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El Rebolledo, en La Lora burgalesa, es un monumento funerario de avanzado el neolítico cuya excavación en 1992 mostró que, a diferencia de los dólmenes clásicos de la zona, era un túmulo sin cámara bien definida que cubría un osario depositado sobre un nivel arqueológico previo, probablemente doméstico. El estudio estratigráfico, antropológico y tafonómico del yacimiento permite reconstruir la siguiente secuencia de hechos: i) un conjunto de huesos humanos secos y descarnados, principalmente restos de cráneos y huesos largos, fueron sometidos a un fuego de unos 700 ºC; ii) finalizado éste, se añadieron al depósito una serie de microlitos, láminas, hachas pulimentadas y adornos; y iii) todo el conjunto fue recubierto con un túmulo de piedras calizas. Las dataciones radiocarbónicas sitúan la combustión del enterramiento en un momento antiguo del horizonte megalítico regional, dando pie a relacionar El Rebolledo con un fenómeno de tráfico, manipulación y monumentalización de reliquias procedentes de los dólmenes próximos de Fuente Pecina.

Sheep remains constitute the main archaeozoological evidence for the presence of Early Neolithic human groups in the highlands of the Southern Pyrenees but understanding the role of herding activities in the Neolithisation process of this mountain ecosystem calls for the analysis of large and well-dated faunal assemblages. Cova de Els Trocs (Bisaurri, Huesca, Spain), a cave located at 1564 m a.s.l on the southern slopes of the Central Pyrenees, is an excellent case study since it was seasonally occupied throughout the Neolithic (ca. 5312–2913 cal. BC) and more than 4000 caprine remains were recovered inside. The multi-proxy analytical approach here presented has allowed us to offer new data elaborating on vertical mobility practices and herd management dynamics as has not been attempted up until now within Neolithic high-mountain sites in the Iberian Peninsula. For the first time, δ18O and δ13C stable isotope analyses offer direct evidence on both the regular practice of altitudinal movements of sheep flocks and the extended breeding season of sheep. Autumn births are recorded from the second half of the fifth millennium cal. BC onwards. Age-at-death distributions illustrate the progressive decline in caprine perinatal mortality together with the rising survival rate of individuals older than six months of age and the larger frequency of adults. This trend alongside the ‘off-season’ lambing signal at the implementation of husbandry techniques over time, probably aiming to increase the size of the flocks and their productivity. Palaeoparasitological analyses of sediment samples document also the growing reliance on herding activities of the human groups visiting the Els Trocs cave throughout the Neolithic sequence. In sum, our work provides substantial arguments to conclude that the advanced herding management skills of the Early Neolithic communities arriving in Iberia facilitated the anthropisation process of the subalpine areas of the Central Pyrenees., This paper was supported by several projects awarded to MR-G: ‘Los Caminos del Neolítico’ (HAR2009-09027) and ‘Los Caminos del Neolítico II’ (HAR2013-46800 P) were granted by the National R&D&I Plan/Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/) and co-financed by the Government of Aragón (https://www.aragon.es/), and ‘La Memoria del Camino: Ciencia y divulgación de las primeras rutas pecuarias neolíticas en el Pirineo-MEDELCA’ (FCT-2015-9947) was financed by the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT) (https://www.fecyt.es/). The archaeozoological research was carried out within the framework of the project awarded to MM-G ‘… y la oveja domesticó al pastor: Señales genómicas y arqueozoológicas de los primeros ovinos durante la neolitización de la península ibérica’ (HAR2016-75914-R) by the National R&D&I Plan/Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (https://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/). AH was awarded a PhD grant by the Université Fédérale de Toulouse ANR-11-IDEX-0002-02 (https://www.univ-toulouse.fr/). Support of the publication fee was granted by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic., The research was funded by the Max Planck Society, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (771234–PALEoRIDER, to W.H.; 805268–CoDisEASe to K. Bos; 834616–ARCHCAUCASUS to S.H.), the Slovak Academy of Sciences and the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme and Marie Curie Actions under the Programme SASPRO (1340/03/03 to P.C.R.), the ERA.NET RUS Plus–S&T programm of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (277–BIOARCCAUCASUS to S.Re. and S.H.), the Werner Siemens Stiftung (“Paleobiochemistry”, to CW), the Award Praemium Academiae of the Czech Academy of Sciences (to M.E.), the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985912, to M.Dobe.), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-09-00354a, to M.K.K. and V.V.K.; 19-78-10053 to SSh), the German Research Foundation (DFG-HA-5407/4-1–INTERACT to W.H. and RE2688/2 to S.Re.), the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-FRAL-0010–INTERACT, to M.F.D., M.Ri., S.Ro., S.Sai., D.Bi., and P.Le.), the Wenner-Gren Dissertation Fieldwork Grant (9558 to S.Sab.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AP08856654 to L.B.D., L.M., and E.Kh. and AP08857177 to A.Z.B.).

