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For wind turbines operating in the full load region, stabilizing the generated power at its nominal value is a key objective. Furthermore, the control of tower vibrations is a major constraint in wind turbine structures because diverse loading sources can induce fatigue damage. These goals are often conflicting, and a trade-off solution must be found. To reduce tower vibrations, an additional damping method can be implemented by ensuring coordination between the pitch and torque control scheme. This study proposes a control scheme that balances these two objectives: power generation and tower vibration reduction. The control design is based on a collective pitch combined with two active tower damping controls: one for frontal oscillations to the wind, which generates an extra pitch component, and another for lateral displacements, which produces an additional component of the generator torque. The control parameters are tuned through multi-objective optimization and multi-criteria decision methods with FAST software along with MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control scheme was simulated according to the extreme wind direction change in the IEC 61400–1 standard. The results show that the proposed procedure achieves a notable reduction in tower vibrations, whereas the generated power is almost unaffected. To support this conclusion, a set of performance indices and the time and frequency responses are analyzed from the simulations Comparisons with other control schemes illustrate the superior performance of the proposed methodology.

The study of fatigue load reduction in wind turbines has gained significant interest in recent years. In monopile offshore wind turbines, vibrations induced by misalignment between waves and wind directions can considerably shorten the tower’s lifespan due to lateral loads. To cope with this issue, this work focuses on the design and evaluation of control strategies to mitigate these loads. An adaptive active generator torque control (AGTC) scheme is proposed to mitigate lateral tower fatigue within the nominal region. Two variants of AGTC are suggested: with or without using a bandpass filter. A multi-objective optimization using genetic algorithms is employed to determine the optimal AGTC parameters based on wind speed and wave height. Objective functions related to tower and low-speed shaft fatigue load reduction, as well as power fluctuation minimization, are employed. The performance of the proposed AGTC controllers is assessed in comparison to a baseline controller. The results highlight that the AGTC strategy without a filter effectively reduces lateral tower fatigue load at the expense of higher power signal oscillations and increased fatigue in the low-speed shaft. Using a filter in the AGTC mitigates these adverse effects, smoothing power oscillations to achieve similar values as the baseline control, and significantly reducing the load experienced in the low-speed shaft. The proposed methodology is robust and adaptable to various wind and wave conditions, demonstrating its ability to enhance the structural integrity of wind turbines without compromising power generation efficiency.

We discuss the HCN + H ^− reaction as a path to the formation of CN ^− , the smallest cyanopolyyne anion observed in several interstellar environments. We first obtain the new ab initio reactive potential energy surface using a full 5D representation, where only the C–N bond is kept fixed, and discuss the neural network procedure employed to yield an accurate fit for the dynamics. The reaction is then investigated by using a quasi-classical trajectory approach to scan the low-temperature range of the dark molecular clouds where the anion has been sighted. Calculations are extended to room temperature to make a successful comparison with existing experimental data. We further present reduced dimensionality modeling of the reaction as a 2D process within a variational-transition state treatment with the inclusion of long-range forces. The dominant role of such forces in producing large reaction rate coefficients is discussed for both treatments, which yield very similar sizes and behavior of such coefficients from 50 to 300 K. The implications of our results for the interstellar medium formation of the CN ^− species via this chemical route are discussed, suggesting its greater significance over the radiative electron attachment paths, whose rate coefficients were found by recent calculations to be orders of magnitude smaller.

The D1R and D3R receptors functionally and synergistically interact in striatonigral neurons. Dopaminergic denervation turns this interaction antagonistic, which is correlated with a decrement in D3nf isoform and an increment in D3R membranal expression. The mechanisms of such changes in D3R are attributed to the dysregulation of the expression of their isoforms. The cause and mechanism of this phenomenon remain unknown. Dopaminergic denervation produces a decrement in D1R and PKA activity; we propose that the lack of phosphorylation of PTB (regulator of alternative splicing) by PKA produces the dysregulation of D3R splicing and changes D3R functionality. By using in silico analysis, we found that D3R mRNA has motifs for PTB binding and, by RIP, co-precipitates with PTB. Moreover, D1R activation via PKA promotes PTB phosphorylation. Acute and 5-day D1R blockade decreases the expression of D3nf mRNA. The 5-day treatment reduces D3R, D3nf, and PTB protein in the cytoplasm and increases D3R in the membrane and PTB in the nucleus. Finally, the blockade of D1R mimics the effect of dopaminergic denervation in D1R and D3R signaling. Thus, our data indicate that through PKA→PTB, D1R modulates D3R splicing, expression, and signaling, which are altered during D1R blockade or the lack of stimulation in dopaminergic denervation.

