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It has been proposed that primary care diagnose and treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, a care circuit between primary and specialized care based on electronic consultation (EC) can be just as efficient in the micro-elimination of HCV. It is proposed to study characteristics and predictive factors of continuity of care in a circuit between primary and specialized care.From February/2018 to December/2019, all EC between primary and specialized care were evaluated and those due to HCV were identified. Variables for regression analysis and to identify predictors of completing the care cascade were recorded.From 8098 EC, 138 were performed by 89 (29%) general practitioners over 118 patients (median 50.8 years; 74.6% men) and were related to HCV (1.9%). Ninety-two patients (78%) were diagnosed6 months ago, and 26.3% met criteria for late presentation. Overall, 105 patients required assessment by the hepatologist, 82% (n=86) presented for the appointment, of which 67.6% (n=71) were viraemic, 98.6% of known. Finally, 61.9% (n=65) started treatment. Late-presenting status was identified as an independent predictor to complete the care cascade (OR 1.93, CI 1.71-1.99, p0.001).Communication pathway between Primary and Specialized Care based on EC is effective in avoiding significant losses of viraemic patients. However, the referral rate is very low, high in late-stage diagnoses, heterogeneous, and low in new diagnoses. Therefore, early detection strategies for HCV infection in primary care are urgently needed.

Achieving adequate bowel cleansing is of utmost importance for the efficiency of colon capsule endoscopy (CCE). However, information about predictive factors is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the predictive factors of poor bowel cleansing in the CCE setting.In this observational study, 126 patients who underwent CCE at two tertiary care hospitals were included between June 2017 and January 2020. Participants prepared for bowel cleansing with a 1-day clear liquid diet, a 4-L split-dose polyethylene glycol regimen and boosters with sodium phosphate, sodium amidotrizoate and meglumine amidotrizoate. Domperidone tablets and bisacodyl suppositories were administered when needed. Overall and per-segment bowel cleansing was evaluated using a CCE cleansing score. Simple and multiple logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess poor bowel cleansing and excretion rate predictors.Overall bowel cleansing was optimal in 53 patients (50.5%). Optimal per-segment bowel cleansing was achieved as follows: cecum (86 patients; 74.8%), transverse colon (91 patients; 81.3%), distal colon (81 patients; 75%) and rectum (64 patients; 66.7%). In the univariate analysis, elderly (OR, 1.03; 95% CI (1.01-1.076)) and constipation (OR, 3.82; 95% CI (1.50-9.71)) were associated with poor bowel cleansing. In the logistic regression analysis, constipation (OR, 3.77; 95% CI (1.43-10.0)) was associated with poor bowel cleansing. No variables were significantly associated with the CCE device excretion rate.Our results suggest that constipation is the most powerful predictor of poor bowel cleansing in the CCE setting. Tailored cleansing protocols should be recommended for these patients.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive disease that ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) are implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. However, the overlapping consequences of CIH on liver sinusoidal endothelial function over time in NAFLD are largely unknown. We explored endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of NAFLD with a high-fat diet exposed to CIH [12 h/day, every 30 s to fractional concentration of oxygen ([Formula: see text] 8%-10%]. The livers were isolated and perfused, and the endothelial function was determined by testing the vasodilation of the liver circulation to increased concentrations of acetylcholine and von Willebrand factor (vWF) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression. Phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), cGMP, and oxidative stress were assessed to determine nitric oxide bioavailability. Inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated by transaminases, myeloperoxidase activity, hydroxyproline, and histological evaluation. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) were studied as a marker of hypoxia and after a second insult with acetaminophen. CIH exposure provoked typical systemic features of OSAS and provoked a decreased response in vasodilation to acetylcholine. This was associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced p-eNOS and cGMP. The microcirculation impairment due to CIH preceded significant hepatic inflammation and fibrotic changes, despite the presence of HIF expression. In conclusion, CIH exacerbates endothelial dysfunction in NAFLD rats associated with increased oxidative stress and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. This occurs before inflammation and fibrosis establish. Our results suggest that with CIH endothelial dysfunction should be considered an early target.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, ambulatory clinic visits were replaced by the implementation of telehealth modalities in most IBD units. Aims: To assess the efficacy, efficiency, patient satisfaction, and acceptability of using telephone consultation in an IBD unit. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed in IBD patients who underwent telephone consultation during COVID-19 lockdown (between 16th March and 13th April 2020). To assess the efficacy of this telephone consultation (lockdown-visit), non-scheduled visits, emergency consultation, hospital admission, and surgery from lockdown-visit to the next scheduled consultation (post-lockdown) were checked. To evaluate efficiency, the time between lockdown -visit and post- lockdown consultation were compared with previous consultation (pre-lockdown), and the total number of visits 12 months before and after lockdown -visit were checked. A telephone survey was designed to rate perception for a telephone consultation. Results: Out of a total of 274 patients, 220 patients (52.2% male; mean age 49±16 years; Crohn´s disease n=126, ulcerative colitis n=83, indeterminate colitis n=11) were included. Only one patient was consulted at the emergency department, 11 patients needed to rearrange the visit and none patient underwent surgery before the scheduled post- lockdown visit. The interval to post-lockdown visit compared to pre-lockdown visit increased in 37.7% of patients. The satisfaction survey (n=185) revealed that 94.6% perceived it was effective. However, 44.4% of patients rather prefer on-site consultation for follow-up. Conclusions: Telemedicine during the COVID-pandemic shows to be effective and efficient to care for IBD patients. In addition, telephone consultation is well accepted by patients in non-extended follow-up periods.

