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RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar o perfil clínico de pacientes em acompanhamento dermatológico encaminhados para avaliação oftalmológica. Métodos: A amostra foi composta de pacientes dermatológicos encaminhados para avaliação oftalmológica, nos anos de 2016 e de 2017. Estudou-se a concomitância de doenças dermatológicas com as afecções oftalmológicas por meio da coleta simultânea do histórico dermatológico (prontuários registrados com dados gerais e diagnóstico) e de dados da consulta oftalmológica após o encaminhamento. Resultados: Foram avaliados pela oftalmologia 224 pacientes, sendo 65% do sexo feminino, 80% caucasianos, com idade variando entre 1 mês e 85 anos. As situações cujo encaminhamento foi mais prevalente foram psoríase, lúpus, vitiligo e rosácea (18,3%, 13,8%, 12,9% e 10,7%, respectivamente). Fototerapia crônica e uso de hidroxicloroquina representaram 35,7% e 22,3% dos pacientes. Casos de neurofibromatose, micose fungoide, líquen plano, neoplasias de pele, atopias, pênfigo e esclerodermia também estiveram presentes. Cegueira legal foi detectada em 6%, e deficiências visuais ligadas a afecções dermatológicas foram verificadas em 16,5% dos casos. As alterações oculares mais prevalentes foram catarata (18,9%), blefarite (15,9%), pterígio (5,3%) e conjuntivite (5,3%). Conclusão: Encontrou-se elevada frequência de alterações oftalmológicas em uma população de pacientes com doenças dermatológicas. Assim, o estudo e a análise de manifestações oculares em pacientes dermatológicos podem auxiliar na detecção precoce e na prevenção de complicações. ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical profile of patients under dermatological care and referred to ophthalmological evaluation. Methods: The sample comprised dermatology patients referred to ophthalmological evaluation in 2016 and 2017. The simultaneous occurrence of skin and ophthalmic diseases was studied, by collecting dermatological history (medical records containing general data and diagnosis) and ophthalmic consultation data following referral. Results: A total of 224 patients were assessed, 65% were female, 80% were white, and age varied between one month and 85 years. The conditions more often referred were psoriasis, lupus, vitiligo and rosacea (18.3%, 13.8%, 12.9% and 10.7%, respectively). Chronic phototherapy and use of hydroxychloroquine were observed in 35.7% and 22.3% of patients, respectively. Cases of neurofibromatosis, mycosis fungoides, lichen planus, skin cancer, atopic dermatitis, pemphigus and scleroderma were also reported. Legal blindness was detected in 6% and visual impairment related to skin conditions in 16.5% of patients. The most prevalent ocular changes were cataracts (18.9%), blepharitis (15.9%), pterygium (5.3%) and conjunctivitis (5.3%). Conclusion: A high frequency of ophthalmic changes in a population of dermatological patients was found. In this context, studying and analyzing ocular manifestations in dermatological patients could be useful in early detection and prevention of complications.

Hofstetter's equations are based on studies of Amplitude of Accommodation (AA) with methodological limitations, particularly in the case of children younger than 10 years of age. The aim of this study is to evaluate AA by age, gender, economic status, and time of day as well as accommodative insufficiency prevalence.A cross-sectional study was conducted with 867 schoolchildren aged 6-16 years attending two public schools in the urban area of the South Brazilian city of Pelotas. Subjective refraction was performed using a monocular fogging method to standard end point of maximum plus for best visual acuity (20/25). AA was assessed using the push-up method.The median AA value was 14.3D (P25 13.3-P75 16.7) among children aged 6-16 years, being 15.5D (P25 14.3D-P75 16.7) among children aged 6-10 years, 14.2D (P25 12.5D-P75 15.4) among 11-13-year-olds, 13.3D (P25 12.5D-P75 15.4) among children aged 14-15 and 12.9D (P25 11.1D-P75 14.3) among those aged 16. AA variability was 2.4D in those aged 6-8, 3.4D in children aged 9-12, and 2.9D in those aged 13-16. There was no significant difference in median AA according to gender, time of examination, or economic status; 2.8% of children showed AA of less than 2D lower than Hofstetter's minimum reference value.This study reports AA in a large sample of children and therefore may contribute to current knowledge on AA norms. In order to avoid the impact of outliers, it proposes the use of the median and percentiles to define AA standards by specific age. A set of studies using precise AA measurement and large sample size are needed to determine clinical standards for AA.

