Search

Las microempresas son de gran importancia para las economías del mundo por su capacidad de generar empleos y contribuir al producto interno bruto, favoreciendo el sistema productivo nacional. Sin embargo, también son altamente vulnerables a los diferentes escenarios socioeconómicos que surgen de sus diferentes entornos, así como a la formación en planificación financiera de sus operadores (gerentes, administradores o propietarios) quienes son parte central de la expectativa de vida de estas empresas. así como su crecimiento.La relevancia del operador se analiza mediante la prueba estadística chi-cuadrado relacionando variedades de planificación financiera como crédito, liquidez, endeudamiento, costos de bienes y servicios, toma de decisiones sobre la edad, educación y formación profesional en la planificación financiera del operador la microempresa. Mediante escala tipo Likert se formularon 124 encuestas, cada una con 22 ítems relacionados con el perfil de los operadores y los recursos de planificación financiera antes mencionado, mostrando así registros numéricos cuantificables que contienen las respuestas de los microempresarios entrevistados. A partir del análisis estadístico con la prueba de chi-cuadrado se determinaron los grados de dependencia entre variables, encontrando que la formación profesional en el campo de la planificación financiera del operador de la microempresa es determinante en la supervivencia, existencia o esperanza de vida, la cual es de 5.7 , inferior a la media nacional.

En una dimensión regional, se analizan dos factores claves de la actividad agrícola de Guasave, Sinaloa, México que influyen directamente en el desarrollo rural sustentable: la agricultura intensiva y la calidad de suelos. La presente investigación se diseñó como un estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo de este ramo productivo, para ello se aplicaron 164 entrevistas a productores y se analizaron diversos documentos con información del sector, tales como informes técnicos y boletines. Se encontró que la agricultura intensiva predomina en el área de estudio, con prácticas y patrones de producción de tipo tradicional, como son sistemas de riego de gravedad y uso desmedido de agroquímicos, lo cual presupone manejos agrarios que van en contra del contexto sustentable. Se requiere de investigación-acción para la implementación de estrategias de resiliencia con un enfoque sostenible, alineadas a la gobernanza ambiental adecuada de la actividad y a las necesidades del sector, toda vez que se siguen observando problemas como la pérdida de fertilidad de los suelos, un incremento en la salinidad y erosión en algunos predios agrícolas.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las prácticas agrícolas del productor de maíz del municipio de Guasave, Sinaloa, y su tendencia hacia el enfoque sustentable de producción. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa-no probabilística, la información se obtuvo a través de entrevistas de profundidad a los actores locales claves involucrados en el acontecer diario del sector. Como principales hallazgos se detectó que la actividad agrícola aporta muy poco al desarrollo sustentable del municipio, al demostrar que sigue practicándose de manera convencional, enfocándose principalmente a la dimensión económica, además de que los efectos de la actividad y el actuar inapropiado de los actores, ha repercutido fuertemente en el bienestar social local, principalmente en la salud y contaminación por el uso excesivo e inapropiado de agroquímicos. Se requiere de investigación inmediata e integral que determine y proponga estrategias y acciones sobre cómo y quién tiene que intervenir para la solución a la problemática que afecta al sector y ambiente, y atenta contra el bienestar social.

The operative context in which companies are currently developing has changed, moving towards a sustainable environment; innovating and migrating towards a business model focused on sustainable management leads to a better economic, environmental and social performance of the organization. The objective of this research is to diagnose the administrative practices carried out in the shrimp farming sector of the municipality of Guasave, Sinaloa, in relation to sustainable management. The research is based on a qualitative approach, through a multi-case study strategy applicable to 6 companies located in the study area, with an exploratory, explanatory, documentary and non-experimental scope. Categories are defined according to the three main themes of the research: management factors in the organization, commercial management and sustainability management. The results show that there are notions of the importance of the management of factors aimed at sustainability, however, there is still a vague ecological awareness in the sector. It is concluded that it is essential for the shrimp farming sector to develop strategies and guidelines aimed at achieving sustainable management, which will allow meeting the requirements of national and international organizations and the creation of economic and non-economic value.

This report presents the second of two parts of a bioclimatic classification of the vegetation of the United States. Herein, we present our data for 631 weather stations with a temperate macrobiocl...

