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Attitudes of acceptability of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) are considered one of the main risk factors of this type of violence. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a short version of the acceptability of IPVAW scale, the A-IPVAW-8, for large scale studies where space and time are limited. A panel of experts were asked to assess item content validity. Two samples were recruited to assemble an 8-item short version of the scale using automated test assembly, and to reassess the psychometric properties of the A-IPVAW-8 in an independent sample. Results showed that the A-IPVAW-8 had adequate internal consistency (α = .72-.76, ω = .73-.81), a stable one-factor latent structure (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.94, Tucker–Lewis index = 0.92, root mean square error of approximation = 0.077), validity evidences based on its relationships to other variables in both samples, and was also invariant across gender (ΔCFI < |0.02|). This study provides a short, easy-to-use tool to evaluate attitudes of acceptability of IPVAW for large scale studies.

In the last decades, prevention measures have been taken globally to reduce the high prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in our societies. As a consequence, a gradual reduction in the prevalence of IPVAW in the younger generations should be expected. However, international prevalence data suggest that this is not the case. In the present study, we aim to compare IPVAW-prevalence rates across age groups in the adult population in Spain. We used data from the Spanish 2019 national survey based on 9,568 interviews with women, reporting IPVAW in three time periods: lifetime, the last 4 years, and the last year. To ensure accurate comparisons of IPVAW-prevalence rates across age groups, we first examined the psychometric properties, and measurement invariance of the set of questions addressing the different types of IPVAW (i.e., physical, sexual, psychological) in this survey. Results supported a three-factor latent structure addressing psychological, physical, and sexual IPVAW, showing high-internal consistency and validity evidence. For lifetime prevalence, the youngest age groups (18–24 years) were those with the highest latent mean in psychological and physical IPVAW, with those aged 25 to 34 years having the highest score in sexual IPVAW. Women aged 18 to 24 years showed the highest factor scores in the three types of violence during the last 4 years and during the last year. A number of potential explanatory hypotheses are proposed to better understand the high prevalence of IPVAW among younger generations. The reason why IPVAW prevalence remains alarmingly high among young women, despite the preventive measures taken in recent years, is a research question that remains open. Prevention efforts should target younger generations if IPVAW is to be eradicated in the long term. However, this goal will only be achieved if those prevention efforts prove to be effective.