Individual pitch control (IPC) is a method to mitigate periodic blade loads in wind turbines, and it is typically implemented using the multi-blade coordinate (MBC) transform, which converts the blade load measurements from a rotating frame into the non-rotating tilt axis and yaw axis. Previous studies have shown that by including an additional tuning parameter in the MBC, the azimuth offset reduces the coupling between non-rotating axes, allowing for higher performance levels for diagonal controller structures. In these studies, the decentralized control of IPC was composed of two identical integral controllers. This work analyzes and compares the improvement that the azimuth offset can provide in different adaptive gain scheduling IPCs where the diagonal controllers can have integral or proportional action with different gains. They are applied to a 15 MW wind turbine simulated with OpenFAST v3.5 software. The controller parameter tuning is addressed as an optimization that reduces blade fatigue load based on the damage equivalent load (DEL) and is resolved through genetic algorithms. Simulations show that only using different controller gains in IPC does not provide significant improvements; however, including azimuth offset in the optimal IPC schemes with integral controllers allows for the greatest DEL reduction with a lower actuator effort.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused serious disruptions in the school systems throughout the world. In this work we look at the effect that the pandemic had in non-cognitive skills of students in Mexico. Few studies have looked at this relationship and the studies available have looked at the effects on children in high-income countries. Our results show that growth mindset declined, while social awareness and self-management improved during the pandemic. The negative effects on growth mindset are certainly a reason for concern, while the improvement on the other measures can be seen as a silver lining amidst the chaos created by the pandemic.

Crayfish serve as a model for studying the effect of environmental lighting on locomotor activity and neuroendocrine functions. The effects of light on this organism are mediated differentially by retinal and extraretinal photoreceptors located in the cerebroid ganglion and the pleonal nerve cord. However, some molecular aspects of the phototransduction cascade in the pleonal extraretinal photoreceptors remain unknown. In this study, transcriptome data from the pleonal nerve cord of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard,1852) were analyzed to identify transcripts that potentially interact with phototransduction process. The Illumina MiSeq System and the pipeline Phylogenetically Informed Annotation (PIA) were employed, which places uncharacterized genes into pre-calculated phylogenies of gene families. Here, for the first time 62 transcripts identified from the pleonal nerve cord that are related to light-interacting pathways are reported; they can be classified into the following 11 sets: 1) retinoid pathway in vertebrates and invertebrates, 2) photoreceptor specification, 3) rhabdomeric phototransduction, 4) opsins 5) ciliary phototransduction, 6) melanin synthesis, 7) pterin synthesis, 8) ommochrome synthesis, 9) heme synthesis, 10) diurnal clock, and 11) crystallins. Moreover, this analysis comparing the sequences located on the pleonal nerve cord to eyestalk sequences reported in other studies reveals 94–100% similarity between the 55 common proteins identified. These results show that both retinal and pleonal non-visual photoreceptors in the crayfish equally expressed the transcripts involved in light detection. Moreover, they suggest that the genes related to ocular and extraocular light perception in the crayfish P. clarkii use biosynthesis pathways and phototransduction cascades commons.

Nosocomial infections caused by Escherichia coli pose significant therapeutic challenges due to the high expression of genes encoding antimicrobial drug resistance. In this study, we investigated the conformation of the beta-lactam resistome responsible for the specific pattern of resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics. A total of 218 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from in-hospital patients diagnosed with nosocomial infections, obtained from various sources such as urine (n = 49, 22.48%), vaginal discharge (n = 46, 21.10%), catheter tips (n = 14, 6.42%), blood (n = 13, 5.96%), feces (n = 12, 5.50%), sputum (n = 11, 5.05%), biopsies (n = 8, 3.67%), cerebrospinal fluid (n = 2, 0.92%) and other unspecified discharges (n = 63, 28.90%). To characterize the beta-lactam resistome, all strains were subjected to antibiotic dilution tests and grown in beta-lactam antibiotics supplemented with Luria culture medium. Subsequently, multiplex PCR and next-generation sequencing were conducted. The results show a multi-drug-resistance phenotype, particularly against beta-lactam drugs. The primary determinant of this resistance was the expression of the blaTEM gene family, with 209 positive strains (95.87%) expressing it as a single gene (n = 47, 21.6%) or in combination with other genes. Common combinations included blaTEM + blaCTX (n = 42, 19.3%), blaTEM + blaCTX + blaSHV (n = 13, 6%) and blaTEM + blaCTX + blaBIL (n = 12, 5.5%), among others. The beta-lactam resistome of nosocomial Escherichia coli strains isolated from inpatients at the “October first” Regional Hospital of ISSSTE was predominantly composed of members of the blaTEM gene family, expressed in various configurations along with different members of other beta-lactamase gene families.

