明护理人员的工作倦怠程度,并且能够调节护理人员工作时所获的社会支持及其工作倦怠之间的关系。 影响: 医院单位应实施策略来保障人们的健康紧急状况不会被视为一项威胁。疫情期间,组织机构应与护理人员进行定期沟通,并保持沟通的清晰性与流畅性,该做法有助于增强护理员工的自信感及控制感。.

The national and European economic crisis has caused significant changes in the National Health System in Spain, among others a considerable deterioration in the working conditions of nursing professionals. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the economic crisis situation influenced the burnout and engagement of Spanish nursing professionals. The research design was a transversal study based on descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Because the variable “economic crisis” is not susceptible to direct experimental manipulation, to explore its possible influence on the burnout and engagement of nursing staff, we use an indirect strategy of “priming”. That is, we presented a group of participants with news about how the economic crisis was affecting healthcare personnel, in order to facilitate their cognitive accessibility, while another control group did not read any news. The participants were 66 nursing professionals from two public hospitals in the north of Spain completed various questionnaires that allowed information to be collected on the factors of interest in the study. The work experience of the participants contributes significantly to their burnout levels. The economic crisis situation helps to explain the burnout of Spanish nurses, but not their engagement levels.

Supplemental material, sj-pdf-3-cpx-10.1177_2167702620979597 for Is Burnout a Depressive Condition? A 14-Sample Meta-Analytic and Bifactor Analytic Study by Renzo Bianchi, Jay Verkuilen, Irvin S. Schonfeld, Jari J. Hakanen, Markus Jansson-Fröjmark, Guadalupe Manzano- García, Eric Laurent and Laurenz L. Meier in Clinical Psychological Science

Previous research has underlined, normally from a firm-level perspective, the importance of entrepreneurial orientation in explaining objective entrepreneurial success. Nevertheless, its impact on the perception of entrepreneurs with respect to what entrepreneurial success means to them remains underexplored. Based on a sample of manager-owners of small companies, and contemplating entrepreneurial orientation as an individual concept, we used a time-lagged design with two data-collection points to explain the effect of innovative orientation (IO), risk-taking orientation (RTO) and proactive orientation (PO) on the subjective success of entrepreneurs. Our results show that only one dimension of entrepreneurial orientation, proactive orientation, is associated with entrepreneurs&rsquo, satisfaction with their activity, life, organization and the growth of the company.

Background: The literature regarding entrepreneurship suggests that the resilience of entrepreneurs may help to explain entrepreneurial success, but there is no resilience measure widely accepted by researchers. This study analyzes the psychometric properties of the Connor and Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a sample of Spanish entrepreneurs. Method: A telephone survey research method was used. The participants were entrepreneurs operating in the business services sector. Interviewers telephoned a total of 900 entrepreneurs of whom 783 produced usable questionnaires. The CD-RISC was used as data collection instrument. We used principal component analysis factor and confirmatory factor analysis to determine the factor structure of the CD-RISC. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis failed to verify the original five-factor structure of the CD-RISC, whereas principal component analysis factor yielded a 3-factor structure of resilience (hardiness, resourcefulness and optimism). In this research, 47.48% of the total variance was accounted for by three factors, and the obtained factor structure was verified through confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusions: The CD-RISC has been shown to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring entrepreneurs resilience. Antecedentes: la literatura sugiere que la resiliencia de los emprendedores puede ayudar a explicar el éxito de sus empresas. Sin embargo, no existe una medida de resiliencia ampliamente aceptada por los investigadores. Este trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Connor y Davidson (CD-RISC) en una muestra de emprendedores españoles. Método: el método de investigación usado fue la encuesta telefónica. Participaron emprendedores que operan en el sector servicios. Los entrevistadores telefonearon a 900 emprendedores, de los cuales 783 rellenaron correctamente el cuestionario. El instrumento utilizado para la recogida de datos fue el CD-RISC. Usamos el análisis de componentes principales y el análisis factorial confirmatorio para determinar la estructura factorial del CD-RISC. Resultados: el análisis confirmatorio falló en la verificación de la estructura original de cinco factores del CD-RISC, mientras que en el análisis de componentes principales emergieron tres factores de resiliencia (personalidad resistente, recursos y optimismo). El 47,48% de la varianza fue explicada por los tres factores y la estructura factorial obtenida fue verificada a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Conclusiones: el CD-RISC ha mostrado ser una herramienta fiable y válida para medir la resiliencia de los emprendedores.