Resumen La violencia de pareja contra la mujer (VPM) constituye un grave problema de salud pública con importantes consecuencias para la salud física y psicológica de las mujeres. Las ac titudes de culpabilización de la víctima pueden contribuir a crear un clima de aceptación social en el que la VPM se perciba como una conducta normativa, influyendo en las respuestas de los individuos, comunidades, e instituciones frente a este problema. Ecuador es uno de los países de Latinoamérica donde la prevalencia de VPM es más alta, y las investigaciones sobre esta temática son todavía escasas. El objetivo de este estudio es adaptar y validar la Escala Española de Actitudes de Culpabilización de la Víctima (VB-IPVAW) al entorno cultural ecuatoriano. Para ello se ana lizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala en una muestra de 1122 ecuatorianos, así como su invarianza factorial entre hombres y mujeres con una segunda muestra de 400 estudiantes universitarios. Se examinó también el posible sesgo por deseabilidad social de los ítems de este instrumento. Los resultados mostraron que la escala VB-IPVAW tiene una excelente consistencia interna, que se relaciona con otros constructos como la gravedad percibida de la VPM y el sexis mo ambivalente, que sus ítems tienen una baja carga de deseabilidad social y que es invariante entre géneros. La adaptación de la escala VB-IPVAW al contexto cultural ecuatoriano representa un avance clave en el estudio y la comprensión de las actitudes de culpabilización a la víctima, proporcionando un instrumento fiable y válido para evaluar estas actitudes. Abstract Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a major public health problem with serious consequences for women’s physical and psychological health. Victim-blaming attitudes can shape a social climate of acceptance where IPVAW can be perceived as normative, affecting the responses of individuals, communities, and institutions to this problem. Ecuador is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of IPVAW in Latin America, and research addressing this is sue is still scarce. The aim of this study is to adapt and validate the Spanish Scale of Victim-Blaming Attitudes in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women (VB-IPVAW) to the Ecuadorian cultural context. To this end, the psychometric properties of this scale were assessed in a sample of 1122 Ecuadorian participants, and also its measurement invariance across gender in a second sample of 400 college students. The potential social desirability bias of the items was also ex amined. Results showed that the VB-IPVAW scale has an excellent internal consistency, is related to other constructs, such as perceived severity of IPVAW and ambivalent sexism, their items presented low loadings of social desirability, and its invariant across gender. The adaptation of the VB-IPVAW scale to the Ecuadorian cultural context constitutes a step forward in the study and understanding of victim-blaming attitudes, providing a reliable and valid instrument to assess these attitudes.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los principales factores de riesgo y necesidades de tratamiento de los participantes en un programa de intervencion con maltratadores (BIP) con problemas de abuso de alcohol y/o drogas (ADAP), mas alla de sus problemas de abuso de substancias, teniendo en cuenta cuatro conjuntos de variables: sociodemograficas (i.e., edad, nivel educativo, ingresos, empleo y estatus de inmigrante), trastornos de personalidad y ajuste psicologico (i.e., sintomatologia clinica, trastornos de personalidad, ira, impulsividad y autoestima), variables socio-relacionales (i.e., apoyo comunitario, apoyo intimo, eventos vitales estresantes y rechazo social percibido) y variables relacionadas con la violencia (i.e., exposicion a violencia familiar, gravedad percibida de la violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja, sexismo ambivalente, riesgo de violencia futura, violencia de pareja fisica y psicologica, motivacion al cambio y estadio de cambio). El estudio se baso en una muestra de 1,039 hombres condenados por violencia de genero y remitidos a un programa de intervencion para maltratadores como medida penal alternativa. Los resultados de las comparaciones entre los participantes con y sin ADAP se interpretaron en funcion de los tamanos del efecto para destacar las diferencias mas salientes. Se encontraron diferencias con tamanos del efecto moderados para sintomatologia clinica, rasgo de ira, trastorno de ansiedad, sucesos vitales estresantes, motivacion para el cambio y estadio de cambio. Se encontraron diferencias con tamanos del efecto grandes para impulsividad, trastorno antisocial, de personalidad limite y de agresividad. Se proponen diversas estrategias de intervencion para guiar y ajustar las intervenciones a los factores de riesgo y necesidades de tratamiento de los participantes de los programas de intervencion para maltratadores con ADAP. EnglishThe aim of the present study was to identify the main risk factors and treatment needs of batterer intervention program (BIP) participants with alcohol and drug abuse problems (ADAPs), beyond issues strictly related to their substance abuse, taking into account four sets of variables: sociodemographic (i.e., age, educational level, income, employment, and immigrant status); personality disorders and psychological adjustment (i.e., clinical symptomatology, personality disorders, anger, impulsivity, and self-esteem); social-relational variables (i.e., community support, intimate support, stressful life events, and perceived social rejection); and violence-related variables (i.e., family violence exposure, perceived severity of intimate partner violence against women [IPVAW], ambivalent sexism, risk of future violence, physical and psychological intimate partner violence, motivation to change, and stage of change). The study was based on a sample of 1,039 male IPVAW offenders court-mandated to a community-based BIP. Results from comparisons between BIP participants with and without ADAPs were interpreted in terms of effect sizes to highlight the most salient differences. Differences with moderate effect sizes were found for clinical symptomatology, anger trait, anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, stressful life events, motivation to change and stage of change. Differences with large effect sizes were found for impulsivity, antisocial disorder, borderline disorder, and aggressive disorder. Several intervention strategies are proposed to guide and adjust interventions to risk factors and treatment needs of BIP participants with ADAPs.