El desarrollo de la apicultura en México ha incrementado el interés por conocer el potencial de la flora nectarífera y polinífera en diferentes estados. El objetivo del estudio fue ampliar el conocimiento sobre la flora de importancia apícola en Tamaulipas en las diferentes estaciones del año. Con base en trabajo de campo realizado entre 2012 y 2015, se obtuvo un inventario de las especies de plantas cuyas flores son pecoreadas por Apis mellifera L. Se registraron un total de 215 especies, pertenecientes a 173 géneros y 60 familias de plantas fanerógamas, siendo la mayoría nativas (87.91 %) y herbáceas (42.32 %). Las familias mejor representadas fueron Fabaceae y Asteraceae. La mayor proporción de plantas son las productoras de néctar (45.12 %), seguidas por nectaro-poliníferas (40 %) y por último las productoras de polen fueron (14.88 %). La vegetación secundaria y la selva baja caducifolia son las comunidades vegetales más importantes por el número de especies identificadas que producen néctar y polen durante la época de verano.

La investigación analizó las evaluaciones externas de la política social en México, durante el periodo 2012-2018, con el objetivo de identificar el aprendizaje instrumental, social o táctico. El análisis consistió en revisar el Programa Anual de Evaluación (PAE), los informes finales de las evaluaciones, y los aspectos susceptibles de mejora de cada evaluación, considerando únicamente las evaluaciones con información completa en sus informes. Los resultados muestran un decremento en el total de evaluaciones en dicho periodo; se observa discrepancia entre la información del PAE y los programas presupuestarios; fueron realizadas 146 evaluaciones de diseño, ninguna de indicadores, 5 de impacto, siendo estas las más costosas; de los actores responsables de realizar las evaluaciones externas de diseño, destacan las instituciones de educación superior. El aprendizaje instrumental es el que más se genera porque todas las metodologías están enfocadas hacia la viabilidad y los medios de acción para lograr la eficacia. La principal conclusión es que las metodologías de evaluación propuestas por el CONEVAL tienen relación con las fases de las políticas públicas porque representan procesos incrementales de aprendizaje que deben estar sustentados en ejercicios sistemáticos de evaluación, pero no logran el ciclo completo de las evaluaciones.

Several types of sensory perception have circadian rhythms. The spinal cord can be considered a center for controlling circadian rhythms by changing clock gene expression. However, to date, it is not known if mechanonociception itself has a circadian rhythm. The hypothalamic A11 area represents the primary source of dopamine (DA) in the spinal cord and has been found to be involved in clock gene expression and circadian rhythmicity. Here, we investigate if the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) has a circadian rhythm, as well as the role of the dopaminergic A11 nucleus, DA, and DA receptors (DR) in the PWT circadian rhythm and if they modify clock gene expression in the lumbar spinal cord. Naïve rats showed a circadian rhythm of the PWT of almost 24 h, beginning during the night–day interphase and peaking at 14.63 h. Similarly, DA and DOPAC’s spinal contents increased at dusk and reached their maximum contents at noon. The injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the A11 nucleus completely abolished the circadian rhythm of the PWT, reduced DA tissue content in the lumbar spinal cord, and induced tactile allodynia. Likewise, the repeated intrathecal administration of D1-like and D2-like DA receptor antagonists blunted the circadian rhythm of PWT. 6-OHDA reduced the expression of Clock and Per1 and increased Per2 gene expression during the day. In contrast, 6-OHDA diminished Clock, Bmal, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, and Cry2 at night. The repeated intrathecal administration of the D1-like antagonist (SCH-23390) reduced clock genes throughout the day (Clock and Per2) and throughout the night (Clock, Per2 and Cry1), whereas it increased Bmal and Per1 throughout the day. In contrast, the intrathecal injection of the D2 receptor antagonists (L-741,626) increased the clock genes Bmal, Per2, and Per3 and decreased Per1 throughout the day. This study provides evidence that the circadian rhythm of the PWT results from the descending dopaminergic modulation of spinal clock genes induced by the differential activation of spinal DR.