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijms24087325/s1, This work has received funding from the European Commission (EU’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101057014, PARC). It was also supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS PI17/01743) and the ‘Antonio Chamorro/Alejandro Otero’ Research Chair and it was partly supported by the Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP). The authors are grateful to the Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII) for the predoctoral research contracts (IFI18/00052 and FI17/00316) granted to F.M. Peinado and L.M. Iribarne-Durán, respectively., Bisphenols, parabens (PBs), and benzophenones (BPs) are widely used environmental chemicals that have been linked to several adverse health effects due to their endocrine disrupting properties. However, the cellular pathways through which these chemicals lead to adverse outcomes in humans are still unclear, suggesting some evidence that inflammation might play a key role. Thus, the aim of this study was to summarize the current evidence on the relationship between human exposure to these chemicals and levels of inflammatory biomarkers. A systematic review of peer- reviewed original research studies published up to February 2023 was conducted using the MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of the reviewed studies reported significant associations between any of the selected chemicals (mainly bisphenol A) and some pro-inflammatory biomarkers (including C-reactive protein and interleukin 6, among others). Taken together, this systematic review has identified consistent positive associations between human exposure to some chemicals and levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers, with very few studies exploring the associations between PBs and/or BPs and inflammation. Therefore, a larger number of studies are required to get a better understanding on the mechanisms of action underlying bisphenols, PBs, and BPs and the critical role that inflammation could play., European Commission (EU's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme) 101057014, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spanish Government FIS PI17/01743, Antonio Chamorro/Alejandro Otero' Research Chair, Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III IFI18/00052, FI17/00316

espanolEl conocimiento de las propiedades del suelo agricola es crucial para la seleccion optima de los tipos de cultivo, riego y fertilizacion. Este estudio contiene los resultados de la aplicacion en campo y en laboratorio de mediciones electricas para obtener el contenido de finos, la porosidad, la conductividad hidraulica y la capacidad de intercambio cationico (CIC) en tres parcelas agricolas dedicadas alcultivo de la cebada. Los valores del contenido de finos se obtuvieron mediante mediciones electricas en muestras de suelo de laboratorio y el algoritmo de Ryjov, que es comparable a los valores calculados a partir del analisis textural de Bouyoucos. En la parcela agricola A, un perfil de Tomografia de Resistividad Electrica (TRE), junto con las mediciones de la humedad y la salinidad del suelo, muestran resultados de alta resolucion para determinar las propiedades del suelo, a partir de una clara imagen del espesor del suelo, asi como la identificacion de sus horizontes. Un estudio de rapido avance con el metodo Perfilaje Electrico(PE) fue realizado en las tres parcelas, resultando en mapas de propiedades del suelo. Las parcelas muestran rango de valores de CIC como: A-bajo, B-moderado y C-alto. Este resultado se ajusta a los rendimientos de los cultivos por hectarea y al analisis de fertilidad realizado en cada parcela, lo que confirma no solo la eficacia del metodo PEy del algoritmo de Ryjov para el estudio de las propiedades del suelo agricola. EnglishThe knowledge of agricultural soil properties is crucial for the auspicious selection of crop, irrigation and fertilization types. This study contains the results of the field and laboratory application of electrical measurements used to obtain fines content, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in three agricultural plots for the purpose of growing barley. The values of fines content were attained using electrical measurements in laboratory soil samples and Ryjov's algorithm,which is comparable to the calculated values from textural analyses of Bouyoucos. In agricultural plot A, an Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profile, along with measurements of soil moisture and salinity, show high-resolution outcomes to determine soil properties, these are related to a clear image of soil thickness, as well as the identification of horizons. A faster Electrical Profiling (EP) survey was conducted in the three plots, resulting in soil properties maps. The plots display A-lowest, B-moderate and C-higher range of CEC values. This result conforms to crop yields per hectare and the fertility analysis carried out on each land plot, which confirms not only the effectiveness of the EP method and Ryjov's algorithm, but also their purpose for the study of agricultural soil properties.

A full survey of the ectoparasites of 77 individual Dupont's Larks Chersophilus duponti, from the Iberian High Plateau, detected three species of chewing lice, one of louse flies, and one identifie...