Although the frequency of pastoral activities involving vertical sheep mobility has decreased over the last century, this is a herding strategy still used in the Ebro basin, where animals move from overwintering valley locations up to the Pyrenees from late spring to early autumn. Such practice allows herders to avoid the worst climatic conditions, seasonally balancing the great contrast between ecological zones in this region, from dry lowland Mediterranean steppe to wet mountain subalpine grasslands. As recent regional archaeological works have suggested, the altitudinal movement of flocks may have begun with the first early Neolithic groups settled in this territory. Here we investigate through stable isotope analyses one of the last flocks that still performs this activity. Sheep specimens were analyzed by sequential analyses (δ13C and δ18O) in bioapatite of tooth enamel, allowing detection of seasonal changes. Tooth series are interpreted according to rainfall distribution, seasonal patterns in δ 18O of meteoric water, vegetation changes and δ13C values in pastures along the altitudinal gradient in the area. Vertical movements in sheep sequential series are recognized by an inverse relationship between δ13C and δ18O values. Monthly δ18O values in meteoric water obtained in valley and mountain locations describe the same type of seasonal oscillation, with high values during the warm months and low values during the cold months. Pastures analyzed along the altitudinal gradient showed a decrease in δ13C values with altitude, linked to the seasonal availability of precipitation and vegetation differences among locations. These results define a new analytical and conceptual framework for the interpretation of archaeological samples in this region., Dr Tornero is a Postdoctoral researcher funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (nº: IJCI-2014-19909) grant from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spanish Government. This paper was developed within the framework of the ‘Los Caminos del Neolítico’ (HAR2009-09027) and ‘Los Caminos del Neolítico II’ (HAR2013-46800 P) projects, both directed by Dr Manuel Rojo-Guerra, granted by the Subdirectorate General for Research Projects/General Directorate of Research and Management of the National Plan for R and D and Innovation/Secretary of State for Research of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and co-financed by the Government of Aragon. Equally it is part of the ‘La Memoria del Camino: Ciencia y divulgación de las primeras rutas pecuarias neolíticas en el Pirineo - MEDELCA’ (FCT-2015-9947) project funded by the Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology (FECYT).

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope research on past populations in the Iberian Neolithic has emphasized the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. This study provides the first isotopic insights into the diet and subsistence economy of Early and Middle Neolithic populations from open-air sites in interior north-central Iberia. We present bone collagen carbon (?13C) and nitrogen (?15N) isotope ratios for 44 humans and 33 animals recovered from six cemeteries of the Ebro valley and the northern Iberian Plateau. The results obtained are consistent with the C3 terrestrial diets typical of other contemporary south-western European populations, but the spacing between human and herbivore values from Los Cascajos and Paternanbidea sites is higher than expected, and a significant positive correlation is identified between the ?13C and ?15N human values at both. Moreover, the results clearly differ from those of the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic in the same region, which show significantly lower ?13C and ?15N values. These findings contribute to an understanding of the implementation of an agro-pastoral economy in interior Iberia, suggesting a stronger reliance on animal foods among the first Neolithic groups of inner Iberia than in subsequent periods as well as differential access to some resources (possibly suckling herbivores) in the diet, which may point to the existence of early social or economic inequalities that do not seem to be linked to age and sex parameters or to mortuary treatment. This research was funded by the Basque Government (POS_2013_1_147; POS_2014_2_24; POS_2015_2_ 0001) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project ‘Coastal societies in a changing world: A diachronic and comparative approach to the Prehistory of SWEurope from the late Palaeolithic to the Neolithic (CoChange)’ (HAR2014-51830-P)). The study has also been supported by a Newton International Fellowship funded by the British Academy (NF170854); the Basque Government (IT542/10); the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) (UFI11/09); and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (projects ‘Los Caminos del Neolítico’ (HAR2009-09027) and ‘Los Caminos del Neolítico II’ (HAR2013-46800-P)).

The Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe represents an important test case for the study of human population movements during prehistoric periods. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the peninsula formed a periglacial refugium [1] for hunter-gatherers (HGs) and thus served as a potential source for the re-peopling of northern latitudes [2]. The post-LGM genetic signature was previously described as a cline from Western HG (WHG) to Eastern HG (EHG), further shaped by later Holocene expansions from the Near East and the North Pontic steppes [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Western and central Europe were dominated by ancestry associated with the ∼14,000-year-old individual from Villabruna, Italy, which had largely replaced earlier genetic ancestry, represented by 19,000–15,000-year-old individuals associated with the Magdalenian culture [2]. However, little is known about the genetic diversity in southern European refugia, the presence of distinct genetic clusters, and correspondence with geography. Here, we report new genome-wide data from 11 HGs and Neolithic individuals that highlight the late survival of Paleolithic ancestry in Iberia, reported previously in Magdalenian-associated individuals. We show that all Iberian HGs, including the oldest, a ∼19,000-year-old individual from El Mirón in Spain, carry dual ancestry from both Villabruna and the Magdalenian-related individuals. Thus, our results suggest an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian HGs. Our new genomic data from Iberian Early and Middle Neolithic individuals show that the dual Iberian HG genomic legacy pertains in the peninsula, suggesting that expanding farmers mixed with local HGs., The genetic research was funded by the Max Planck Society and the European Research Council ERC-CoG 771234 PALEoRIDER (W.H.). V.V.-M. was funded by a predoctoral scholarship of the Gobierno de Aragon and the Fondo Social Europeo (BOA20150701025) and a 3-month research stay grant (CH 76/16) by Programa CAI-Ibercaja de Estancias de Investigacio´ n. V.V.-M. and P.U. are members of the Spanish project HAR2014-59042-P (Transiciones clima´ ticas y adaptaciones sociales en la prehistoria de la Cuenca del Ebro), and of the regional government of Aragon PPVE research group (H-07: Primeros Pobladores del Valle del Ebro). The Goyet project was funded by the Wenner-Gren Foundation (7837 to H.R.), the College of Social and Behavioral Sciences of CSUN, and the CSUN Competition for Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity Awards.

The results of a multidisciplinary research Project about the neolithisation of Iberia are shown, which began in the 90’s in the inner lands of Soria, where we discovered the oldest proofs of farming in the interior highlands of Iberia. The dynamics of this project lead us to the neighbour Ebro valley, where we did fieldwork in several important sites such as the Artusia and Valmayor XI rock-shelters, but mainly in the Els Trocs cave, right in the central Pyrenees, with exceptional results that are changing the picture of the first Neolithic populations of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. A synthesis of the main discoveries made in those excavations is offered, to finally conclude with a general outline of the most significant research lines that the investigations about the Iberian Neolithic has in the future agenda, part of which are also present in the projects we are currently developing, whose main provisional results are also shown.

Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focus on the maternal genetic makeup of the Neolithic (~ 5500–3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (~ 3000–2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (~ 2200–1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher than in other parts of Europe and varies regionally. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character. Concerning research in the Alto Ribatejo, authors wish to thank Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia the support of research on the dawn of farming in the Tagus valley (project “Moving Tasks Accross Shapes” – PTDC/EPH-ARQ/4356/2014), as well as the Geosciences Centre of Coimbra University (strategic project UID/Multi/00073/2013). This study was funded by the German Research Foundation (Grant no. Al 287/14–1).

The issue of resource exploitation, both plants and animals, by Neolithic communities has always attracted vast interest. In particular, resource exploitation at mountain cave sites is still being widely discussed. This paper explores the use of grass resources at the archaeological site of Els Trocs (Aragón, Spain), a Neolithic mountain site in the Pyrenees. The analysis of phytolith samples suggests that grasses growing in the surrounding of the site were widely used. The morphological assemblages identified, and their spatial distribution, indicate that wild grasses were probably used as floor spread. The integrated approach used in this study, combining phytolith, spherulite and micromorphological analyses, confirms this hypothesis. Furthermore, the analysis of phytolith assemblages and micromorphological traits indicate the seasonal occupation of the site, placing human frequentation at this location during late spring/early summer. Several studies have highlighted the presence of charred seeds of domesticated cereals in the archaeological record of mountain cave sites however, in many instances, whether these crops were cultivated near the sites or whether the grains were transported to the cave from the valley bottom remains under debate. This paper also contributes to this debate by showing that no crop-processing activities were taking place at the site, The main research of this work developed within the project “Los Caminos del Neolítico” (HAR2009-09027), granted by the General Management of Research and Management of the National R+D+i/ Spanish Ministry for Science and Innovation, led by Professor Manuel Rojo-Guerra and co-funded by the Government of Aragón. The paleoenvironmental research and part of the funding is provided by the AGRIWESTMED project of the European Research Council (ERC-2008-AdG 230561) coordinated by Dr Leonor Peña-Chocarro