El presente articulo analiza sociológicamente la forma en que las personas que forman parte de una organización compleja reconstruyen un conflicto social interno. Ese proceso se interpreta desde la teoria freudiana del proceso de "matar al padre". Se utiliza la elaboración teórica en Totem y tabú de 1912. La segunda aplicación es a la teoria de las desorganizaciones, dentro de la Sociologia de las Organizaciones. En el análisis se utilizan transcripciones de entrevistas en grupo (10 EEP) realizadas durante un año (1993) dentro de la organización (la policia municipal de una gran ciudad española), asi como información de observación participante (OP) durante un año. El articulo analiza primero los grupos que existen dentro de la estructura actual de la organización y el tipo de conflictos que generan entre ellos. En la parte central se estudia el poder a traves de los sistemas de jerarquización, el poder de jefatura, los mandos intermedios y lo que Perrow conceptualiza como el poder de los sin poder. Se interpreta la experiencia pasada de derrocamiento del jefe como un caso de "matar al padre", analizando el conflicto actual como continuación del mismo proceso. Al no institucionalizarse el conflicto (sustituir la acción por la idea) se repite de forma simbólica el parricidio del jefe. El articulo muestra la forma en que la teoria psicoanalítica grupal se puede aplicar a las organizaciones complejas contemporáneas, permitiendo una interpretación sociológica para analizar la forma en que las personas construyen la realidad social. Muestra también la utilidad de la teoria de las desorganizaciones para el análisis de este tipo de organizaciones. This article analizes from a sociological point of view the way members of a complex organization reconstruct an internal social conflict. This process in interpreted, from a Freudian perspective, as a form of "Killing the father"

Holistic-analytic thinking styles are tools that allow us to process information in different ways as well as serving as strategies that help us navigate the world in the various domains of life, such as making causal attributions or categorizing. The Analysis-Holism Scale (AHS) is a 24-item scale that was developed to examine systematic cognitive differences regarding holistic-analytic thinking style. However, its length could be a potential problem for studies where space and time are limited. The aim of the present research is to assess the psychometric properties of the AHS items in order to assemble two shortened versions. To this end, we considered the assessment of item content conducted by a panel of experts and also the conceptual model and the latent structure of the original measure, preserving its psychometric properties. Across five independent samples (N = 2,254), the full-length scale was shortened to assemble one brief version with 12 items (AHS-12) and another one with only 4 items (AHS-4). Their latent structures were examined conducting a series of confirmatory factor analyses, the measurement invariance of these instruments was assessed across two different cultures (America and Spanish) and validity was examined based on its relationship with other constructs and experimental tasks. The results showed that the latent structures of both shortened versions were stable in different samples, that were invariant across two different cultures, and presented adequate evidence of validity. Hence, the AHS-12 and the AHS-4 can allow researchers a brief and precise evaluation of cognitive styles in contexts where time is limited, with the AHS-12 being a better candidate for the short version of AHS compared to the AHS-4.

Social entrepreneurship (SE) refers to the development of innovative projects whose main aim is not individual profit but the transformation of society. The issue is particularly important for pr...

The working alliance is a key element to increase intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders' motivation, adherence to treatment, and active participation in batterer intervention programs (BIPs). The objective of the present study is to assess the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory-Observer Short Version (WAI-O-S) with a sample of IPV offenders. The sample was 140 men convicted for IPV and court-mandated to a community-based BIP. Inter-rater agreement and reliability were evaluated by computing the intraclass correlation coefficient. To test the latent structure a Bayesian confirmatory factor analysis approach was used. To test criterion-related validity, the WAI-O-S factorial scores were correlated to protherapeutic behavior, stage of change and motivation to change. The WAI-O-S showed an adequate reliability. Results from Bayesian confirmatory factor analyses showed two first-order factors (La alianza terapéutica es clave para incrementar la motivación, adherencia al tratamiento y participación en los programas de intervención con maltratadores. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y estructura factorial delSe utilizó una muestra de 140 hombres condenados por violencia de género y derivados a un programa de intervención con maltratadores. El acuerdo inter-jueces y la fiabilidad se evaluaron mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase. La estructura latente se obtuvo con un análisis factorial confirmatorio Bayesiano. Las puntuaciones del WAI-O-S se correlacionaron con la conducta proterapéutica, estadio y motivación para el cambio para analizar la validez.El WAI-O-S mostró una fiabilidad adecuada. El análisis factorial confirmatorio dio lugar a dos factores de primer orden (Vínculo y Acuerdo), y un factor de segundo orden (Alianza terapéutica general). Los resultados obtenidos también avalan la validez del instrumento.Una medida observacional fiable y válida de la alianza terapéutica, proporciona una herramienta útil para superar las limitaciones de las medidas basadas en auto-informes que se utilizan con población de hombres maltratadores, tales como la deseabilidad social, la negación y el engaño.

