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The paper demonstrates an efficient process flow for the Hardware Testing of an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). The procedure is implied on Comparator, ADC (Analog-to-Digital) and Present Cipher Crypto ASIC. This involves the testing functionality of an Analog, Digital and Mixed Signal design ASIC. The results obtained during functional testing are verified through simulations on Cadence, in case of comparator and ADC ASIC, and vivado in case of Crypto ASIC. The method gives high accuracy and requires less power even at high frequency.

The aim of this report is to discuss a case about a failed root canal treated upper right lateral incisor presented with chronic periapical pathology with extruded guttapercha. Apicoectomy involves surgical management of a tooth with a periapical lesion, which cannot be resolved by routine endodontic treatment. The goal of apical surgery is to prevent leakage of bacteria and their byproducts from the root canal system into peri-radicular tissue.With the advancements in magnification, armamentaria and materials, the success rate of treatment outgrows. Hence, present study describes a case of retreatment successfully treated by endodontic periapical surgery. Keywords: Periapical lesion, Apicoectomy, MTA.

Introduction The main aim of this study is in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of different herbal products, that is, propolis, garlic, neem, aloe vera, and rosemary, against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis using agar diffusion test.Materials and Methods In this study, total of 42 plates were prepared, 10 each of B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. faecalis and 12 as test control (6 as positive and 6 as negative control). The effectiveness of five herbal products was ascertained by agar diffusion method against B. subtilis, S. aureus, and E. faecalis. Cultures of these test organisms were maintained on selective media slants in a test tube to collect sufficient number of microbial colonies for evaluation. The cultures were divided into three groups based upon microbes that were lawn cultured, respectively: In group A, 10 petri plates were having growth of B. subtilis; in group B, 10 petri plates were having growth of S. aureus; and in group C, 10 petri plates were having growth of E. faecalis. In all these 30 petri plates, five different herbal product discs were placed and these discs were designated as A (aloe vera), P (propolis), N (neem), R (rosemary), and G (garlic). Among remaining 12 petri plates, 4 petri plates were used as control (2 for positive and 2 for negative) for each of the bacteria.Results Propolis and rosemary showed maximum zone of inhibition against B. subtilis. Garlic, neem, and aloe vera showed maximum zone of inhibition against S. aureus.Conclusion All the herbal products showed zone of inhibition against S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. faecalis.

The primary concern of this case report is to discuss and review the different etiological features of c-shaped canals, with its incidence, along with anatomical features, diagnosis and management of the c shaped configuration of the canal in the molars of the mandibular arch. Literature revealed that c shaped canal configuration is slightly a different variation that has a predilection towards the racial and most of the times or most commonly is seen in mandibular molars that too most commonly in second molar of the mandibular arch. This morphology when present in the canal may posses difficulty in shaping of the canal, cleaning of the canal as well as debridement of the canal along with obturation of the canal. The one of the most common way in the management of this c shaped canal morphology is done by with the help of usage of rotary instruments and can also with the use of hand instruments that too assisted with sonics as well as ultrasonics. Keywords : Canals with c – shaped morphology, Second molar of the mandibular arch, Root canal configuration

Pharmacology is the science of drugs (Greek: Pharmacon-drugs; logos discourse in). The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. It encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs, but most importantly those that are relevant to effective and safe use for medicinal purpose.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, and MTA Plus when used as root-end restorative materials using scanning electron microscope. Materials and Methods Forty-five extracted teeth with one root canal were cleaned and sectioned at cementoenamel junction, maintaining a standardized length of 15 mm. Chemomechanical preparation and obturation was done in all the samples, and access was restored with glass ionomer cement (GIC). Root-end cavities were prepared in all the samples after 3-mm apical root end was resected. Forty-five samples were divided into three groups with 15 samples each. Root apices were filled with ProRoot MTA in group I, Biodentine in group II, and MTA Plus in group III. The sample teeth were sectioned for examination of gaps at the margins using scanning electron microscope. The data collected were put to statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and post hoc tests. Results The minimum margin gap score of 2.44 μm was observed in group II (Biodentine), whereas maximum gap score of 5.63 μm was observed in group I (ProRoot MTA); 4.92 μm mean margin gap score was observed in group III (MTA Plus). Conclusion Biodentine showed least margin gap at the interface, so it can be considered as the best root-end filling material, whereas, MTA Plus can be considered as a substitute to ProRoot MTA as a root-end filling material.

