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ABSTRACTVaccines may alter the ability to combat infections unrelated to the target disease, i.e. have “nonspecific effects.” The non-live Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine (DTP) has been associated with increased child mortality, especially for females. In 2008, the DTP-containing Pentavalent vaccine replaced DTP vaccine in Guinea-Bissau. We investigate female relative to male mortality after Penta vaccination. In Guinea-Bissau, Bandim Health Project (BHP) registered children’s vaccination and vital status at biannual village visits and provided vaccines. Among children Penta-vaccinated by BHP, we compared mortality of males and females in Cox proportional hazards models. Children aged 6 weeks to 8 months entered the analysis at the date of vaccination and were followed for up to 6 months. Between September 2008 and December 2017, 33,989 children aged 6 weeks to 8 months were under surveillance. Of these 12,753 (females: 6,363; males: 6,390) received Penta by the BHP and entered the study contributing with 19,667 observations. The mortality rate following Penta vaccination was 25.2 per 1,000 person years for females and 26.6 for males, resulting in an adjusted Female/Male mortality rate ratio of (F/M aMRR) 1.01 (0.82–1.25). The association between sex and mortality differed by timeliness of vaccination, F/M aMRR: 0.62 (0.41–0.93) for children vaccinated below median age, and F/M aMRR: 1.38 (0.90–2.13) for children vaccinated above median age. We did not find higher overall mortality in females than males after Penta vaccination. Our findings suggest that mortality differences between males and females following Penta vaccination may depend on timeliness of Penta vaccination.

Bacterial spot (BS) of tomato (S. lycopersicum), caused by Xanthomonas spp., namely X. euvesicatoria (Xeu), is one of the major threats for the production of this crop worldwide. Developing new biocontrol solutions against this disease will allow disease management strategies to be less based on Cu compounds. Nanoclays, such as montmorillonite (NMT), have been under investigation for their antimicrobial activity, or as delivery tools/stabilizers for organic compounds, such as essential oils (EOs), that also possess antimicrobial activity against plant pathogens. This work aims to assess how the application of NMT alone or incorporating S. montana EO on Xeu-infected hosts (var. Oxheart) affects the shoots’ redox status and antioxidant defense mechanisms. In vitro shoots, grown on Murashige and Skoog medium, were divided in two groups, Xeu-infected and uninfected (control) shoots. Shoots of each group were then treated with NMT, S. montana EO, EO-NMT. Results show that the NMT was able to reduce Xeu bacterial amount, while reducing ROS production and keeping the transcript levels of the defense-related genes close to those of the control. When applied to uninfected shoots, the treatments triggered the production of ROS and upregulated the phenylpropanoid and hormone pathway, which suggest that they act as defense elicitors. Globally, the results indicate that NMT has the potential to integrate BS management strategies, due to its antimicrobial activity, and that EO and/or nanoclays could be successfully employed as new disease preventive strategies, since they enhance the healthy shoots’ defense, thus potentially limiting the pathogen establishment.

The objective of the research is to develop a new family of geopolymeric materials and to use an experimental methodology to characterize the mechanical behavior of the materials obtained by alkaline activation of metakaolin using a compound activator. The researchers also intend to study the unknown time evolution of the modulus of elasticity and the influence of the composition of the aggregates on the strength of the material. Like the material’s strength, the results have a direct influence on structural safety evaluations. For the analysis of the mechanical properties of the mixtures, different types of tests were carried out: Flexural and compression tests on parallelepipeds and compression tests on cylinders were performed to assess the main strength characteristics of metakaolin-based geopolymers. Regarding the aggregate composition, the results show that the correction of the aggregate particle size line did not improve the mechanical properties. From about 400 h of curing, at ambient temperatures, the mechanical properties of the geopolymeric material are almost invariable. The highest value of the elastic modulus of elasticity occurs around 420 h, at about 18 GPa. The modulus of elasticity is independent of test load rate as per standards, and 1.7‰ strain was observed during maximum compressive stresses in the rupture tests. Also, the secant modulus values at 60% and 80% of maximum stress are within 12% of the value at 40% of maximum stress.