Introduction: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are an opportunity for hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination. Strategies are needed to diagnose new patients and to attract those diagnosed without evaluation. Patients with other chronic viral diseases who receive satisfactory treatment promote referral of other patients for evaluation. Our aim was to evaluate whether patients who have been treated with DAAs would recommend follow-up and treatment to other patients as well as the characteristics that influence this decision. Patients and methods: Two-hundred and 2 HCV-infected patients treated with DAAs were included. Patients were asked about whether they knew other infected people and their willingness to share their experience. A general satisfaction survey and a specific HCV satisfaction survey were carried out. Demographic, socioeconomic and HCV infection variables were recorded. Results: Despite the fact that 54.4% of the patients reported knowing others infected, 34.2% would not fully agree to share their experience. The analysis of general and specific satisfaction showed that patients who shared their experience mentioned a perception of greater care from the specialist (4.7 ± 0.4 vs. 4.3 ± 0.6, P=.001) and had more information on treatment expectations (4.6 ± 0.5 vs. 4.0 ± 0.7, P=.001) and social support (4.5 ± 0.7 vs. 4.0 ± 0.8, P=.001). Conclusions: The perception by treated patients of general satisfaction with the healthcare process and information about benefits influences the degree of recommendation to other infected people. Knowledge about treatment and perception of improvement in health of treated patients should be enhanced as it can contribute to increasing referrals to specialized consultation.

Microelimination strategies for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in vulnerable populations, such as users of Addiction Centres (AC), are key for the elimination of hepatitis C. The aim of the HepCelentes project was to design a certification program for AC from the generation of a guide with the criteria to favour the prevention, diagnosis, control, and treatment of HCV in Spain. The project was structured in 4 phases: normalisation, implementation, certification, and communication. In the first phase, developed between July and December 2020, a Steering Committee was created (formed by representatives of scientific societies, healthcare professionals from AC, primary care centres and hospital units, and patient associations) that, from of an exhaustive bibliographic review, generated by consensus an accreditation guide for AC. The guide consists of 22 criteria (15 mandatory and 7 recommended) structured based on the requirements to be met by AC, justification for the selection, level of action (management, prevention, diagnosis and treatment/follow-up), measurement of the indicator, objective level to be achieved, evidence of compliance, clarifications to improve understanding, and mandatory / recommendation (depending on their relevance to achieve HCV elimination and its feasibility for implementation in real practice). The development of a certification system for the AC, based on consensus and coordination of multidisciplinary teams, is intended to favour the management of hepatitis C and its elimination in AC users, supporting the international, national, and regional elimination strategies.Las estrategias de microeliminación del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) en poblaciones vulnerables, como los usuarios de los centros de adicciones (CA), son fundamentales para lograr la eliminación de la hepatitis C. El objetivo del proyecto HepCelentes fue diseñar un programa de certificación para los CA, a partir de la generación de una guía con los criterios para favorecer la prevención, diagnóstico, control y tratamiento del VHC en España. El proyecto se estructuró en 4 fases: normalización, implementación, certificación y comunicación. En la primera fase, desarrollada entre julio y diciembre de 2020, se creó un Comité de Normalización (formado por representantes de sociedades científicas, profesionales sanitarios de CA, centros de atención primaria, unidades hospitalarias, y asociaciones de pacientes) que, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva, generó por consenso una guía de certificación de los CA. La guía consta de 22 criterios (15 obligatorios y 7 recomendados) estructurados en base a la definición del criterio, justificación de su selección, nivel de actuación (gestión, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento/seguimiento), fórmula de medición, nivel objetivo a alcanzar, evidencias de su cumplimiento, aclaraciones para mejorar su comprensión y obligatoriedad/recomendación (en función de la relevancia en la eliminación y capacidad de implementación). El desarrollo de un sistema de certificación para los CA, a partir del consenso y la coordinación de equipos multidisciplinares, pretende favorecer el manejo de la hepatitis C y su eliminación en los usuarios de los CA, apoyando las estrategias de eliminación internacionales, nacionales y autonómicas.