This paper examines the impact of PMGSY (hereafter, PMGSY) on pattern of migration in India. Roads are the main means of transport for the people who migrate for better opportunities. The PMGSY was a key step in ensuring all-weather road connectivity to all the villages. The literature has mostly documented the large influx of people from rural areas to urban centres because of fewer employment opportunities. While the rural to urban migration has captured the attention of the researchers, what has not been noted is the role that rural road construction has played in affecting the pattern of migration. Using the data from Census and PMGSY, during 2001 to 2011, we investigate the role PMGSY has played in migration. We first find that the construction of rural roads has led to an overall fall in the migration. Further, we separate the migration into two types, rural to urban migration and rural to rural migration. We note that rural to urban migration has witnessed a significant decline with the building of roads under PMGSY. However, the interesting point to note in our results is the pattern of rural to rural migration. We find a significant increase in the rural to rural migration caused by PMGSY. For robustness, we use a geography-based instrument 2SLS analysis as well. The results are still identical and statistically significant.

To achieve moderate security in lightweight cipher for resource constraint devices, the number of rounds is increased which, in turn, influences the latency to encrypt the data. To improve the latency, in this paper software optimization techniques are studied and deployed for the lightweight cipher. The algorithms have been designed in GCC compiler for LEON-3 Processor and simulated in T-SIM. The experimental results show that in the lightweight cipher, the permutation layer consumes a larger number of cycles as compared to S-Box layer due to bit level operations. From the analysis, it has been found that the PRESENT cipher consumes a lesser number of cycles and provides high avalanche effect in contrast to other lightweight ciphers.

In the development of smart cities across the world VANET plays a vital role for optimized route between source and destination. The VANETs is based on infra-structure less network. It facilitates vehicles to give information about safety through vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V) or vehicle to infrastructure communication (V2I). In VANETs wireless communication between vehicles so attackers violate authenticity, confidentiality and privacy properties which further effect security. The VANET technology is encircled with security challenges these days. This paper presents overview on VANETs architecture, a related survey on VANET with major concern of the security issues. Further, prevention measures of those issues, and comparative analysis is done. From the survey, found out that encryption and authentication plays an important role in VANETS also some research direction defined for future work.

Smart cards are secure and multifunctional devices that have become the important part of our daily life applications i.e. from finance, transportation, telecommunication to education, entertainment, health care. Increased use of these devices leads to much advancement in the field of smart cards, yet there are some security threats related to smart cards that needed to be explored. In this paper, smart cards applications and its security threats are discussed. The smart cards authentication and data encryption schemes have been surveyed which lead to comparative survey of various works proposed in this area. This survey results in some research issues; and future directions to resolve these issues are defined.

Internet of Things (IoTs) comprises of a cluster of resource constrained devices, sensors and machines connected with each other and communicating over the internet. Due to frequent exchange of confidential data over the internet, IoTs become susceptible to various attacks (such as eavesdropping, denial of service, fabrication attacks) and to resolve these attacks security is required. In this paper, a brief discussion on the various IoT applications and architectures has been done. Further, the security concerns regarding information sharing and attacks have been highlighted. To overcome from these attacks safety measures regarding data security and authentication are discussed in detail resulting in use of cryptography as a solution. The comparative analysis of various lightweight encryption and authentication algorithms is carried out. The comparative analysis results show that the lightweight algorithms have good performance as compared to conventional cryptography algorithm in terms of memory requirement, their operations, and power consumption. Also, some research directions defined in which further work can be done on lightweight cryptography algorithms.

with the advancement of technology, the threats dealt by user have increased exponentially. Hence security of data is required during storage and transmission of data. Image Steganography is best popular techniques now a day. The Image hiding in cover image gives us a choice to hide different planes of image in different planes of cover image. In this paper, Negative of original image is hidden in cover image for security purposes. In our implementation pixels of negative image to be substituted in cover image pixels. In our paper Even Odd algorithm is proposed for hiding image in cover image using existing modified LSB algorithm. Index Terms: Steganography, Cryptography, RGB, Least Significant bit (LSB), pixel.