Antibiotic resistance is a major health problem worldwide, causing more deaths than diabetes and cancer. The dissemination of vertical and horizontal antibiotic resistance genes has been conducted for a selection of pan-resistant bacteria. Here, we test if the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from human feces samples in health conditions are carriers of beta-lactamases genes. The samples were cultured in a brain–heart infusion medium and subcultured in blood agar in aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 24 h at 37 °C. The grown colonies were identified by their biochemical profiles. The DNA was extracted and purified by bacterial lysis using thermal shock and were used in the endpoint PCR and next generation sequencing to identify beta-lactamase genes expression (OXA, VIM, SHV, TEM, IMP, ROB, KPC, CMY, DHA, P, CFX, LAP, and BIL). The aerobic bacterias Aeromonas hydrophila, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, Serratia fonticola, Serratia liquefaciens, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pantoea agglomerans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Enterobacter cloacae, the anaerobic bacteria: Capnocytophaga species, Bacteroides distasonis, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides fragilis, Eubacterium species, Eubacterium aerofaciens, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Fusobacterium species, Bacteroides species, and Bacteroides vulgatus were isolated and identified. The results showed 49 strains resistant to beta-lactam with the expression of blaSHV (10.2%), blaTEM (100%), blaKPC (10.2%), blaCYM (14.3%), blaP (2%), blaCFX (8.2%), and blaBIL (6.1%). These data support the idea that the human enteric microbiota constitutes an important reservoir of genes for resistance to beta-lactamases and that such genes could be transferred to pathogenic bacteria.

Se describen los Patrones de Distribución Espacial de las formaciones de encinos en el estado de Tamaulipas, México, a partir de los factores bioclimáticos y litológicos. Para lo anterior se utilizó el Método de Regímenes Ecodinámicos a través de un análisis espacial en un Sistema de Información Geográfico (SIG) con verificación en campo. Se analizaron los patrones de distribución de las formaciones vegetales de encinos: bosque mixto, bosque de encino, chaparral y bosque húmedo montano. Se presentan mapas de distribución de cada formacion vegetal en función del su bioclima y litología. Los modelos generados arrojan cinco tipos principales de regímenes para las formaciones de encinos (Critropófilo, Euritermo-tropófilo, Euritermo-mesófilo Mesófilo-subhúmedo y Tropófilo). Los resultados anteriores permiten hacer un diagnóstico ecológico a fin de poder establecer propuestas de conservación de las áreas con una mayor diversidad de Quercus en la región.

This paper deals with the control problems of a wind turbine working in its nominal zone. In this region, the wind turbine speed is controlled by means of the pitch angle, which keeps the nominal power constant against wind fluctuations. The non-uniform profile of the wind causes tower displacements that must be reduced to improve the wind turbine lifetime. In this work, an adaptive control structure operating on the pitch angle variable is proposed for a nonlinear model of a wind turbine provided by FAST software. The proposed control structure is composed of a gain scheduling proportional–integral (PI) controller, an adaptive feedforward compensation for the wind speed, and an adaptive gain compensation for the tower damping. The tuning of the controller parameters is formulated as a Pareto optimization problem that minimizes the tower fore-aft displacements and the deviation of the generator speed using multi-objective genetic algorithms. Three multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods are compared, and a satisfactory solution is selected. The optimal solutions for power generation and for tower fore-aft displacement reduction are also obtained. The performance of these three proposed solutions is evaluated for a set of wind pattern conditions and compared with that achieved by a classical baseline PI controller.

Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) is a surgical treatment proposed for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache (drCCH). Long-term series assessing its efficacy are scarce. We designed a retrospective observational study with consecutive sampling, evaluating the follow-up of 17 drCCH patients who underwent ONS. Our main endpoint was the reduction the rate of attacks per week. We also evaluated the pain intensity through the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), patient overall perceived improvement and decrease in oral medication intake. After a median follow-up of 6.0 years (4.5–9.0), patients decreased from a median of 30 weekly attacks to 22.5 (5.6–37.5, p = 0.012), 7.5 at 1 year (p = 0.006) and 15.0 at the end of follow-up (p = 0.041). The VAS decreased from a median of 10.0 to 8.0 (p = 0.011) at three months, to 7.0 (p = 0.008) at twelve months and 7.0 (p = 0.003) at the end of the follow-up. A total of 23.5% had an overall perceived improvement of ≥70% at 3 months, 41.2% at 1 year and 27.8% at the end of follow-up. Reducing prophylactic oral medication was possible in 76.5% and it was stopped in 17.7%. Triptan use decreased in all the responder patients and 17.7% stopped its intake. A total of 41.2% presented mild adverse events. In conclusion, our long-term experience suggests that ONS could be an interesting option for drCCH-selected patients, as it is a beneficial and minimally invasive procedure with no serious adverse events.