This paper presents the results of the first excavation campaign of the Artusia rock shelter in Unzué, Navarre, Spain. Chronocultural and archaeobiological analyses revealed five different occupation phases (Artusia I–V) within the regional Mesolithic timeline, specifically in the Mesolithic of Notches and Denticulates (Artusia I and II) and the Geometric Mesolithic (Artusia III, IV, and V). In addition, the study of the sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental evolution in the entire record helped to clearly define several climatic events which developed around 6550 cal BC–8500 cal BP and 6250 cal BC–8200 cal BP. Here, we present a description of these events and their (pre)historical interpretation with the aim of recognizing how they influenced the Mesolithic hunter–gatherer groups living in the Ebro Basin of the Iberian Peninsula., projects “Los Caminos del Neolítico” -HAR2009- 09027- and “Los Caminos del Neolítico II” -(HAR2013-46800-P)- under directed by Dr. Manuel Rojo Guerra, granted by the Subdirectorate General for Research Projects/General Directorate of Research and Management of the National Plan for R and D and Innovation/Secretary of State for Research of the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain, and co-financed by the Government of Navarre. All analytical work and radiocarbon dating were carried out within the project “Origins and spread of agriculture in the western Mediterranean region” -ERC-2008-AdG 230561-, coordinated by Dr. Leonor Pe~na Chocarro and financed by the European Research Council.

The analysis of the human remains from the megalithic tomb at Alto de Reinoso represents the widest integrative study of a Neolithic collective burial in Spain. Combining archaeology, osteology, molecular genetics and stable isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ15N, δ13C) it provides a wealth of information on the minimum number of individuals, age, sex, body height, pathologies, mitochondrial DNA profiles, kinship relations, mobility, and diet. The grave was in use for approximately one hundred years around 3700 cal BC, thus dating from the Late Neolithic of the Iberian chronology. At the bottom of the collective tomb, six complete and six partial skeletons lay in anatomically correct positions. Above them, further bodies represented a subsequent and different use of the tomb, with almost all of the skeletons exhibiting signs of manipulation such as missing skeletal parts, especially skulls. The megalithic monument comprised at least 47 individuals, including males, females, and subadults, although children aged 0–6 years were underrepresented. The skeletal remains exhibited a moderate number of pathologies, such as degenerative joint diseases, healed fractures, cranial trauma, and a low intensity of caries. The mitochondrial DNA profiles revealed a pattern pointing to a closely related local community with matrilineal kinship patterns. In some cases adjacent individuals in the bottom layer showed familial relationships. According to their strontium isotope ratios, only a few individuals were likely to have spent their early childhood in a different geological environment, whilst the majority of individuals grew up locally. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, which was undertaken to reconstruct the dietary habits, indicated that this was a homogeneous group with egalitarian access to food. Cereals and small ruminants were the principal sources of nutrition. These data fit in well with a lifestyle typical of sedentary farming populations in the Spanish Meseta during this period of the Neolithic

Summary An interpretation of the features surrounding the complex and deliberate closure ritual in several collective Middle Neolithic tombs of the Ambrona Valley (Soria) is offered, where fire and quicklime played a major role in the rituals. The problems involved in the excavation and the understanding of this complex burial evidence are examined. The roles they might have played in the context of the important social and economic transformations of the local Neolithic groups around the end of the fourth millennium cal BC are also analysed. It is argued that the burial rituals tried to reinforce group solidarity at a time when the community was beginning to fragment, as the economic systems began to yield a surplus production whose management would have altered political structures.