Violence against non-heterosexual adolescents in educational contexts remains a worrying reality, but no adequate attitudes toward affective-sexual diversity (AtASD) measure exists for Spanish adolescent students. We developed a 27-item scale including cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects, which was completed by 696 secondary school students from the Madrid area. Factor analyses suggested a unidimensional model, Cronbach's alpha indicated excellent scale scores reliability, and item calibration under the item response theory framework showed that the scale is especially informative for homophobic attitudes. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that variables traditionally related to AtASD (gender, age, religion, nationality, perceived parental/peer attitudes, direct contact with LGB people) also were so in our sample. Moreover, interest in sexuality topics and perceived center's efforts to provide AtASD education were related to better AtASD. Our scale was reliable and valid, and it may also prove useful in efforts to detect those students with homophobic attitudes and to guide interventions.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse (CA) are two forms of family violence with shared qualities and risk factors, and are forms of violence that tend to overlap. Acceptability of violence in partner relationships is a known risk factor in IPV just as acceptability of parent–child aggression is a risk factor in CA. We hypothesized that these acceptability attitudes may be linked and represent the expression of a general, underlying nonspecific acceptance of violence in close family relationships. The sample involved 164 male IPV offenders participating in a batterer intervention program. Implicit measures, which assess constructs covertly to minimize response distortions, were administered to assess acceptability of partner violence against women and acceptability of parent–child aggression. To determine whether acceptability attitudes regarding both forms of violence were related to a higher order construct tapping general acceptance of family violence, Bayesian confirmatory factor analyses were conducted. Findings supported a hierarchical (bifactor) model with a general factor expressing a nonspecific acceptance of family violence, and two specific factors reflecting acceptability of violence in intimate partner and parent–child relationships, respectively. This hierarchical model supporting a general acceptance of violence in close family relationships can inform future research aiming to better understand the connections between IPV and CA.

The aim of the current study was to validate a shortened Spanish version of the Servant Leadership Profile (SLP). In Study 1, a number of experts evaluated and reduced the original scale to 14 items and named the revised version the Servant Leadership Short Scale (SLSS). An exploratory factor analysis conducted with a sample of 1,001 students revealed two possible structure solutions, a one-factor solution and a two-correlated factor solution. Study 2 used a different sample of 456 students to examine the explored structures using confirmatory factor analysis. A one-factor solution was proposed (χ2/df = 3.4, CFI = .91, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .07, SRMR = .06). Finally, in Study 3, servant leadership was used as a predictor of self-efficacy (b = .685, p

The high prevalence of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) in countries with high levels of gender equality has been defined as the "Nordic paradox". In this study we compared physical and sexual IPVAW prevalence data in two countries exemplifying the Nordic paradox: Sweden (N = 1483) and Spain (N = 1447). Data was drawn from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Survey on violence against women. To ascertain whether differences between these two countries reflect true differences in IPVAW prevalence, and to rule out the possibility of measurement bias, we conducted a set of analyses to ensure measurement equivalence, a precondition for appropriate and valid cross-cultural comparisons. Results showed that in both countries items were measuring two separate constructs, physical and sexual IPVAW, and that these factors had high internal consistency and adequate validity. Measurement equivalence analyses (i.e., differential item functioning, and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis) supported the comparability of data across countries. Latent means comparisons between the Spanish and the Swedish samples showed that scores on both the physical and sexual IPVAW factors were significantly higher in Sweden than in Spain. The effect sizes of these differences were large: 89.1% of the Swedish sample had higher values in the physical IPVAW factor than the Spanish average, and this percentage was 99.4% for the sexual IPVAW factor as compared to the Spanish average. In terms of probability of superiority, there was an 80.7% and 96.1% probability that a Swedish woman would score higher than a Spanish woman in the physical and the sexual IPVAW factors, respectively. Our results showed that the higher prevalence of physical and sexual IPVAW in Sweden than in Spain reflects actual differences and are not the result of measurement bias, supporting the idea of the Nordic paradox.