Through various channels come from primary care, patients with lower gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, so, it is imposed the need for exploration of colon looking for the cause that provokes the episodes and to apply the appropriate therapeutic. In order to characterize clinical, etiological and histologically the causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a population comprised 152 patients attended in the Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Service of "José Luis Miranda" University Pediatric Hospital in Santa Clara from January 2013 to December 2014. Predominating masculine sex and the age group of five to eight years; rectal bleeding as clinical presentation was made in 117 patients and hematochezia in 31; endoscopically, there were no alterations in 44 patients and polyps were found in 61 children- 33 hamartomatous, 16 youthful 10 inflammatory and two adenomatosos- and it was diagnosed colon adenocarcinoma in one case; ulcerative colitis in two children; Frequently polypoid lesions were in the rectum and there were no complications in procedures performed.

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar observaciones de primer y segundo orden, desde las ciencias de la complejidad, al indicador que el Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) utiliza para conceptualizar y medir el derecho a la educación en la metodología multidimensional de la pobreza, con la finalidad de realizar una propuesta preliminar que contribuya a resolver la forma de aproximarse a su medición. La metodología utilizada fue una adaptación de Amozurrutia (2012), en la que se realiza una aproximación epistemológica con base en los niveles de observación de primero y segundo orden de Luhmann (2007). Los resultados indican que el carácter de indivisibilidad e interdependencia del derecho a la educación conforman un factor que posibilita la complejidad, por lo cual se tiene que tomar en cuenta su interrelación con otros derechos sociales establecidos en la Ley General de Desarrollo Social.

In order to characterize the gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with American trypanosomiasis a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a population consisting of 130 patients with positive IgG antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi treated at the " Victoria South"Medical Center of integral diagnostic from José F. Ribas, municipality, Aragua State, Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , from March 2012 to February 2013. The most affected age group was 61 years and over and not predominantly found in sex ; asymptomatic patients predominated , followed by those with digestive symptoms ; gingivostomatitis was the clinical finding was found , followed dyspeptic disorders and hepatomegaly , megacolon with chronic constipation, esophageal achalasia and megaesophagus . Hepatitis B was detected in four patients and C in two.

El tumor de Vanek o pólipo fibroide inflamatorio, se conoce como una lesión benigna, rara, de localización submucosa, no encapsulada, cuya ubicación puede darse a lo largo del tracto digestivo, siendo más común en el antro gástrico (80 %), aunque también se ha descrito en la unión gastroesofágica, duodeno, yeyuno, íleon y colon. Representa el tumor gástrico benigno menos frecuente (1-4 %), con ligero predominio en el sexo masculino y un pico de incidencia a partir de la sexta década de la vida, siendo la malignización un evento excepcional. En este reporte de caso se presentó un paciente masculino de 47 años de edad, con tumor de Vanek de localización antra, diagnosticado en el Hospital Provincial Universitario Arnaldo Milián Castro, de la ciudad de Santa Clara.

Se registra por primera vez la presencia de Clastoptera sp., asociada a Harpalyce arborescens, especie de árbol maderable de alto valor comercial del bosque tropical deciduo del estado de Tamaulipas. Los registros se delimitan a 2 localidades, ubicadas en 3 sitios: San Vicente y González, del municipio de Casas, en la zona sureste de la Sierra de Tamaulipas (23°25'35.76" N, 98°38'56.86" O; 382 m y 23°21'35.75" N, 98°38'21.06" O; 455 m) y en el ejido Morelos, municipio de Llera, en la parte media de la misma sierra (23°27'27.37" N, 99°05'09.41" O; 546 m).Castopetra sp. is reported for the first time associated to Harpalyce arborescens at a timber tree species of high commercial value of the tropical deciduous forest in Tamaulipas state. The records of the genus are restricted to 2 locations in 3 sites: San Vicente and González, municipality of Casas in the southeast of the Sierra de Tamaulipas (23°25'35.76" N, 98°38'56.86" W; 382 m and 23°21'35.75" N, 98°38'21.06" W; 455 m), and the ejido Morelos municipality of Llera in the middle of the same range (23°27'27.37" N, 99°05'09.41" W; 546 m).