RESUMO Este artigo resulta da investigação sobre a efetividade dos Programas Nacional de Educação Fiscal (PNEF) e Nota Fiscal Paulista (NFP), implementados como instrumentos de construção da cidadania, sob a ótica da responsabilidade social e da ambivalência moral. É resultado, ainda, da análise quanto à efetividade da NFP para o crescimento nominal da arrecadação com o ICMS (imposto sobre circulação de mercadorias e prestação de serviços de transporte e comunicação) nos estados de São Paulo, Santa Catarina e demais estados brasileiros, no período de 2009 a 2016. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, descritivo-exploratória, para a qual se utilizou de estatística descritiva no tratamento e na apresentação dos dados secundários, relacionados à arrecadação tributária. Os resultados obtidos levaram à constatação de que, enquanto o PNEF promove a construção da cidadania, com base na moral da integridade; a NFP incentiva o patrimonialismo e o particularismo, com base na moral do oportunismo, privilegiando a camada mais rica da população em detrimento das mais pobres. Além disso, a NFP acaba por reduzir o montante do repasse constitucional do ICMS aos municípios, à Administração, direta e indireta, e aos demais Poderes. Demonstraram, também, por meio de gráficos, a ausência de efetiva contribuição da NFP para o crescimento nominal com o ICMS no estado de São Paulo. Palavras-chave: Ambivalência moral. Arrecadação tributária. Programa de Educação Fiscal. Programa Nota Fiscal Paulista. Responsabilidade social. ABSTRACT This article investigated the effectiveness of the National Fiscal Education Programs (PNEF) and the Nota Fiscal Paulista Program (NFP) as tools for building citizenship, from the point of view of social responsibility and moral ambivalence. The article also analyzed the effectiveness of NFP for the nominal growth of ICMS collection (tax on goods circulation and provision of transportation and communication services) in the states of São Paulo, Santa Catarina and other Brazilian states, in the period from 2009 to 2016. This is a descriptive-exploratory bibliographical research, with the use of descriptive statistics for treatment and presentation of secondary data related to tax collection. The authors of this article found that while the PNEF promotes the construction of citizenship based on moral integrity, the NFP encourages patrimonialism and particularism based on the morality of opportunism, privileging the richest section of the population to the detriment of the poorest. In addition, the NFP ends up reducing the amount of the ICMS constitutional transfer to the municipalities, to the Administration, direct and indirect, and to the other Powers. Graphs have also shown the absence of effective contribution of NFP to nominal growth with ICMS in the state of São Paulo. Keywords: Moral ambivalence. Nota Fiscal Paulista Program. Social responsability. Tax collection. Tax Education Program.

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O mesotelioma pleural é uma doença associada à exposição ao amianto. Embora raro, é a principal neoplasia maligna da pleura, sendo o seu diagnóstico difícil e o seu prognóstico reservado. O caso clínico apresentado refere-se a um doente de 62 anos, do género masculino, com história ocupacional de exposição prolongada a amianto e clínica arrastada, com meses de evolução, de dispneia para pequenos esforços e tosse produtiva. Imagiologicamente, apresentava um envolvimento intersticial extenso com marcado espessamento dos septos interlobulares e centrilobulares, associado a ténues alterações pleurais. Várias hipóteses diagnósticas foram equacionadas tais como, asbestose, pneumonia organizativa criptogénica, pneumonia intersticial descamativa, metástases pleuropulmonares, e/ou patologia infeciosa broncopulmonar, mas o resultado histológico e imunohistoquímico foi compatível com mesotelioma pleural- uma neoplasia maligna rara, de origem pleural, com uma taxa de mortalidade elevada.