Growing evidence indicates that artificial intelligence (AI) applied to medicine is here to stay. In gastroenterology, AI computer vision applications have been stated as a research priority. The two main AI system categories are computer-aided polyp detection (CADe) and computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx). However, other fields of expansion are those related to colonoscopy quality, such as methods to objectively assess colon cleansing during the colonoscopy, as well as devices to automatically predict and improve bowel cleansing before the examination, predict deep submucosal invasion, obtain a reliable measurement of colorectal polyps and accurately locate colorectal lesions in the colon. Although growing evidence indicates that AI systems could improve some of these quality metrics, there are concerns regarding cost-effectiveness, and large and multicentric randomized studies with strong outcomes, such as post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, are lacking. The integration of all these tasks into one quality-improvement device could facilitate the incorporation of AI systems in clinical practice. In this manuscript, the current status of the role of AI in colonoscopy is reviewed, as well as its current applications, drawbacks and areas for improvement.

Artificial intelligence-based computer-aid detection (CADe) devices have been recently tested in colonoscopies, increasing the adenoma detection rate (ADR), mainly in Asian populations. However, there is still low evidence for the benefit of these devices in the occidental population. We tested a new CADe device, namely, ENDO-AID (OIP-1) (Olympus, Japan), in clinical practice.This randomized controlled trial included 370 consecutive patients who were randomized 1:1 to CADe (n=185) versus standard exploration (n=185) from November 2021 to January 2022. The primary endpoint was the ADR. Advanced adenoma was defined as ≥ 10mm, harboring high grade dysplasia or with villous pattern. Otherwise, the adenoma was nonadvanced. ADR was assessed in both groups stratified by endoscopist ADR and colon cleansing.In the intention-to-treat analysis the ADR was 55.1% (n=102/185) in the CADe group and 43.8% (n=81/185) in the control group (P=0.029). Nonadvanced ADRs (54.8% vs. 40.8%, P=0.01) and flat ADRs (39.4 vs. 24.8, P=0.006), polyp detection rate (67.1% vs. 51%; P=0.004) and number of adenomas per colonoscopy were significantly higher in the CADe group than in the control group (median [Percentile 25Colonoscopy assisted by ENDO-AID (OIP-1) increases ADR and APC, suggesting that it may prevent the overlooking of colorectal neoplastic lesions, especially because of its detection of diminutive and flat adenomas.

Significant human and material resources have been diverted to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Healthcare workers are at high risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastroenterology and hepatology departments and specialists in Spain.This study involves a nationwide survey addressing the impact of COVID-19 on resources, procedures, and physicians of gastroenterology and hepatology departments in 81 hospitals representative of the Spanish National Health Service.Overall, 41.8% of hospital beds and 40.7% of gastroenterology and hepatology beds were allocated to COVID-19 patient care, as well as 24.8% of gastroenterologists and 58.3% of residents. Outpatient visits, abdominal ultrasounds, and endoscopies were reduced by 81.8-91.9%. Nine large university hospitals had 75% and 89% reductions in therapeutic endoscopies and hepatocellular carcinoma surgery, respectively, with cancelation of elective liver transplant and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Prevalence of infected physicians was 10.6% and was dependent on regional population incidence (r = 0.74, P = 0.001), with 11% hospitalized and one physician dying. Up to 63.4% of physicians may have been infected before or shortly after Spain entered lockdown, 57% of them having recently performed endoscopies. Adequate protection was acknowledged in 80% hospitals, but only 2.9% performed regular SARS-CoV-2 testing.The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare delivery has been massive. A wave of gastroenterology-related complications is expected because of resource diversion. Gastroenterologists have a high prevalence of infection, although they may have been infected during a first phase of lower awareness and protection. Regular SARS-CoV-2 screening, adequate protection, and quick reorganization of healthcare resources are still needed.