Focal dermal hypoplasia, or Goltz Syndrome, is a rare genetic x-linked autosomal dominant disorder. It affects multiple organs and systems, generally unilaterally, with extensive clinical variability. Despite the syndrome’s manifestations being predominantly cutaneous, the visual system also suffers characteristic alterations that are worthy of better elucidation. It is a rare disease that is little described in the literature, including in the area of ophthalmology. The objective of this paper is to report on a case we attended to and to discuss existing evidence about this syndrome. EVRS, female sex, 11 months old, referred to the Ophthalmology Service for assessment. Born at 29 weeks, cesarean section, transverse fetal position at birth, weighing 1620g at birth, born with several malformations. Given her phenotypic characteristics, the patient had already been diagnosed as having Goltz syndrome. Ophthalmological examination shows microphthalmia, nystagmus and esotropia in both eyes. Presence of asymmetric corneal opacity, bilateral aniridia and extensive coloboma of the lower retina in the right eye. Opaqueness of cornea and lens in the left eye, making it impossible to see the fundus oculi. The patient remained hospitalized in a neonatal ITU for 4 months from birth, and was discharged in a good overall state, weighing 3370g, receiving diet for gastrostomy. Continues to have multidisciplinary follow-up. This case has reported non-ophthalmological and ophthalmological alterations characteristic of Goltz syndrome, as well as other rare and interesting alterations. Studying them is necessary in medical practice to ensure adequate diagnosis and follow-up of these patients.

Background: Numerous genetic syndromes associated with heart disease and ocular manifestations have been described. However, a compilation and a summarization of these syndromes for better consultation and comparison have not been performed yet. Objective: The objective of this work is to systematize available evidence in the literature on different syndromes that may cause congenital heart diseases associated with ocular changes, focusing on the types of anatomical and functional changes. Method: A systematic search was performed on Medline electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs) of articles published until January 2016. Eligibility criteria were case reports or review articles that evaluated the association of ophthalmic and cardiac abnormalities in genetic syndrome patients younger than 18 years. Results: The most frequent genetic syndromes were: Down Syndrome, Velo-cardio-facial / DiGeorge Syndrome, Charge Syndrome and Noonan Syndrome. The most associated cardiac malformations with ocular findings were interatrial communication (77.4%), interventricular communication (51.6%), patent ductus arteriosus (35.4%), pulmonary artery stenosis (25.8%) and tetralogy of Fallot (22.5%). Conclusion: Due to their clinical variability, congenital cardiac malformations may progress asymptomatically to heart defects associated with high morbidity and mortality. For this reason, the identification of extra-cardiac characteristics that may somehow contribute to the diagnosis of the disease or reveal its severity is of great relevance. Resumo Fundamento: O número de síndromes genéticas descritas que apresentam alguma forma de cardiopatia e manifestações oculares associadas é grande. Contudo, estas síndromes ainda não foram reunidas e sintetizadas para melhor consulta e comparação. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho é sistematizar a literatura, avaliando evidências disponíveis sobre síndromes que cursam com cardiopatia congênita associada a alterações oculares, salientando os tipos de alterações anatômicas e funcionais descritas. Métodos: Dois pesquisadores independentes fizeram uma busca sistemática utilizando as bases eletrônicas Medline (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Lilacs), de trabalhos publicados até o mês de janeiro de 2016. Os critérios de elegibilidade utilizados pelos autores incluíram somente artigos publicados sob a forma de relatos de caso ou revisão, que abordassem a associação de alterações oftalmológicas e cardiológicas em pacientes menores de 18 anos e que apresentassem alguma síndrome genética. Resultados: As síndromes genéticas mais frequentes foram: Síndrome de Down, Síndrome Velo-cardio-facial / DiGeorge, Síndrome de Charge e Síndrome de Noonan. Entre as malformações cardíacas, a comunicação interatrial (77,4%), a comunicação interventricular (51.6%), a persistência do canal arterial (35,4%), estenose da artéria pulmonar (25,8%) e a tetralogia de Fallot (22,5%) foram as mais associadas com achados oculares. Conclusão: Devido à sua variedade clínica, as malformações cardíacas congênitas revelam defeitos que evoluem de maneira assintomática até aqueles que provocam grande morbimortalidade. Dessa forma, encontrar características extra-cardíacas que, de alguma maneira, possam auxiliar no diagnóstico da doença ou revelar a gravidade dessa enfermidade tornam-se de grande relevância.