Tomato bacterial spot (Bs), caused by Xanthomonas spp., including X. euvesicatoria (Xeu) remains a major threat for tomato production. The emergence of copper resistance strains of Xeu calls urgently for eco-friendly phytosanitary treatments as sustainable green alternatives for disease control. Satureja spp. essential oil (EO) has antimicrobial activity against xanthomonads and combined with zein nanoparticles (ZNPs), might offer a viable option for field applications. This study aims to evaluate the effects of S. montana EO, of ZNPs, and their combination in a nanoformulation, on Xeu quantity, and how these compounds modulate molecular and physiological changes in the pathosystem. Uninfected and infected tomato plants (var. Oxheart) were treated with EO; ZNPs and nanoformulation (EO + ZNPs). Treatments reduced Xeu amount by a minimum of 1.6-fold (EO) and a maximum of 202-fold (ZNPs) and improved plants’ health. Nanoformulation and ZNPs increased plants’ phenolic content. ZNPs significantly increased GPX activity and reduced CAT activity. Overall treatments upregulated transcripts of the phenylpropanoid pathway in infected plants, while ZNPs and nanoformulation upregulated those transcripts in uninfected plants. Both sod and aao transcripts were downregulated by treatments in infected plants. These findings demonstrate that S. montana EO, ZNPs and their nanoformulation are suitable to integrate tomato bacterial spot management strategies, mainly due to their antimicrobial activity on Xeu, however further field studies clarifying the long-term action of these products are required. These results also support the prophylactic potential of ZNPs on tomato bacterial spot.

PurposeBandim Health Project (BHP) monitors health and survival of women and children in a nationally representative rural Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in Guinea-Bissau. The HDSS was set up in 1989–1990 to collect data on health interventions and child mortality.ParticipantsThe HDSS covers 182 randomly selected clusters across the whole country. The cohort is open, and women and children enter the cohort, when they move into the selected clusters, and leave the cohort, when they move out or die, or when children reach 5 years of age. Data are collected through biannual or more frequent household visits. At all village visits, information on pregnancies, vital status, vaccination status, arm circumference, use of bed nets and other basic information is collected for women and children. Today, more than 25 000 women and 23 000 children below the age of 5 years are under surveillance.Findings to dateResearch from the BHP has given rise to the hypothesis that vaccines, in addition to their targeted effects, have important non-specific effects altering the susceptibility to other infections. Initially, it was observed that mortality among children vaccinated with the live BCG or measles vaccines was much lower than the mortality among unvaccinated children, a difference, which could not be explained by prevention of tuberculosis and measles infections. In contrast, mortality tended to be higher for children who had received the non-live Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis vaccine compared with children who had not received this vaccine. Since the effect differed for the different vaccines, no bias explained the contrasting findings.Future plansNew health interventions are introduced with little assessment of real-life effects. Through the HDSS, we can describe both the implementation of interventions (eg, the vaccination programme) and their effects. Furthermore, the intensive follow-up allows the implementation of randomised trials testing potential better vaccination programmes.

A descoberta de uma população de Pinus sylvestris L. na serra do Gerês, nos finais do séc. XIX, abriu desde logo um debate sobre o carácter autóctone desta espécie em Portugal. Neste artigo apresentam-se dados paleoambientais sobre a presença da espécie na Peninsula Ibérica e em Portugal, desde o último ciclo glaciar. Exploram-se documentos que, a partir do séc. XVIII, referem P. sylvestris na vegetação do país e, particularmente, na serra do Gerês. Discutem-se as hipóteses levantadas sobre a espontaneidade do núcleo geresiano e sobre as tentativas de introdução da espécie em várias áreas do país, antes do seu uso em maior escala na florestação das serras no séc. XX. Por último, admite-se o carácter relicto e autóctone de P. sylvestris na serra do Gerês e salienta-se a importância da conservação deste património biogenético.