Resumen Introduccion La infeccion por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC) es curable en la mayoria de los casos tratados, siendo actualmente una prioridad diagnosticar a todos los infectados. Para ello se necesitan, especialmente en poblaciones de dificil diagnostico, metodos diagnosticos simples, como es el uso de muestras de gotas de sangre seca (GSS), como alternativa a la extraccion de sangre mediante venopuncion. Como paso previo para poder implantarlo como metodo diagnostico de deteccion de pacientes con VHC dentro del Sistema Nacional de Salud se precisa evaluar la precision diagnostica en equipos de uso hospitalario habitual. Metodologia Se evaluaron in vitro y en ensayo de campo muestras de GSS tras ser procesadas en el equipo Cobas 6800, estableciendo una correlacion con el resultado obtenido con sangre completa. Se realizaron pruebas de correlacion y de variabilidad intraensayo de la determinacion con sangre completa y GSS para cuantificar la carga viral del VHC. Resultados En muestras de sangre completa, con una carga viral ≥ 3 log10 UI/ml, se detecto viremia en todos los casos cuando se utilizaron eluciones de 2 gotas (94 detecciones de 95 eluciones de circulos). El rendimiento con 2 gotas fue menor en muestras con Conclusion La determinacion de la carga viral mediante GSS, procesando al menos 2 gotas, es un metodo fiable para el diagnostico de infeccion por el VHC. La estandarizacion del metodo es factible en nuestro equipo Cobas 6800 local, y nuestros resultados respaldan la incorporacion de esta herramienta diagnostica al Sistema Nacional de Salud para facilitar planes de microeliminacion.

Introduction Because hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is curable in the majority of cases, the diagnosis of all infected patients has become a priority. In difficult-to-diagnose populations, simpler diagnostic methods are required such as the use of dried blood spots (DBS) as an alternative to blood drawn by venipuncture (VP). Before being able to include it as a HCV diagnostic detection method within the Spanish National Health System, the diagnostic accuracy of standard hospital equipment must be evaluated. Methodology DBS samples were evaluated in vitro and in a field test after being processed in the Cobas 6800 system, establishing a correlation with the result by VP. Performance with different viral loads and intra-assay variability was compared. Results In samples with a viral load of >3 log10 IU/ml, viraemia was detected in all cases when at least two blood spot elutions were used (94 detections out of 95 spot elutions). The performance with 2 spots was lower in samples with Conclusion Viral load detection using DBS of at least two spots is a reliable method for HCV diagnosis. The standardisation of the method is feasible and our results support the incorporation of this diagnostic tool in Spain's Public Health System.

Background & Aims: Information on safety and efficacy of systemic treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) under dialysis are limited due to patient exclusion from clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the rate, prevalence, tolerability, and outcome of sorafenib in this population. Methods: We report a multicenter study comprising patients from Latin America and Europe. Patients treated with sorafenib were enrolled; demographics, dose modifications, adverse events (AEs), treatment duration, and outcome of patients undergoing dialysis were recorded. Results: As of March 2018, 6156 HCC patients were treated in 44 centres and 22 patients were concomitantly under dialysis (0.36%). The median age was 65.5years, 40.9% had hepatitis C, 75% had Child-Pugh A, and 85% were Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer-C. The median time to first dose modification, treatment duration and overall survival rate were 2.4months (interquartile ranges [IQR], 0.8-3.8), 10.8months (IQR, 4.5-16.9), and 17.5months (95% CI, 7.2-24.5), respectively. Seventeen patients required at least 1 dose modification. The main causes of first dose modification were asthenia/worsening of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status and diarrhoea. At the time of death or last follow-up, four patients were still on treatment and 18 had discontinued sorafenib: 14 were due to tumour progression, 2 were sorafenib-related, and 2 were non-sorafenib-related AE. Conclusions: The outcomes observed in this cohort seem comparable to those in the non-dialysis population. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest and most informative dataset regarding systemic treatment outcomes in HCC patients undergoing dialysis.