The coastal city of Guasave, Sinaloa, located on the Mexican Pacific coast, is subject to extreme precipitation events, which have caused flooding with damage to the city’s infrastructure. The factors that influence flooding are vegetation, geology, degree of soil saturation, drainage characteristics of the watershed, and the shape of the topographic relief. Of the above factors, the topographic relief, which is the subject of the study, has been partially modified in some areas by infrastructure works (from 20.2 m to 17.6 m), and the population of the urban area has grown by 51.8% in 17 years (2004–2021); therefore, the objective is to evaluate the potential flood risk due to changes in this factor and the growth of the urban area. When using this method, the potential flood risk was determined considering four extreme events, 1982, 1990, 1998, and 2019. It was found that the potential risk increases for the whole city, being more intense in sector III, which, before the modification of the topographic relief, was the area with the lowest risk of flooding. In an extreme event such as Hurricane Paul in 1982, practically the entire city would be flooded.

The analysis of the economic problems of the population in Latin America in the face of unemployment and inflation, which have become permanent in these economies, gives rise to the generation of proposals for the solution of social deficiencies, as well as sustainable factors that govern the behavior and culture of production today. The objective was to establish the importance and contribution that backyard activities can have to reach positive socioeconomic and nutritional levels in the rural area of the municipality of Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico. An exploratory analysis was carried out, to diagnose the problem, applying interviews to describe the socioeconomic and backyard perspectives, finding that more than 70% of those consulted carry out this activity in relation to livestock and/or agricultural dynamics. Two variables with positive economic effects stand out: self-consumption and commercialization, which are relevant socioeconomic aspects in the relationship between production and family economy, as well as the promotion of self-employment and preservation of family traditions in rural communities.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacts, worldwide, the daily activities of the population, in view of this, various preventive measures have been adopted to reduce the risks of contagion. In the educational field in Mexico, face-to-face classes have been suspended, adopting the use of electronic platforms; this, to avoid the risks of contagion. Measures like the aforementioned, the use of face masks, gels, healthy distance, face shields, among others, are already part of the daily routine. However, the level of perception, responsibility and behavior in the face of these measures by the various sectors of the population is unknown. In this study, the perception of high school and university students from Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico is analyzed. To know the aforementioned aspects, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out using the convenience sampling technique, applying a survey made up of 18 items of Likert-type, designed on the Google Forms platform, to a sample of 940 students of both sexes, in 10 public and private schools. The results show that, more than 50% of the students of both educational levels, have a perception that deviates from reality, they do not measure the importance of the preventive measures that the health sector recommends to reduce the contagion and lethality rate. Despite recognizing that the viral disease is contagious, they do not perceive the importance of measures such as washing hands with soap, using gels, masks, face masks, maintaining a healthy distance, among other sanitary measures. They assume the measure of confinement as necessary, although it generates stress and a decrease in their academic performance, reflected in low grades. The results found in the studied educational sector indicate that the educational authorities should strengthen the scientific learning of the students in relation to the epidemiological phenomenon of covid-19, in order to contribute to their conduct and implementation of health protection measures and prevention of this scourge.

Aims: i) To disentangle the global patterns of native and alien plant diversity on coastal sand dune ecosystems across habitats and floristic kingdoms, ii) to determine the main drivers of variation in species richness in native and alien species in these endangered ecosystems, and iii) to test for an interaction between spatial scale and native‐alien richness patterns, as predicted by the invasion paradox. Location: Global. Methods: We collated a dataset of 14,841 vegetation plots in coastal sand dune ecosystems from around the world. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) and Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs) were used to assess the patterns and main ecological determinants underlying native and alien species richness. Variation partitioning revealed the relative importance of environmental and anthropogenic variables. Results: GLMs revealed strong differences among both habitats and floristic kingdoms in the number of native and alien species. Specifically, native species richness increased along the sea‐inland gradient and was higher in the Cape and Paleotropical kingdoms. In contrast, alien species richness was relatively similar across habitats and kingdoms, though some differences were detected. There were strong differences between the drivers of native and alien richness; anthropogenic factors such as Gross Domestic Product were positively associated with alien richness whereas native richness was more strongly related to environmental factors. Furthermore, we found a weak support for an invasion paradox effect. Conclusions: Our results revealed the complexity of causal processes underpinning coastal sand dune plant biodiversity and highlight the importance of considering native and alien species separately. Recognition of these differences while researching variation in biodiversity patterns and processes at multiple spatial scales will lead to a better mechanistic understanding of the causes of invasion worldwide, and in coastal ecosystems in particular, allowing the development of more focused control and management measures.