Analisa-se neste artigo a adequação de instrumentos de gestão territorial ao fenómeno da invasão por espécies do género Acacia em Portugal continental. Apresenta-se cartografia das manchas invasoras no período 1977-2010 e analisam-se instrumentos de gestão territorial setoriais e de natureza especial que abordam esta problemática, nomeadamente planos de gestão de regiões hidrográficas, planos regionais de ordenamento florestal e planos de ordenamento de áreas protegidas. Analisam-se igualmente casos concretos de controlo de Acacia spp. e respetivos resultados. Discute-se a necessidade de reformular alguns aspetos das políticas e dos instrumentos de gestão territorial que possam reorientar as práticas de controlo de plantas invasoras e a recuperação de áreas invadidas.

Background: In 2008, the GAVI Alliance funded the introduction of new vaccines (including pentavalent diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] plus hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens) in Guinea-Bissau. The introduction was accompanied by increased vaccination outreach services and a more restrictive wastage policy, including only vaccinating children younger than 12 months. We assessed coverage of all vaccines in the Expanded Program on Immunizations before and after the new vaccines' introduction, and the implications on child survival. Methods: This observational cohort study used data from the Bandim Health Project, which has monitored vaccination status and mortality in randomly selected village clusters in Guinea-Bissau since 1990. We assessed the change in vaccination coverage using cohort data from children born in 2007 and 2009; analysed the proportion of children who received measles vaccine after 12 months of age using data from 1999–2006; and compared child mortality after age 12 months in children who had received measles vaccine and those who had not using data from 1999 to 2006. Findings: The proportion of children who were fully vaccinated by 12 months of age was 53% (468 of 878) in the 2007 cohort and 53% (467 of 879) in the 2009 cohort (relative risk [RR] 1·00, 95% CI 0·89–1·11). Coverage of DTP-3 and pentavalent-3 increased from 73% (644 of 878) in 2007 to 81% (712 of 879) in 2009 (RR 1·10, 95% CI 1·04 −1·17); by contrast, the coverage of measles vaccination declined from 71% (620 of 878) to 66% (577 of 879; RR 0·93, 0·85–1·01). The effect of the changes was significantly different for DTP-3 coverage compared with measles vaccine coverage (p=0·002). After 12 months of age, the adjusted mortality rate ratio was 0·71 (95% CI 0·56–0·90) for children who had received measles vaccine compared with those who had not (0·59 [0·43–0·80] for girls and 0·87 [0·62–1·23] for boys). Interpretation: The introduction of the new vaccination programme in 2008 was associated with increased coverage of DTP, but decreased coverage of measles vaccine. In 1999–2006, child mortality was higher in children who had not received measles vaccine than in those who had. Funding: DANIDA, European Research Council, the Danish Independent Research Council, European Union FP7 via OPTIMUNISE, and Danish National Research Foundation.

The enantiomerically pure title compound, C23H30O12, crystallizes in the chiral space group P212121. The O-acetylated-glucopyranoside moiety adopts a chair conformation. Numerous C—H...O interactions as well as a C—H...π interaction are present in the crystal structure.

A single-source precursor route has been explored by using the diphenylthiourea cadmium complex as the source of cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanoparticles. The reaction was carried out using hexadecylamine (HDA) as the solvent and stabilising agent for the particles. The phenylthiourea complex was synthesised and characterised by means of a combination of spectroscopic techniques, microanalysis and X-ray crystal structural analysis. The diphenylthiourea complex was thermolysed in HDA at 120 °C for 1 h to produce CdS nanoparticles. The CdS nanoparticles prepared were made water-soluble via a ligand exchange reaction involving the use of pyridine to displace HDA. The pyridine was, in turn, replaced by glucose and glucuronic acid. The absorption and emission spectra showed the typical features of quantum confinement for the nanoparticles for both HDA-capped and glucose- or glucuronic acid-capped CdS nanoparticles. The change in the capping groups, from HDA to glucose and glucuronic acid, resulted in absorption and emission features that were almost similar, with only slight red-shifting and tailing.