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is the most common form of violence suffered by women and constitutes a serious public health problem of global proportions. Public attitudes towards IPVAW are key to understanding the social context in which this type of violence occurs. Victim-blaming attitudes are among those that reflect public tolerance and acceptability of IPVAW and are often used to explain or justify IPVAW. In this study we develop and validate a new instrument to assess victim-blaming attitudes in cases of IPVAW. A sample of 1,800 participants was recruited through social media and a second sample of 50 IPVAW offenders was used for validation purposes. Through a cross-validation approach and by fitting an item response theory model to the data, we found that the latent structure of the instrument was one-dimensional and particularly informative for medium and high levels of victim-blaming attitudes. Differential item functioning analysis showed that item parameters did not differ by gender. We found, in addition, that (a) our measure was strongly related to acceptability and perceived severity of IPVAW, and also to ambivalent sexism, (b) men presented higher levels of victim-blaming attitudes than women, and (c) IPVAW offenders showed higher levels of victim-blaming attitudes than men from the general population. A five-item short version of the scale is also presented for use in studies with limited application time or space. Our findings confirm that this new scale is a reliable and valid measure to assess victim-blaming attitudes in cases of IPVAW.

Willingness to intervene when one becomes aware of a case of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) reflects the level of tolerance and acceptance of this type of violence in society. Increasing the likelihood of intervention to help victims of IPVAW is also a target for prevention strategies aiming to increase informal social control of IPVAW. In this study, we present the development and validation of the Willingness to Intervene in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence (WI-IPVAW) scale. We report data for both the long and short versions of the scale. We analyzed the latent structure, the reliability and validity of the WI-IPVAW across four samples (N = 1648). Factor analyses supported a bifactor model with a general non-specific factor expressing willingness to intervene in cases of IPVAW, and three specific factors reflecting different intervention preferences: a preference for setting the law enforcement process in motion (“calling the cops” factor), a preference for personal intervention (“personal involvement” factor), and a preference for non-intervention (“not my business” factor). Configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance across genders were supported. Two short versions of the scale, with nine and six items, respectively, were constructed on the base of quantitative and qualitative criteria. The long and short versions of the WI-IPVAW demonstrated both high reliability and construct validity, as they were strongly related to the acceptability of IPVAW, victim-blaming attitudes, perceived severity of IPVAW, and hostile sexism. These results confirm that both the long and short versions of the WI-IPVAW scale are psychometrically sound instruments to analyze willingness to intervene in cases of IPVAW in different settings and with different research needs (e.g., long versions for clinical and research settings, and short versions for large population surveys). The WI-IPVAW is also useful for assessing prevention policies and public education campaigns design to promote a more responsive social environment in cases of IPVAW, thus contributing to deter and reduce this major social and public health problem.