Resumen En 1679 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek fue el primero en especular acerca del número de seres humanos que podría albergar la Tierra. Desde entonces y, sobre todo, desde que Thomas Malthus publicó en 1798 su célebre ensayo, el debate demográfico –particularmente exacerbado en la segunda mitad del siglo pasado, cuando la tasa de crecimiento poblacional duplicaba a la actual- se estableció en dos frentes, el de los boomsters, que sostienen que no hay límites para la explotación de los recursos terrestres, y el de los doomsters, para los que los recursos del planeta tienen unos límites que estamos a punto de desbordar. La detección en la década de 1990 de los primeros síntomas del calentamiento global ha marginado a unos y otros. Hoy, el debate no se centra en los límites de los recursos, sino en los excesos de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero con los que nuestro sistema económico consumista está alterando el equilibrio global de la Tierra. La superpoblación sigue siendo el problema, pero la unidad de medida de hoy es nuestra huella ambiental evaluada en términos de producción de gases de efecto invernadero, los responsables de la aceleración del cambio climático global. Abstract In 1679 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek was the first person speculating about the number of human beings that the Earth could harbour. Since then and, above all, since Thomas Malthus published his famous essay in 1798, the demographic debate—especially exacerbated in the second half of the last century, when the population growth rate doubled the current one—was established on two fronts, that of boomsters, who argue that there are no limits to the exploitation of the Erath resources; and that of doomsters, for whom the Earth resources have a limit that we are about to overflow. The detection in the 1990s of the first symptoms of global warming has marginalised ones and the others. Nowadays, the debate is not focused on the limits of resources, but on the excessive emissions of greenhouse gases with which our consumer economic system is altering the global balance of the Earth. Overpopulation is still the problem, but the current unit of measure is our environmental footprint assessed in terms of the production of greenhouse gases, which are responsible for the global climate change.

Based on an updated census for the endangered Dupont’s lark (Chersophilus duponti), we conducted a phytosociological survey of 167 sites representative of the distribution area of the species in Europe. Results were used as a starting point for conservation assessment. According to our observations, the bird selects flat deforested areas colonized by small shrubs corresponding to successional, subclimax stages that are either naturally or artificially exploited. Four groups of scrubs were occupied by the bird: (1) supramediterranean dwarf cushion scrubs dominated by Genista pumila ssp. rigidissima or Erinacea anthyllis; (2) gypicolous shrublands and grasslands associated with Lygeum spartum; (3) shrubs dominated by chamaephytes producing allelopathic substances (Thymus, Lavandula, Salvia) and showing different facies according to the level of disturbance; and (4) supramediterranean acidophilous scrubs dominated by Cistus, Erica or Cytisus species. As management measures, we propose reducing tree d...

The effects of two types of biochar on corn production in the Mediterranean climate during the growing season were analyzed. The two types of biochar were obtained from pyrolysis of Pinus pinaster. B1 was fully pyrolyzed with 55.90% organic carbon, and B2 was medium pyrolyzed with 23.50% organic carbon. B1 and B2 were supplemented in the soil of 20 plots (1 m2) at a dose of 4 kg/m2. C1 and C2 (10 plots each) served as control plots. The plots were automatically irrigated and fertilizer was not applied. The B1-supplemented plots exhibited a significant 84.58% increase in dry corn production per square meter and a 93.16% increase in corn wet weight (p &lt, &lt, 0.001). Corn production was no different between B2-supplemented, C1, and C2 plots (p &gt, 0.01). The weight of cobs from B1-supplemented plots was 62.3%, which was significantly higher than that of cobs from C1 and C2 plots (p &lt, 0.01). The grain weight increased significantly by 23% in B1-supplemented plots (p &lt, 0.01) and there were no differences between B2-supplemented, C1, and C2 plots. At the end of the treatment, the soil of the B1-supplemented plots exhibited increased levels of sulfate, nitrate, magnesium, conductivity, and saturation percentage. Based on these results, the economic sustainability of this application in agriculture was studied at a standard price of €190 per ton of biochar. Amortization of this investment can be achieved in 5.52 years according to this cost. Considering the fertilizer cost savings of 50% and the water cost savings of 25%, the amortization can be achieved in 4.15 years. If the price of biochar could be reduced through the CO2 emission market at €30 per ton of non-emitted CO2, the amortization can be achieved in 2.80 years. Biochar markedly improves corn production in the Mediterranean climate. However, the amortization time must be further reduced, and enhanced production must be guaranteed over the years with long term field trials so that the product is marketable or other high value-added crops must be identified.