Objective Many hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients have a suboptimal diagnosis. Particularly, the characteristics and risk of fibrosis progression of HCV antibody-positive patients without RNA testing are unknown. Methods Patients with a positive HCV antibody performed during 2005-2007 were classified based on RNA request and result until January 2017. Fibrosis was estimated with serologic scores. Results Of the 38 246 HCV tests performed, 791 (2.01%) patients tested positive. At the end of the follow-up (median 128.6 months, range 109.8-145.9), 49.43% (n = 391) of the subjects did not have RNA testing, 13.02% (n = 103) had undetectable RNA, and 37.55% (n = 297) had detectable RNA. After excluding patients without data for AST to platelet ratio index calculation (n = 334), patients without RNA testing (n = 122) compared with RNA undetectable (n = 92) were more frequently men (68.9 versus 46.7%), alcohol (52.6 versus 38.2%) and drug (53.0 versus 39.1%) users, lacking social support (50.4 versus 29.3%), and showed higher basal fibrosis. Patients without RNA testing had a significantly higher increase in the percentage of patients with ≥F2 (P = 0.035) and cirrhosis (P = 0.022). The relative risk for ≥F2 and cirrhosis in patients without RNA testing was 3.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.54-5.98] and 4.31 (95% CI: 1.42-13.10), respectively. Non-RNA request was an independent predictor factor for progression to cirrhosis. Conclusion In our cohort, patients with positive HCV antibody without RNA testing were more likely to be people at risk of social exclusion with an increased risk of fibrosis progression, because non-RNA request was a predictor for cirrhosis. Therefore, we urge support measures and strategies to link to care these difficult-to-treat populations.

BACKGROUND Many patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection remain infradiagnosed and untreated. In a national health system with unrestricted access to treatment, our aims were to assess the level of compliance with clinical guidelines and the characteristics and risk of fibrosis progression in patients with suboptimal diagnosis. METHODS In a cohort of patients with positive hepatitis B surface antigen from January 2011 to December 2013, data were registered to assess characteristics and compliance with guidelines. For assessing the risk of liver fibrosis, positive hepatitis B surface antigen patients from January 2008 to December 2013 were grouped depending on DNA request. Liver fibrosis was estimated by serological scores. RESULTS Of 41 158 subjects with hepatitis B surface antigen request, 351 (0.9%) tested positive, and DNA was not available from 110 patients (66.4% male, mean 42.4 ± 14.5 years) after a median of 25.6 months (range 12.0-43.5). Most of these patients (76%) were assessed by primary care. Half of the patients (47.2%) showed hypertransaminasemia, at least significant fibrosis, or both conditions. After long follow-up (mean 90.1 ± 45.2 months), these patients had a higher risk of achieving at least significant fibrosis during follow-up (log-rank 8.73; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION In more than one-third of patients with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, DNA was not requested despite showing hypertransaminasemia and significant fibrosis. Patients without DNA request are at high risk of liver fibrosis progression. Thus, educational measures and other strategies are necessary, especially targeting primary care, to improve access to treatment.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on hepatitis C virus (HCV) diagnosis by hindering the path to elimination, although probably in an uneven manner depending on the risk group and diagnostic strategy.We recorded the requests of antibodies/RNA by venipuncture at the hospital and primary care centres (centralised), as well as the requests via venipuncture or dried blood spot test at prison and drug treatment centres referred for central processing (integrated decentralised), for one year before and after the onset of the COVID-19 health alarm.A total of 20,600 tests (51% male, 47.9±15.8 years) were recorded. Among them, 96.5% of the cases came from centralised and 3.5% from decentralised settings, with an active infection rate of 0.2% and 2.3% (p0.001), respectively. There was a 31.3% decrease in the number of requests during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period, which was more pronounced in decentralised diagnosis than centralised (60 vs. 30%, p0.001). In addition, there was a 31.5% decline in screening and an 18.2% decrease in the diagnosis of new cases of active infection, showing a statistically significant decrease in decentralised compared to centralised diagnosis.During the COVID-19 pandemic, a decline in HCV diagnostic effort has been observed, especially in decentralised strategies with a higher prevalence of infection. Our results suggest a diagnostic delay that will prevent Spain from reaching the elimination target in 2023, and therefore the reactivation of strategies particularly targeting the priority groups is urgently required.

Chronic infection due to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is frequently asymptomatic even in advanced stages of liver disease. Implementation of a screening programme based on different HCV tests might enable earlier diagnosis of HCV liver disease and subsequent application of highly effective treatment.A Markov model which compares three different screening strategies for hepatitis C versus no-screening in low-risk prevalence (general population) and high-risk prevalence population (people who inject drugs or prison population) was designed taking into account age at the start of screening and participation. The three strategies were: 1) serological detection of antibodies against the HCV, 2) dried blood spot test (DBS) to detect antibodies against HCV and, 3) for detecting RNA from HCV. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were taken as a measurement of effectiveness. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated and a deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed.All three screening strategies were found to be cost-effective with an ICER of €13,633, €12,015 and €12,328/QALY for antiHCV, DBS-AntiHCV and DBS-RNA HCV, respectively. There was a decrease in mortality due to liver disease in comparison to no-screening for antiHCV (40.7% and 52%), DBS-AntiHCV (45% and 80%) and DBS-RNA HCV (45.2% and 80%) for low-prevalence and high-prevalence populations, respectively.All test interventions for HCV screening are cost-effective for early detection of HCV infection, achieving also a reduction in mortality. Thus, implementation of screening programmes for HCV should not be halted by decisions on monetary policy.