John Hyacinth de Magellan, a Portuguese physicist who lived in London in the last 26 years of his life until his death in 1790, has his religious life and personal views analyzed in the light of new and previous research. His personal religious evolution is followed throughout his life as well as his views about personal, social and ethical matters. The influence of the religious practice in Portugal during the first half of the 18th century and of the reactionary ideas prevalent in the country at that time was certainly decisive to his emigration to England, since he was a cultivated man that had a strong will to devote himself to scientific matters. Through his correspondence and other sources, it is confirmed that he never gave up Catholicism, though his religious practice was not always strict and orthodox, and sometimes it seemed to be somewhat similar to Protestantism.

Apresenta-se e testa-se os principais métodos de modelação bidimensional de ancoragens. Con - clui-se que a modelação da força de pré-esforço aplicada na selagem tem influência significativa nos resul ta - dos de deslocamentos e mostra-se a sua adequabilidade através da análise de resultados de modelação tri di - men sional. Estuda-se a importância da consideração desta força através de uma análise paramétrica do com - pri mento livre, do comprimento de selagem, do nível de pré-esforço, da espessura do bolbo de selagem e da rigi dez da ancoragem. Tira-se algumas conclusões.

Este artigo trata da identificação da sincronia entre as expectativas das empresas clientes e as práticas de gerenciamento logístico de seus fornecedores, conforme o enfoque da gestão da cadeia de suprimentos.A pesquisa, de natureza exploratória, utilizou dados coletados por meio de questionários enviados aos executivos das empresas ligadas à Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Máquinas e Equipamentos (Abimaq). O levantamento foi dividido em duas fases. Na primeira, trabalhou-se com uma amostra de 38 empresas clientes, e na segunda, com uma amostra de 51 empresas fornecedoras. Para tratamento dos dados, foram aplicadas técnicas estatísticas multivariadas, tendo o resultado evidenciado a existência do sincronismo para os fatores qualidade e confiabilidade entre as empresas clientes e seus fornecedores, dentro dos limites dessas amostras.

Destaca-se o papel dos perfis metálicos verticais nas estruturas de contenção tipo Berlim definitivas e a importância do dimensionamento destas estruturas em relação ao carregamento vertical. Apresenta-se os resultados de um estudo paramétrico, usando um modelo de elementos finitos, de estruturas de contenção tipo Berlim definitivas considerando diferentes tipos de solo, inclinação das ancoragens, módulo de deformabilidade do solo, profundidade de escavação, nível de pré-esforço das ancoragens e área dos perfis verticais. São apresentadas algumas conclusões relativas à influência que os parâmetros analisa­ dos têm no esforço normal transmitido aos perfis. Com base nas análises numéricas realizadas propõe-se uma metodologia expedita de dimensionamento dos perfis verticais.

O trabalho apresenta o estudo de uma escavação escorada num maciço de argila mole simulada numericamente com recurso a um modelo de cálculo elastoplástico baseado no método dos elementos finitos. Na análise dos resultados são postas em destaque as redistribuições de tensões por efeito de arco no maciço interessado pela escavação e identificados os parâmetros que contribuem para tal fenómeno. É proposta uma analogia estrutural simples para interpretar a interacção solo-estrutura.

Faz-se um levantamento da localização dos principais depósitos de solos moles em Portugal e uma recensão das mais importantes obras neles recentemente construídas ou em projecto. Apresentam-se dois casos práticos de caracterização geotécnica de solos moles do estuário do rio Leça (porto de Leixões) e da ria de Aveiro (canal de Esgueira) envolvendo essencialmente ensaios laboratoriais.

Apresenta-se um programa de base de dados para armazenamento da informação resultante das sondagens geotécnicas de furação. São referidas as características gerais do programa, o seu modo de funcionamento e as operações que permite realizar.

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