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of asthenopia in 0–18 year-old children through a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies. Sources: Inclusion criteria were population-based studies from 1960 to May of 2014 reporting the prevalence of asthenopia in children. The search was performed independently by two reviewers in the PubMed, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, with no language restriction. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and the PRISMA Statement. Downs and Black score was used for quality assessment. Summary of findings: Out of 1692 potentially relevant citations retrieved from electronic databases and searches of reference lists, 26 were identified as potentially eligible. Five of these studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 2465 subjects. Pooled prevalence of asthenopia was 19.7% (12.4–26.4%). The majority of children with asthenopia did not present visual acuity or refraction abnormalities. The largest study evaluated 1448 children aged 6 years and estimated a prevalence of 12.6%. Associated risk factors were not clearly established. Conclusion: Although asthenopia is a frequent and relevant clinical problem in childhood, with potential consequences for learning, the scarcity of studies about the prevalence and clinical impact of asthenopia hinders the effective planning of public health measures. Resumo: Objetivo: pretendemos estimar a prevalência de astenopia em crianças de 0 a 18 anos de idade por meio de uma análise sistemática e uma meta-análise dos estudos de prevalência. Fontes dos dados: os critérios de inclusão foram estudos de base populacional de 1960 a maio de 2014 que relataram prevalência de astenopia em crianças. A busca foi realizada de maneira independente por dois analisadores nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE e LILACS, sem restrição de idioma. Essa análise sistemática foi realizada de acordo com as diretrizes da Colaboração Cochrane e com a Declaração dos Itens de Relatório Preferidos para Análises Sistemáticas e Meta-Análise (PRISMA). A escala Downs & Black foi usada para avaliação da qualidade. Síntese dos achados: de um total de 1692 citações possivelmente relevantes recuperadas de bases de dados eletrônicas e buscas de listas de referência, 26 foram identificadas como possivelmente elegíveis. Cinco desses estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, incluindo um total de 2465 indivíduos. A prevalência total de astenopia foi de 19,7% (12,4–26,4%). A maioria das crianças com astenopia não apresentavam anomalias de acuidade visual ou refração. O maior estudo avaliou 1448 crianças de 6 anos de idade, com prevalência estimada de 12,6%. Os fatores de risco associados não foram claramente estabelecidos. Conclusão: embora a astenopia seja um problema clínico frequente e relevante na infância, com possíveis consequências para o aprendizado, a escassez de estudos sobre a prevalência e o impacto clínico da astenopia prejudica o planejamento efetivo das medidas de saúde pública. Keywords: Asthenopia, Eye fatigue, Visual fatigue, Eyestrain, Fatigue, Visual, Palavras-chave: Astenopia, Fadiga Ocular, Fadiga Visual, Tensão ocular, Fadiga, Visual

Background: Optic disc is a region with a complex vascular stratification, with components from the posterior ciliary arteries and central retinal artery. Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) and papilledema can produce disc edema and visual fields defects. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) can aid in the rapid differentiation of cases when signals overlap. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to discuss the current information concerning the signs in OCTA that eventually could help to differentiate these situations and analyze the best diagnostic evidence. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the MEDLINE ("Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online") via Pubmed; Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, BVS databases, in addition to a manual search on studies published, from inception until July 2019, with no language restriction. Results: Of the 20935 articles identified, eleven were included. Different methodologies, sample characteristics, types of equipment, potential artifacts, segmentation errors were the main arguments against formal meta-analysis. Conclusion: The main differentiation of papilledema from NA-AION is the vascular dropout. Density values in both retina and optic nerve head images were significantly lower in NA-AION. These vascular changes appears to precede detectable structural or visual field damage.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar, retrospectivamente, num longo intervalo de tempo, os resultados da termoterapia transpupilar em casos selecionados do melanoma de coróide. MÉTODOS: Foram identificados todos os casos com melanoma de coróide tratados com termoterapia transpupilar, como terapia única ou suplementar. Foram excluídos os casos com seguimento inferior a 60 meses, prontuários incompletos ou com o abandono do acompanhamento. RESULTADOS: De um total de 18 olhos, 7 (38.9%) foram incluídos no estudo. Cinco (71,4%) pacientes foram tratados exclusivamente com termoterapia transpupilar, em 1 (14,2%) olho a crioterapia foi simultânea, 1 (14,2%) suplementou braquiterapia - placa episcleral. Três (42.8%) sofreram recorrência, 2 (28.5%) apresentaram metástases (um óbito), 2 foram enucleados. Complicações foram encontradas em 3 olhos: dobras maculares em 2, hemorragia vítrea em 1. Nos olhos enucleados, não havia extensão extraescleral, porém células interesclerais foram identificadas. CONCLUSÃO: Termoterapia transpupilar mostra um declínio em sua eficácia e conserva os riscos de metástases em períodos mais longos de acompanhamento, sendo necessária uma definição mais exata de seu papel nos melanomas de coróide.

OBJECTIVES Various ocular lesions are associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Few studies have focused on untreated patients. This study aims to describe ocular lesions in untreated HCV-infected patients without ophthalmic symptoms by means of a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five consecutive naive HCV chronically infected patients and 54 controls (blood donors) were enrolled in a prospective, cross-sectional, single-center study. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, HCV viral load and genotype, liver fibrosis, visual acuity, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment, lacrimal function (tear break-up time) and Schirmer's tests), posterior segment examination, and intraocular pressure. RESULTS HCV-infected patients presented an almost four times higher risk of lacrimal function involvement by tear break-up time [odds ratio (OR)=3.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.75-8.04, P=0.001] and Schirmer's test (OR=4.17; 95% CI 1.83-9.50, P=0.001) than the controls. The chances of palpebral biomicroscopic lesions (blepharitis) were also higher (OR=3.21; 95% CI 1.49-6.94, P=0.003). Mean tonometry was higher in HCV patients (right eye 14.4±2.3 vs. 12.2±1.5, P

This paper provides the first reported case of acute posterior chamber hemorrhage during fluorescein angiography (FA). This is a case review with serial color photographs of the anterior segment. A 76-year-old male was referred for angiographic control of age-related macular degeneration. He was pseudophakic OU, BCVA 20/40 OU. He had mild hypertension, but not diabetes. He had had two previous angiograms without adverse effects. Difficulty was experienced in obtaining the images owing to a progressive reduction in the transparency of the media. A dense hemorrhage in the posterior chamber of the right eye was found, involving the visual axis. Thorough biomicroscopy, gonioscopy, and ultrasonic biomicroscopy showed that part of one of the haptics of the right intraocular lens (IOL) was touching and tearing the posterior face of the iris, without any visible synechiae, iris, or angle neovascularization. Anterior segment FA and posterior ultrasonography were normal. No similar case has been described in the literature involving dense progressive bleeding located in the capsular bag and posterior chamber, without any detectable triggering ocular event other than mydriasis and fluorescein injection. Contact of the iris or sulcus with part of the intraocular lens, aggravated by the intense use of mydriatics during the FA procedure, probably caused bleeding to happen.