Back in January 2022, an EASL-Lancet Commission on the impact of liver disorders in the European region commissioned by the WHO demonstrated that this condition is, actually, the second leading cause of loss of labor years in Europe after ischemic heart disease (1). This is a very relevant piece of information since this is something that is going to impact the new generations of Europeans unless a significant change is made in public health policies. Despite the advances made over the last few years in hepatitis C virus clearance-understood as a significant reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with Hepatitis B and C viruses-there are still challenges ahead to improve liver health due to the high use of alcohol, and the inseparable triad obesity / diabetes mellitus / metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Also, access to healthcare for several population groups at risk of presenting higher rates of liver disease has become a problem.

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Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) is the most prevalent cause of advanced liver disease and liver cirrhosis in Europe, including Spain. According to the World Health Organization the fraction of liver cirrhosis attributable to alcohol use in Spain is 73.8% among men and 56.3% among women. ARLD includes various stages such as steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. In addition, patients with underlying ARLD and heavy alcohol intake may develop alcoholic hepatitis, which is associated with high mortality. To date, the only effective treatment to treat ARLD is prolonged withdrawal. There are no specific treatments, and the only treatment that increases life expectancy in alcoholic hepatitis is prednisolone. For patients with alcoholic hepatitis who do not respond to treatment, some centres offer the possibility of an early transplant. These clinical practice guidelines aim to propose recommendations on ARLD taking into account their relevance as a cause of advanced chronic liver disease and liver cirrhosis in our setting. This paper aims to answer the key questions for the clinical practice of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, as well as Internal Medicine and Primary Health Centres, making the most up-to-date information regarding the management and treatment of ARLD available to health professionals. These guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for the clinical management of this disease.

Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, solo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAM, To assess whether corticosteroids improve prognosis in patients with AS-AIH, and to identify factors at therapy initiation and during therapy predictive of the response to corticosteroids. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study including all patients with AS-AIH admitted to 13 tertiary centres from January 2002 to January 2019. The composite primary outcome was death or liver transplantation within 90 days of admission. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression methods were used for data analysis. Results: Of 242 consecutive patients enrolled (mean age [SD] 49.7 [16.8] years), 203 received corticosteroids. Overall 90-day transplant-free survival was 61.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 55.4–67.7). Corticosteroids reduced the risk of a poor outcome (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.25; 95% CI 0.2–0.4), but this treatment failed in 30.5%. An internally validated nomogram composed of older age, MELD, encephalopathy and ascites at the initiation of corticosteroids accurately predicted the response (C-index 0.82; [95% CI 0.8–0.9]). In responders, MELD significantly improved from days 3 to 14 but remained unchanged in non-responders. MELD on day 7 with a cut-off of 25 (sensitivity 62.5%[95% CI: 47.0–75.8]; specificity 95.2% [95% CI: 89.9–97.8]) was the best univariate predictor of the response. Prolonging corticosteroids did not increase the overall infection risk (adjusted HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.3–2.1). Conclusion: Older patients with high MELD, encephalopathy or ascites at steroid therapy initiation and during treatment are unlikely to show a favourable response and so prolonged therapy in these patients, especially if they are transplantation candidates, should be avoided, This study was supported in part by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, number PI20/01302, awarded to Agustín Albillos and number PI 21/01310, awarded to Luis Téllez. CIBEREHD is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III using grants cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe” (EDRF). María Carlota Londoño received support from the Plan Nacional de I+D+I co- funded by ISCIII-Subdirección General de Evaluación and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER-"Una manera de Hacer Europa") (PI17/00955)

We recently reported our experience searching for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) who were lost in the health system. Our search of databases in 4 hospitals, 3 of which were tertiary institutions, revealed that sufficient data were available to ensure a reliable diagnosis (i.e., cholestasis, positive antimitochondrial antibody titer, and no other liver disease) in 14.3 % (100/697) of PBC cases. However, patients remained undiagnosed, thus missing an opportunity to start early treatment and follow-up. Even more strikingly, of 30 rescued patients, 27 % had an elastography result indicating a poorer prognosis (9.5 kPa).