The role of infliximab in the treatment of acute severe ulcerative colitis is established. However, all the data available in the literature are from western countries. This is the first report on the use of infliximab in patients with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis from India. Retrospective analysis of 28 patients who had received infliximab therapy for induction of remission, with three doses of 5 mg/kg at 0, 2, and 6 weeks, was performed. Twenty-four (85.6 %) patients had shown a clinical response by week 8 and, hence, avoided urgent colectomy. In 2 years of follow up, 9/16 (56 %) patients had not required colectomy. Infliximab averted colectomy in a proportion of patients with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.

Objectives: Considering the rapidly increasing scales of on-chip integration, the objective of this research is to propose an improved and efficient genetic algorithm for area optimisation in limited computational time. Methods/Statistical Analysis: A novel and efficient Evolutionary Algorithm, with three crossover operators – order, cycle and partially mapped, has been employed to obtain an efficient variable ordering of Binary Decision Diagram (BDD) as it plays crucial role in total node count and hence, the total used area, average computation time and storage requirement. The efficiency of proposed algorithm has been tested on International Workshop on Logic Synthesis (IWLS), IWLS’93 combinational benchmark circuits. Findings: It has been found, for node count reduction, that the proposed Genetic approach using Order Crossover, gives an average reduction of 25.92% with a maximum value of 56.19%; using Cycle crossover, achieves an average reduction of 26.43% with a maximum value of 59.79%; whereas, using PMX crossover, leads to the best possible reduction with an average value of 35.26% with a maximum value of 84.54% as compared to average value of24.81%, 24.19% and 13.77%in case of already existing Window, Sifting and Random algorithms respectively. In terms of CPU time, the best computation time of an average value of 0.15s, has been observed in case of Order Crossover though the Cycle crossover also gives average value of about 0.17s as compared to PMX, which takes a little longer, about 1.18s, on an average. The proposed algorithm is able to yield higher area optimisation in a limited CPU time. Depending on the priority of the application based on area reduction and time dissipation, either of the algorithms and either of the crossovers can be employed. Application/Improvements: The algorithm is able to give efficiently optimised results for about 90% of the benchmark circuits; hence, these can be employed for Multi-Input- Multi-Output Systems (MIMO systems) in VLSI.

Objective: To optimise area, interconnecting wirelength and dead space of very large scale integration non-slicing floorplan with high computation speed using evolutionary algorithm intelligently. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Floorplanning is one of the most important steps in physical design automation in very large scale integration (VLSI) and to solve the problem of VLSI floorplanning is an art. Parameters like chip performance, sizing of modules in a chip, yield and reliability of chip are determined using VLSI floorplanning. The Simulated algorithm and B*-tree structure have been implemented in C++ language and compiled in GCC compiler of Ubuntu14.04. Findings: Parameters like chip performance, sizing of modules in a chip, yield and reliability of chip are determined using VLSI floorplanning. Many computer-aided design algorithms are developed for the NP-hard problems like VLSI floorplanning. A simulated annealing (SA) algorithm for the hard module and non-slicing VLSI floorplanning problem is presented. The SA uses a new acquisitive method to construct an initial B*-tree and a new process to explore the search space. Application/Improvements: The SA has been implemented and experimental result with optimisation of area, dead space, wirelength and best timing constraints have been tested on Microelectronic Center of North Carolina (MCNC) benchmarks.

Aims and Objectives: Curing units in dental offices across Punjab are analyzed for a practical purpose. Materials and Methods: One thousand light-curing units regularly used by the dentists in dental offices across the state of Punjab were examined for their output intensity. Various factors include as follows: type, power of light-curing unit, material molecule formation on tip (YES/NO), diameter of guide tip, and frequency of bulb replacement. A radiometer, a magnifying glass, and a Vernier caliper were used. Data were collected and analyzed. Results: About 75.80% of dentists use light-emitting diode (LED) lights, while 24.20% utilize halogen lamps to cure dental composites. 36.60% of light-curing units of the state had light intensity below 300 mW/cm2, out of which 61.60% were quartz–tungsten–halogen (QTH) and 28.60% LED light-curing units. 17.40% of light-curing units recorded light intensity between 301 and 400 mW/cm2. 46% of light-curing units registered an output intensity of >400 mW/cm2. 79.60% of light units showed material particle buildup on light-curing tips. 62.40% of dentists never replaced the bulbs of their light-curing units. Two-third of dental the practitioners avoided infection control barriers on the tips of curing units. Conclusions: There is a deficit of knowledge among dental practitioners in Punjab regarding care of light-curing units. Dental light-curing units should be regularly checked and infection control remedies should be opted.