The sedimentological, geochemical and palynological analyses performed in the Conquezuela palaeolake (41°11′N; 2°33′W; 1124 m a.s.l.) provide a detailed, multiproxy palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in one of the key areas of inner Iberian Neolithic colonization. Combined with archaeobotanical and archaeological data from well-dated settlements along the Conquezuela–Ambrona Valley we investigate how environmental conditions may affect both socio-economic adaptations and livelihood strategies of prehistoric communities. The first evidences of early Neolithic occupation in the valley ca. 7250–6450 cal yr BP (5300–4500 BC) coincided with the onset of a period (7540–6200 cal yr BP, 5590–4250 BC) with higher water availability and warmer climate as alluvial environments were substituted by carbonate-wetland environments in the basin. The Conquezuela record supports an early Neolithic colonization of the inner regions of Iberia favored by warmer and humid climate features and with preferential settlement patterns associated to lakes. The maximum human occupation of the valley occurred during the mid–late Neolithic and Chalcolithic (6200–3200 cal yr BP, 4250–1250 BC) as evidenced by the high number of archaeological sites. Although a number of hydrological oscillations have been detected during this period, the intense landscape transformation at basin-scale, leading to a deforested landscape, was largely a consequence of widespread farming and pastoral practices. Socio-economic activities during Bronze, Iron and Roman times modified this inherited landscape, but the second largest ecosystem transformation only occurred during Mediaeval times when a new agrarian landscape developed with the expansion of stockbreeding transhumance. The current vegetation cover characterized by patches of holm and marcescent oaks and fields reflects an intense human management combining both extensive herding with agrarian activities in order to transform the previous forested landscape into a dehesa-like system., The funding for the present study derives from DINAMO2 (CGL-BOS 2012-33063) and AGRIWESTMED (ERC Grant Agreement #230561) projects, provided by the Spanish Inter-Ministry Commission of Science and Technology (CICYT) and the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013). XRF data were obtained at the XRF Core Scanner Laboratory (CRG Marine Geosciences, University of Barcelona). Josu Aranbarri acknowledges the predoctoral funding provided by the Basque Country Government (ref: FI-2010-5). Graciela Gil-Romera hold a post-doctoral contract funded by “Juan de la Cierva” (ref: JCI2009-04345) program. Eduardo García-Prieto and Maria Leunda are supported by predoctoral FPI grants BES-2010-038593 and BES-2013-063753, respectively. We also thank Elena Royo for her help with the lab procedures and the two anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions.

Dieser Text analysiert die stratigraphische Abf olge des Tumulus von La Sima (Mino de Medinaceli, Soria, Espagne), der eine lange Geschichte umfasst, die im Neolithikum beginnt, mit der Glockenbecherperiode endet und die mit einem Nachspiel bis ins Mittelalter reicht. Wir stellen auch unsere Interpretationen zu einigen umstrittenen Fakten sowie zur allgemeinen Bedeutung der Fundstelle und ihrer Einbindung in ein Gebiet mit sehr speziellen Lagebedingungen vor., This text is an analysis of the stratigraphical sequence of the burial mound of La Sima (Mino de Medinaceli, Soria, Spain), which reveals an extensive history beginning in the Neolithic and ending in the Bell Beaker period, but that also has an epilogue extending into the Middle Ages. We likewise present our interpretations of certain debated matters, as well as the overall global meaning of this site and its emplacement in a territory characterized by highly unusual conditions., Ce texte analyse la séquence stratigraphique du tumulus de "La Sima" (Mino de Medinaceli, Soria, Espagne), découvrant une longue histoire qui commence au Néolithique et finit à la période campaniforme, mais qui comprend également un épilogue allant jusqu'au Moyen Âge. Nous avançons aussi nos interprétations sur certains faits controversés, ainsi que sur la signification générale du site et sa localisation dans un territoire qui présente des conditions très particulières., Rojo Guerra Manuel. Un défi à l'éternité : genèse et réutilisations du tumulus de La Sima (Miño de Medinaceli, Soria, Espagne). In: Revue archéologique de Picardie. Numéro spécial 21, 2003. Sens dessus dessous. La recherche du sens en Préhistoire. Recueil d'études offert à Jean Leclerc et Claude Masset. pp. 173-184.

Se presenta un cuadro general sobre los tipos de rocas explotadas en tres yacimientos del Neolítico antiguo del Pirineo Aragonés. Los trabajos llevados a cabo en el Pirineo Central durante la última década han evidenciado que las primeras poblaciones agro-pastoriles tuvieron un cierto grado de movilidad., Este estudio ha sido llevado a cabo gracias a una beca predoctoral JAE-pre otorgada por el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifiques. Además, agradecemos particularmente a la Litoteca de rocas silíceas de Catalunya (LitoCat) por su ayuda e información proporcionada. Finalmente, hay que recordar el trabajo de todas las personas relacionadas con la excavación, estudio y conservación de los yacimientos considerados en el texto. En particular, el personal del Museo de Huesca y la del equipo de excavación de Els Trocs cuyo proyecto de investigación se desarrolla en el marco del proyecto “Los Caminos del Neolítico” (HAR200909027), concedido por la Subdirección General de Proyectos de Investigación/Dirección General de investigación y gestión del Plan Nacional de I+D+I/Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, y co-financiado por el Gobierno de Aragón. Este trabajo se inserta también dentro del proyecto 998 del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino: “Análisis ecológico de la culturización del paisaje de alta montaña desde el Neolítico: los Parques Nacionales de montaña como modelo (CULPA) y de la red 2013CTP00032 DEPART Dinámicas de los Espacios Pirenaicos de Altitud.