Background. Insulin resistance (IR) has been linked to inflammatory states. The aim of this study was to determine whether IR is increased in a cohort of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients with low disease activity. We additionally intended to establish which factors were the determinants of IR in this population, including the presence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods. Cross-sectional study encompassing 151 IBD patients and 174 non-diabetic controls. Insulin and C-peptide serum levels and IR and beta cell function (%B) indices based on homoeostatic model assessment (HOMA2) were assessed in patients and controls. Liver stiffness as measured by transient elastography, and the presence of NAFLD detected via ultrasound were additionally assessed. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate the differences in IR indexes between patients and controls, and to determine which predictor factors were associated with IR in IBD patients. Results. Neither HOMA2-IR (beta coef. −0.26 {95%CI −0.64–0.13}, p = 0.19) nor HOMA2-%B (beta coef. 15 {95%CI −14–44}, p = 0.31) indexes differed between patients and controls after fully multivariable analysis. Among classic IR risk factors, obesity, abdominal circumference, and triglycerides significantly and positively correlated with IR indexes in IBD patients. However, most features related to IBD, such as disease patterns, disease activity, and inflammatory markers, were not associated with IR. The presence of NAFLD was independently and significantly associated with beta cell dysfunction in patients with IBD (HOMA2—B grade 4, 251 ± 40 vs. grade 1, 107 ± 37, p = &lt, 0.001). Conclusions. IR is not increased in IBD patients with low disease activity compared to controls. However, the presence of NAFLD favors the development of IR in patients with IBD.

Background In the non-interferon era, many patients still remain untested for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our aim was to determine if media coverage, number and type of news, can influence the rate of HCV testing. Methods For each calendar year we searched from national, regional and local newspapers for articles published related to HCV between 2001 and 2013 (interferon era) and 2014–2018 (non-interferon era) and the HCV tests performed. Demographics, provider data and test result were collected from patients tested. Results During the studied period, 21 913 press articles were found, and we identified a total of 293 226 HCV tests. A total of 9778 HCV tests from 5237 patients tested positive (1.88%). An inverse correlation was found between media coverage and the number of HCV tests during the interferon era (r2 = −0.558, P = 0.024), where news concerning epidemiology and burden of the disease were more frequent. By contrast, in the non-interferon era a strong correlation was observed (r2 = 0.900, P = 0.019), where news related to treatment prevailed. Conclusion Our results show that media coverage on HCV fluctuate so the type of news. It remains to be prospectively evaluated if well designed publicity campaigns about the benefits of HCV screening and treatment influences on HCV testing.

[EN]: The Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH) is convinced that the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Spain is possible as long as we are able to use the resources and tools necessary for it. This document reflects the position of the AEEH regarding the elimination of HCV, establishing a wide range of recommendations that can be grouped into five categories: 1) Screening of HCV according to age, of the existence of classic acquisition risk factors of infection, active search of previously diagnosed patients and development of micro-elimination strategies in vulnerable populations; 2) Simplification of HCV diagnosis (one-step diagnosis and diagnosis at the point of patient care); 3) Simplification of patient treatment and improvement of care circuits; 4) Health policy measures, and, finally, 5) Establishment of HCV elimination indicators., [ES]: La Asociación Española para el Estudio del Hígado (AEEH) está convencida de que la eliminación de la hepatitis C en España es posible siempre y cuando seamos capaces de emplear los recursos y las herramientas necesarias para la misma. Este documento refleja la posición de la AEEH respecto a la eliminación del virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), estableciendo una amplia serie de recomendaciones que se pueden agrupar en cinco categorías: 1) cribado del VHC en función de la edad, de la existencia de factores de riesgo clásicos de adquisición de la infección, búsqueda activa de pacientes diagnosticados con anterioridad y desarrollo de estrategias de microeliminación en poblaciones vulnerables; 2) simplificación del diagnóstico del VHC (diagnóstico en un solo paso y diagnóstico en el punto de atención del paciente); 3) simplificación del tratamiento de los pacientes y mejora de los circuitos asistenciales; 4) medidas de política sanitaria, y, finalmente, 5) establecimiento de indicadores de eliminación del VHC.