Different types of forest and scrub biomass waste that are representative of the Mediterranean biogeographical region (Pinus pinaster, Quercus ilex, waste from forestry activities in pinewoods and Cistus ladanifer) were pyrolyzed in a batch microwave reactor. The pyrolysis conditions were optimized using Pinus pinaster as the raw material. All experiments were performed at 400 W with 7.5% biochar as a microwave absorber. Under these conditions four fractions were characterized: a non-condensable gas fraction, a bio-liquid composed of separable organic and aqueous soluble components and biochar. All liquid and gas fractions were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometery (GC/qMS) to identify the main components. The bioliquid organic fraction was distilled and a bio-bitumen residue was collected. The rheological properties of this residue were studied. Biochar was characterized by measuring the specific surface area in order to assess its adsorptive properties. Mass distribution was calculated according to the feedstock.

En décadas recientes, la irregularidad de las precipitaciones ha tenido diversos efectos ambientales y socioeconómicos adversos a nivel mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la resolución de cuatro Modelos Climáticos Regionales (MCR’s) forzados por ERA - Interim para capturar los monzones extremos húmedos y secos en el Núcleo del Monzón de Norte América (NMNA), considerando los mecanismos oceánicos del Pacífico y del Atlántico. De las bases de datos disponibles en la red y para el período 1990 - 2008, se obtuvo: (1) promedio de las observaciones (obs media) después de haber obtenido 4 conjuntos de datos de precipitación observados: UDel, CLICOM, GPCP y CRU, (2) d el Experimento Regional Coordinado de Reducción de Escala (COR DEX) - de Norte América (NA) se obtuvieron cuatro MCR’s forzados por ERA - Interim : RegCM4 ( Reg1 y Reg2), HadGEM3 - RA, RCA3.5 y REMO, (3) número e intensidad de los huracanes del Pacífico y (4) cálculo de las anomalías del Jet de Niveles Bajos del Caribe (CLLJ) , Varianza Filtrada (VF), Oscilación Decadal del Pacífico (PDO) y Oscilación Multidecadal del Atlántico (AMO). Se seleccionaron dos monzones extremos: uno húmedo (1990) y otro seco (2005). Se aplicó una prueba de normalidad de Shapiro Wilk a los datos a es tudiar. Se calculó una correlación de Pearson y una prueba de hipótesis con nivel de confianza de 95 % (P < 0.05) y 99 % (P < 0.01) entre los modelos, Era - Interim, las observaciones y los índices oceánicos. Sin considerar los índices oceánicos, HadGEM3 - RA y ERA - Interim capturan de mejor manera la precipitación en los monzones húmedos, en tanto que ERA - Interim y Reg1 resultaron ser mejores para capturar la precipitación para monzones secos. El monzón de 1990 presentó casi el doble de precipitación que el 200 5. Esta anomalía húmeda al parecer se asocia con la ocurrencia de 16 huracanes cerca del Golfo de California en 1990, lo que contrasta con el 2005, cuando solo se presentaron 7 huracanes. VF y CLLJ son inversamente proporcionales a la vea que son dos predi ctores significativos de los monzones húmedos en el NMNA. ERA - Interim captura de mejor manera las precipitaciones en años extremos húmedos. La PDO se correlacionó significativa y negativamente con REMO (P r = - 0.90) y CLLJ (P r = - 0.90), es decir, REMO no pr esenta resolución para capturar monzones secos que ocurren al presentarsefases – PDO. Cuando se presentan anomalías de fase +PDO y - CLLJ, también se presentará una anomalía de fase – CLLJ y viceversa, las cuales son características de eventos secos. Esta met odología resultó eficaz para predecir eventos hidroclimáticos extremos en el NMNA, sobre todo cuando se carece de datos provenientes de estaciones meteorológicas.