Hyperopia is the most common refractive condition in childhood. There are few studies on moderate hyperopia and associated factors. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of moderate hyperopia and associated factors among school children. A cross-sectional study comprising 1,032 students attending 1st to 8th grades at two public schools was conducted in a Southern Brazilian urban area in 2012. Cycloplegia was used to examine both eyes and refractive error was measured through auto-refraction. A socioeconomic and cultural questionnaire was administered. Multivariable analysis was performed through Poisson regression. Moderate hyperopia prevalence was 13.4% (95% CI, 11.2-15.4) and 85% of these did not wear glasses. Age was inversely associated with moderate hyperopia, while female gender RP = 1.39 (95%CI, 1.02 - 1.90) and white skin RP = 1.66 (95%CI, 1.04 - 2.66) were risk factors for this outcome. This study makes progress in estimating mild and moderate hyperopia prevalence both by age range and specific age. It emphasizes how the lack of this condition being corrected in southern Brazil is a serious problem. It highlights the importance of detailing and characterizing the amount of time spent on close-range, long-range and outdoor activities. A hipermetropia é o estado refrativo mais comum na infância. Este estudo objetiva investigar a prevalência de hipermetropia moderada e fatores associados entre escolares, tendo em vista haver poucos estudos sobre o assunto. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 1.032 crianças do 1º ao 8º anos de duas escolas públicas da zona urbana de uma cidade do sul do Brasil, no período de abril a dezembro de 2012. Ambos os olhos foram cicloplegiados e o erro refrativo foi medido através de autorrefração. Foi aplicado questionário socioeconômico e cultural. A análise multivariada foi realizada utilizando a regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de hipermetropia moderada foi de 13,4% IC95% (11,2% - 15,4%) e 85% deles não usam óculos. Idade ficou inversamente associada com hipermetropia moderada enquanto sexo feminino OR=1,39 IC95% (1,02 - 1,90) e cor de pele branca OR=1,66 IC95% (1,04 - 2,66) foram fatores de risco para o desfecho. Conclusão: Este estudo avança na estimativa de prevalência de hipermetropia leve e moderada por faixa etária e por idade específica, enfatizando o grave problema da falta de correção no sul do Brasil. O estudo destaca a importância de detalhar e caracterizar a quantidade de tempo gasto em atividades de longe e de perto e ao ar livre.

BackgroundCHDs form a complex and heterogeneous group of clinical entities, with high morbidity and mortality. With the advancement of surgical and invasive techniques and clinical treatment, the survival of these patients has increased significantly, and there are reports of a high prevalence of ocular abnormalities in this group. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ocular findings in children and adolescents diagnosed with CHD.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL, in addition to a manual search on studies published on the patient, from inception until August, 2014. Observational studies assessing the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in children and adolescents with CHDs were included.ResultsOf the 2413 articles identified, eight were included, comprising a total of 1061 patients. Among them, the lowest and highest prevalences observed were 6.3 and 65%, respectively. The weighted average prevalence of ocular abnormalities was 32.5% (CI95% 19.3–49.3). Strabismus, cataracts, and retinopathy were the most frequently observed alterations.ConclusionThe prevalence of ocular abnormalities in children and adolescents with CHDs was 32.5%, demonstrating that ocular consequences are not uncommon in this population and may have relevant clinical impact. These results reinforce the need for ophthalmological evaluation of patients with CHDs.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução de uma série de casos com avulsão vascular retiniana sem descolamento tratados pelo fotocoagulação ou introflexão escleral. MÉTODOS: Análise observacional retrospectiva. No período entre 2001-2003 foram tratados 13 olhos com avulsão sem descolamento utilizando-se o laser ou a introflexão escleral. O seguimento mínimo foi de 6 meses. Média etária de 53,6 anos. RESULTADOS: Oito olhos foram somente fotocoagulados e 5, submetidos a introflexão. O sintoma mais comum foi a baixa na acuidade visual. Em 7 olhos (53,8%) a hemorragia vítrea em quantidade variável estava presente ao diagnóstico. Destes, 3 tiveram novo episódio após os procedimentos (42,8%). A acuidade visual final em todos os olhos foi igual ou melhor do que a inicial. Nenhuma complicação foi observada. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta série de casos com avulsão vascular sem descolamento houve evolução favorável, independente das técnicas utilizadas. A hemorragia vítrea tardia é a principal intercorrência tardia observada, mas não comprometeu os resultados.PURPOSE: To describe the clinical evolution of cases with avulsed retinal vessels without retinal detachment treated with laser or scleral buckle. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases with avulsed retinal vessels treated between 2001-2003. Laser photocoagulation or scleral buckle was used. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Average age was 53.6 years. RESULTS: Of 13 patients, 8 were photoagulated with argon laser and 5 were submitted to a scleral buckle. The most common symptom was reduction in visual acuity. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 7 eyes (53.8%) at diagnosis, and was the most frequent complication after treatment (30.7%). Final visual acuity was unchanged. CONCLUSION: Avulsed retinal vessels have a good prognosis using laser or buckle. Late vitreous hemorrhage was the main complication.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução de uma série de casos com avulsão vascular retiniana sem descolamento tratados pelo fotocoagulação ou introflexão escleral. MÉTODOS: Análise observacional retrospectiva. No período entre 2001-2003 foram tratados 13 olhos com avulsão sem descolamento utilizando-se o laser ou a introflexão escleral. O seguimento mínimo foi de 6 meses. Média etária de 53,6 anos. RESULTADOS: Oito olhos foram somente fotocoagulados e 5, submetidos a introflexão. O sintoma mais comum foi a baixa na acuidade visual. Em 7 olhos (53,8%) a hemorragia vítrea em quantidade variável estava presente ao diagnóstico. Destes, 3 tiveram novo episódio após os procedimentos (42,8%). A acuidade visual final em todos os olhos foi igual ou melhor do que a inicial. Nenhuma complicação foi observada. CONCLUSÃO: Nesta série de casos com avulsão vascular sem descolamento houve evolução favorável, independente das técnicas utilizadas. A hemorragia vítrea tardia é a principal intercorrência tardia observada, mas não comprometeu os resultados. PURPOSE: To describe the clinical evolution of cases with avulsed retinal vessels without retinal detachment treated with laser or scleral buckle. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of cases with avulsed retinal vessels treated between 2001-2003. Laser photocoagulation or scleral buckle was used. The minimum follow-up was 6 months. Average age was 53.6 years. RESULTS: Of 13 patients, 8 were photoagulated with argon laser and 5 were submitted to a scleral buckle. The most common symptom was reduction in visual acuity. Vitreous hemorrhage was present in 7 eyes (53.8%) at diagnosis, and was the most frequent complication after treatment (30.7%). Final visual acuity was unchanged. CONCLUSION: Avulsed retinal vessels have a good prognosis using laser or buckle. Late vitreous hemorrhage was the main complication.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica em casos com complexidade diversa. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica no período de janeiro de 2009 a abril de 2011 foram revisados. Os dados pré-operatórios avaliados foram: sexo, idade, cor, a presença de doenças sistêmicas, comorbidades oculares, o tipo da catarata e a acuidade visual pré-operatória. As informações intra e pós-operatórias colhidas foram: acuidade pósoperatória, complicações intra e pós-operatórias, a necessidade de conversão anestésica e o poder da LIO utilizada. Foram excluídos pacientes com prontuários incompletos. RESULTADOS: Cento e onze (111) casos foram avaliados. Apenas comorbidades oculares mostraram significância estatística na acuidade visual pós-operatória (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: A análise indica que a facoemulsificação realizada sob anestesia tópica em casos com complexidades variadas é eficaz e segura.