Resumen tomado de la publicación Antecedentes: la literatura sugiere que la resiliencia de los emprendedores puede ayudar a explicar el éxito de sus empresas. Sin embargo, no existe una medida de resiliencia ampliamente aceptada por los investigadores. Este trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Connor y Davidson (CD-RISC) en una muestra de emprendedores españoles. Método: el método de investigación usado fue la encuesta telefónica. Participaron emprendedores que operan en el sector servicios. Los entrevistadores telefonearon a 900 emprendedores, de los cuales 783 rellenaron correctamente el cuestionario. El instrumento utilizado para la recogida de datos fue el CD-RISC. Usamos el análisis de componentes principales y el análisis factorial confirmatorio para determinar la estructura factorial del CD-RISC. Resultados: el análisis confirmatorio falló en la verificación de la estructura original de cinco factores del CD-RISC, mientras que en el análisis de componentes principales emergieron tres factores de resiliencia (personalidad resistente, recursos y optimismo). El 47,48% de la varianza fue explicada por los tres factores y la estructura factorial obtenida fue verificada a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Conclusiones: el CD-RISC ha mostrado ser una herramienta fiable y válida para medir la resiliencia de los emprendedores. Universidad de Oviedo. Biblioteca de Psicología; Plaza Feijoo, s/n.; 33003 Oviedo; Tel. +34985104146; Fax +34985104126; buopsico@uniovi.es ESP

In this paper, the authors describe the concepts of resilience, flow and happiness, and they reflect on their connection with the entrepreneur's world. More specifically, the authors uphold the need of taking these concepts into consideration. As a matter of fact, they have been developed from the beginnings of the well-known "Positive Psychology" in order to facilitate the understanding of the entrepreneur's behavior. From this perspective, having an entrepreneur's spirit implies making things instead of searching for excuses and reasons to demonstrate that they cannot be done; it is to raise up (with more strength) every time you fall down; it is not to persist in explaining the causes of the failure; it is to be conscious and responsible of your actions; it is to be able to design a short, medium, long-term plan and follow it whatever the circumstances in life are. Being entrepreneur involves enjoying the job, feeling completely motivated by the tasks to be performed, and perceiving them as a goal. Similarly, it entails the assumption of certain risks and having to continuously coexist with uncertainty, never stopping feeling happy and optimistic En este trabajo, los autores, describen los conceptos de resiliencia, flujo y felicidad, y reflexionan sobre su conexión con el mundo del emprendedor. Más concretamente, defienden la necesidad de tener en consideración estos conceptos, que han sido desarrollados en el nacimiento de la llamada "Psicología Positiva", para ayudar a comprender el comportamiento de los emprendedores. Desde esta perspectiva, tener espíritu emprendedor supone hacer las cosas; no buscar excusas ni razones para demostrar que no se pueden hacer; es levantarse (con más fuerza) cada vez que se cae; no empecinarse en explicar el motivo del fracaso; es ser consciente y responsable de los actos; capaz de trazar un plan a corto, medio o largo plazo, y de seguirlo pese a todas las circunstancias de la vida. Ser emprendedor supone divertirse y disfrutar con el trabajo, sentirse plenamente motivado por las tareas a realizar, viendo en ellas una meta. Igualmente, supone la asunción de riesgos y tener que convivir continuamente con la incertidumbre, pero sin dejar de sentirse feliz y optimista

En esta comunicación presentamos la experiencia de la impartición de asignaturas integramente en red. Estudiamos cuál es el nuevo rol del docente, al ser uno de los aspectos nucleares sobre los que gira este tipo de enseñanza. El docente pasa a ser un facilitador y ayudante del estudiante en su proceso de aprendizaje, para ello debe crear un ambiente cómodo, tener claros los objetivos y conocer las nuevas tecnologías. Aportamos también ciertos datos específicos de la Universidad de La Rioja en relación a las dos licenciaturas que se imparten en ella. A continuación, analizamos aquellos aspectos relevantes a considerar para evaluar si se ofrece calidad en la formación a través de la red. En este sentido pueden utilizarse modelos parciales y modelos globales, estos últimos aplicables a toda la universidad. In this paper, we present an experience with subjects taught entirely on the Internet. We study the new role of teachers, as this is one of the core aspects of this kind of teaching efforts. Teachers have become facilitators and assistants of students in their learning process, and to this aim, they must create a comfortable atmosphere, have clear objectives and be familiar with the new technologies. We also provide some specific data of the University of La Rioja concerning its two degrees taught on the Internet. Then, we analyze the relevant aspects to consider when assessing the quality of education on the Internet. In this sense, two kinds of models can be used: partial models and models applicable to the whole University (global models).