[EN] Recently, an increasingly number of authors emphasize the benefits of research oriented teaching and the integration of research in the curriculum of undergraduate students. The main aim of this project of educational innovation is to enhance learning based on the promotion of knowledge and the practice of research, emphasizing the processes that are generated in the research work and using an approach in which the student plays the role of an active researcher. In order to assess whether there are changes in the attitudes of the students towards research, the intervention group was compared with a control group of undergraduated students. The results showed that the questionnaire of attitudes towards research was a reliable instrument to assess this variable. Using this questionnaire, significant differences were found in favour of the intervention group in the perceived relevance of the research, the predisposition to choose research as a profession, the perceived competence to investigate and the role of the teacher as a researcher., [ES] En los últimos años cada vez son más los autores que subrayan los beneficios de la enseñanza dirigida desde la investigación y de la integración de la investigación en el currículum de las estudiantes de grado. El objetivo principal de este proyecto de innovación educativa es potenciar el aprendizaje basado en la promoción del conocimiento y la práctica de la investigación de manera que se enfaticen los procesos que se generan en el quehacer investigador y se utilice un acercamiento en el que el estudianteLa investigación visita el aula: la promoción del conocimiento y la práctica de lainvestigación como estrategia docente innovadora2017, Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaCongreso IN-RED (2017)desempeñe el rol de participante activo. A su vez, se pretende evaluar si existen diferencias en las actitudes hacia la investigación entre el grupo que recibe la intervención y un grupo control. Los resultados muestran que el cuestionario de actitudes hacia la investigación es una herramienta fiable en la evaluación de esta variable. Utilizando este cuestionario, se observan diferencias significativas a favor del grupo de intervención en la relevancia percibida de la investigación, la predisposición a elegir la investigación como profesión, la competencia percibida para investigar y el papel del profesor., Este proyecto ha sido realizado en el marco de la convocatoria de innovación del Vicerectorat de Polítiques de Formació i Qualitat Educativa de la Universitat de València (UV-SFPIE_RMD16-417684). Faraj A. Santirso es beneficiario del programa FPU del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU15/00864). Manuel Martin-Fernandez es beneficiario del programa FPI del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BES15/075576). Miriam Marco es beneficiaria del programa FPU del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU13/00164).

Recently, there has been a growing interest in developing new tools to measure neighborhood features using the benefits of emerging technologies. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a neighborhood disorder observational scale using Google Street View (GSV). Two groups of raters conducted virtual audits of neighborhood disorder on all census block groups (N = 92) in a district of the city of Valencia (Spain). Four different analyses were conducted to validate the instrument. First, inter-rater reliability was assessed through intraclass correlation coefficients, indicating moderated levels of agreement among raters. Second, confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test the latent structure of the scale. A bifactor solution was proposed, comprising a general factor (general neighborhood disorder) and two specific factors (physical disorder and physical decay). Third, the virtual audit scores were assessed with the physical audit scores, showing a positive relationship between both audit methods. In addition, correlations between the factor scores and socioeconomic and criminality indicators were assessed. Finally, we analyzed the spatial autocorrelation of the scale factors, and two fully Bayesian spatial regression models were run to study the influence of these factors on drug-related police interventions and interventions with young offenders. All these indicators showed an association with the general neighborhood disorder. Taking together, results suggest that the GSV-based neighborhood disorder scale is a reliable, concise, and valid instrument to assess neighborhood disorder using new technologies.

Multistage adaptive testing has recently emerged as an alternative to the computerized adaptive test. The current study details a new multistage test to assess fluid intelligence.An item pool of progressive matrices with constructed response format was developed, and divided into six subtests. The subtests were applied to a sample of 724 college students and their psychometric properties were studied (i.e., reliability, dimensionality and validity evidence). The item pool was calibrated under the graded response model, and two multistage structures were developed, based on the automatic test assembly principles. Finally, the test information provided by each structure was compared in order to select the most appropriate one.The item pool showed adequate psychometric properties. From the two compared multistage structures, the simplest structure (i.e., routing test and two modules in the next stages) were more informative across the latent trait continuum and were therefore kept.Taken together, the results of the two studies support the application of the FIMT (Fluid Intelligence Multistage Test), a multistage test to assess fluid intelligence accurately and innovatively.

La policia se puede analizar como una funcion del Estado, como una profesion o como una organizacion. En este articulo se hace una aproximacion al tema desde estas tres perspectivas para acabar cuestionando el papel de la policia como simple garante de la ley y el orden. El policia debe resolver problemas de los ciudadanos al mismo tiempo que protege el interes general de la colectividad. El modelo de policia integral presentado es, en opinion del autor, el que mejor responde a estas demandas.

La Policía Local actual orienta su trabajo a la resolución de problemas desde una perspectiva de policía comunitaria, El trabajo en equipo, plasmado en los equipos de barrio, y la obtención de legitimidad social, son instrumentos para conseguir un nuevo estilo policial, pero sólo desde la motivación, la participación y la comunicación se conseguirá superar los mitos profesionales y cambiar la cultura profesional de los policías locales.