Objetivo: Avaliar a associacao entre alteracoes no exame oftalmologico, caracteristicas epidemiologicas e controle metabolico em pacientes diabeticos. Metodos: Estudo transversal. Foram selecionados consecutivamante os diabeticos atendidos durante 2011 em um hospital secundario. Todos os pacientes responderam questionario e foram submetidos a exame oftalmologico. Resultados: Foram estudados 103 pacientes, dos quais 72 (69,9%) eram do sexo feminino e 66 (64%) da cor branca. A media de idade foi de 59 (+/- 9,21) anos. Sessenta e quatro por cento dos participantes referiram renda aproximada de ate 1 salario minimo, 58,2% tinham ensino fundamental incompleto, 75,7% com historia de diabetes familiar, 45,6% informaram realizar controle metabolico regular, 54,3% nao observavam cuidados nutricionais, 28% usavam insulina, 99% eram diabeticos do tipo-2. Ao exame, 72,8% apresentaram acuidade visual corrigida de 20/40. Foram estatisticamente significativas as relacoes entre complicacoes retinianas e o uso de insulina (OR=8,3; p=0,003) e da baixa acuidade visual com o uso de insulina (OR=5,48, p=0,021) e a idade (OR=11,8; p=0,003). Tambem foi observada relacao entre a baixa de visao com escolaridade, idade e baixa renda Conclusao: Na populacao analisada, predominantemente de baixa renda e escolaridade, a conducao inadequada da doenca foi expressiva, o que se associou com a presenca de complicacoes retinianas, reforcando a necessidade de adocao de medidas mais amplas para melhorar as estrategias de controle e prevencao do diabete mellitus.

(1967): “Ainda que permaneca alvo de continuas pesquisas, mesmo assim muitos pontosreferentes a etiologia e aos mecanismos intimos do quadro seguem desconhecidos”.As OVR como um grupo incidem, aproximadamente, em 0,6-1,1% da populacao (5-16% com 45 anos oumenos, descrita a partir dos 9 meses), com risco cumulativo em 15 anos estimado de 2,3%. Os fatores significantes derisco relacionados sao a hipertensao arterial sistemica, a hiperlipidemia e o glaucoma

RESUMO Foram acompanhados, durante 6 meses, 508 pacientes que colocaram lente de contato pela primeira vez ou aqueles cujas tentativas passadas foram frustradas. Através de um protocolo analisou-se as indicações, tipos de lentes, resultados prévios, assepsia, fatores de risco, idade e complicações mais freqüentes. SUMMARY We followed 508 patients during 6 months that were using by the first time contact lenses or with bad results previously. The analises envolved indications, type, results, risk factors, esterilization, age and complications.

Background Studies show great variability in the prevalence of hyperopia among children. This study aimed to synthesize the existing knowledge about hyperopia prevalence and its associated factors in school children and to explore the reasons for this variability. Methods This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Searching several international databases, the review included population- or school-based studies assessing hyperopia through cycloplegic autorefraction or cycloplegic retinoscopy. Meta-analysis of hyperopia prevalence was performed following MOOSE guidelines and using the random effects model. Results The review included 40 cross-sectional studies. The prevalence of hyperopia ranged from 8.4% at age six, 2-3% from 9 to 14 years and approximately 1% at 15 years. With regard to associated factors, age has an inverse association with hyperopia. The frequency of hyperopia is higher among White children and those who live in rural areas. There is no consensus about the association between hyperopia and gender, family income and parental schooling. Conclusion Future studies should use standardized methods to classify hyperopia and sufficient sample size when evaluating age-specific prevalence. Furthermore, it is necessary to deepen the understanding about the interactions among hyperopic refractive error and accommodative and binocular functions as a way of identifying groups of hyperopic children at risk of developing visual, academic and even cognitive function sequelae.