Background The aim of this study was to assess whether a 3-day low-residue diet (LRD) improved bowel cleansing quality compared with a 1-day LRD regimen. Methods Consecutive patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy were randomized to the 1-day LRD or 3-day LRD groups. All patients received a 2-L split-dose of polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid. The primary outcome was bowel cleansing quality as evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) (adequate cleansing ≥ 2 points per segment). Secondary outcomes were adherence to and level of satisfaction with the LRD, difficulty following the dietary recommendations, and willingness to repeat the same LRD in the future. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses were conducted for the primary outcome. A superiority analysis was performed to demonstrate that a 3-day LRD regimen was superior to a 1-day LRD regimen with a margin of 10 %. Results 390 patients (1-day LRD group = 196, 3-day LRD = 194) were included. The cleansing quality was not significantly different between the groups: ITT analysis 82.7 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 77.4 to 88.0) vs. 85.6 % (95 %CI 80.7 to 90.5), with odds ratio (OR) 1.2 (95 %CI 0.72 to 2.15); PP analysis 85.0 % (95 %CI 79.9 to 90.1) vs. 88.6 % (95 %CI 84.0 to 93.2), with OR 1.4 (95 %CI 0.88 to 2.52). No differences were found regarding adherence to the diet or cleansing solution, satisfaction or difficulty with the LRD, and the polyp/adenoma detection rates. Conclusion 3-day LRD did not offer advantages over 1-day LRD in preparation for colonoscopy.

The addition of carotid ultrasound into cardiovascular (CV) risk scores has been found to be effective in identifying patients with chronic inflammatory diseases at high-CV risk. We aimed to determine if its use would facilitate the reclassification of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) into the very high-CV-risk category and whether this may be related to disease features. In this cross-sectional study encompassing 186 IBD patients and 175 controls, Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), disease activity measurements, and the presence of carotid plaques by ultrasonography were assessed. Reclassification was compared between patients and controls. A multivariable regression analysis was performed to evaluate if the risk of reclassification could be explained by disease-related features and to assess the influence of traditional CV risk factors on this reclassification. After evaluation of carotid ultrasound, a significantly higher frequency of reclassification was found in patients with IBD compared to controls (35% vs. 24%, p = 0.030). When this analysis was performed only on subjects included in the SCORE low-CV-risk category, 21% IBD patients compared to 11% controls (p = 0.034) were reclassified into the very high-CV-risk category. Disease-related data, including disease activity, were not associated with reclassification after fully multivariable regression analysis. Traditional CV risk factors showed a similar influence over reclassification in patients and controls. However, LDL-cholesterol disclosed a higher effect in controls compared to patients (beta coef. 1.03 (95%CI 1.02-1.04) vs. 1.01 (95%CI 1.00-1.02), interaction p = 0.035) after adjustment for confounders. In conclusion, carotid plaque assessment is useful to identify high-CV risk IBD patients. Funding: This work was supported by a grant to I.F-A. from the Spanish Ministry of Health, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación, Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013–2016 and by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional—FEDER—(Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, FIS PI14/00394, PI17/00083).

This study examined the effects of a large-scale flipped learning (FL) approach in an undergraduate course of Digestive System Diseases.This prospective non-randomized trial recruited 404 students over three academic years. In 2016, the course was taught entirely in a Traditional Lecture (TL) style, in 2017 half of the course (Medical topics) was replaced by FL while the remaining half (Surgical topics) was taught by TL and in 2018, the whole course was taught entirely by FL. Academic performance, class attendance and student's satisfaction surveys were compared between cohorts.Test scores were higher in the FL module (Medical) than in the TL module (Surgical) in the 2017 cohort but were not different when both components were taught entirely by TL (2016) or by FL (2018). Also, FL increased the probability of reaching superior grades (scores7.0) and improved class attendance and students' satisfaction.The holistic FL model is more effective for teaching undergraduate clinical gastroenterology compared to traditional teaching methods and has a positive impact on classroom attendances.

Identification of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients should be a mainstay before starting treatment; however, the limited access of many centres to transient elastography (TE) is often a barrier for early assessments. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of serum indexes for predicting liver stiffness. Retrospective analysis of HCV patients (with or without HIV coinfection) routinely assessed in 7 centres in Spain. The diagnostic accuracy of aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), and their combinations was evaluated using a recent TE examination as a reference test (liver stiffness ≥ 9.5 kPa and ≥12.5 kPa for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively). In addition to area under the receiving operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value were estimated. The analysis included 1391 patients: 346 (25%) HIV-positive, 732 (53%) people who inject drugs, and 178 (13%) incarcerated. Advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis were found in 557 (40%) and 351 (25%) patients, respectively. APRI 2 and FIB-4 > 3.25 (n = 134; 10%) had a positive predictive value of 89% for advanced fibrosis. Globally, this approach would avoid the need for TE in 53% of patients. HIV coinfection did not influence diagnostic accuracy. Inexpensive and simple serum indexes confidently allowed identifying the absence of cirrhosis and the presence of advanced fibrosis in 53% of a heterogeneous series of real-world HCV patients with or without HIV infection.