Introduction. Psychosocial and somatosensory factors are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic migraine (CM) and chronic temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Objective. To compare and assess the relationship between pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia in patients with CM or chronic TMD. Method. Cross-sectional study of 20 women with CM, 19 with chronic TMD, and 20 healthy volunteers. Pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia were assessed. The level of education, pain intensity, and magnitude of temporal summation of stimuli in the masseter (STM) and tibialis (STT) muscles were also evaluated. Results. There were significant differences between the CM and chronic TMD groups, compared with the group of asymptomatic subjects, for all variables (p

A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted with the objective to characterize patients undergoing endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and its results, in patients treated at Arnaldo Milian Castro University Hospital Provincial University Hospital in Santa Clara during the biennium 2008-2009. The sample was formed by 116 patients. There was a prevalence of melena in the presentation. The most common cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was peptic ulcer disease. In the case of ulcerative lesions, there was a predominance of those classified as Forrest IIb. Most of the patients resolved their problem with an endoscopic therapy session. The most commonly practiced endoscopic treatment was the injection therapy, with medium dose of polidocanol, 5 to 8 ml. The endoscopic procedure was successful in most patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, requiring surgical treatment only a small number of patients.

Gastric cancer is a health problem worldwide. In order to characterize the disease, a descriptive prospective study was conducted at the Arnaldo Milian Castro and the Celestino Hernández Robau University Hospitals during 2009. It measured socio-demographic, clinical, endoscopic and histological variables. The most common risk factors in patients with gastric cancer were the male sex (64.3%), an age between 51 and 60 years (35.7%), insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables (81.0%), blood group A (45.2%) and chronic gastritis (26.2%). The main symptom was epigastric pain (64.3%) and the predominant signs were hematemesis and melena, both in 16.7% of cases. The main endoscopic findings were the ulcerated type of gastric cancer and a location at the level of the body (56.1% and 29.3% respectively). The diffuse-type adenocarcinoma was the predominant histologic type (56.4%), and the early diagnosis of gastric cancer is the key to a successful treatment.

Mediante la sustitución del Índice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor por su versión democrática y por los índices de precios por ciudad se actualizaron, por estado, los ingresos corrientes monetarios y no monetarios, y los valores de las canastas alimentaria y no alimentaria. Así se obtuvieron algunas mediciones alternativas de las estimaciones de pobreza multidimensional extrema, moderada y vulnerable por ingreso. En algunos casos los valores propuestos fueron mayores y en otros menores respecto a los estimados por el Coneval. Con la intención de poner en perspectiva el ejercicio realizado y abordar brevemente la economía política de la medición económica, cerramos con algunas reflexiones finales.

Introduction: Celiac disease is the most common chronic enteropathy in the world, but its occurrence in children with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in our environment is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in children with chronic digestive symptoms. Methods: A prospective study was carried out from January 2008 to April 2011 at the José Luis Miranda Pediatric University Hospital in Santa Clara. It included 535 infants in which anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies was screened. Duodenal transendoscopic biopsies were taken, which were interpreted according to the Marsh-Oberhuber classification and were related to the serological test. The diagnostic efficacy of the antibodies was assessed and the frequency of celiac disease was estimated. Results: Only 11 patients were positive for antibody determination (2.1%). The predominant type of anatomo-pathologic lesion in patients who were positive for antibodies was typical of celiac disease (9 boys, 75%). There was an agreement between the serological and histopathological diagnosis of the duodenum (K=0.78, p

Utilizando los microdatos de las ENIGH se calculó la pobreza estatal por ingresos en las once entidades que tuvieron una ampliación de muestra para el periodo 2000-2008. Los índices de precios al consumidor por ciudad, y no el nacional, reflejan mejor el nivel de precios al que se enfrentan los consumidores dentro de los estados. Por lo que, tanto los valores de las canastas alimentarias como los ingresos reales se actualizaron utilizando los índices de precios locales. Respecto de las mediciones efectuadas por el CONEVAL, en algunos casos, las variaciones obtenidas resultaron por encima y otras por debajo. El análisis de estática comparativa reveló que las diferencias reflejan básicamente los cambios en los valores de las canastas y no los cambios en los ingresos. Con la intención de poner en perspectiva el ejercicio realizado y abordar brevemente la economía política de la medición de la pobreza en México, este análisis cierra con algunas reflexiones. Clasificación JEL: I32, C43, D30.

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