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Higher olefins (HO) are used primarily as intermediates in the production of other chemicals, such as polymers, fatty acids, plasticizer alcohols, surfactants, lubricants, amine oxides, and detergent alcohols. The potential toxicity of five HO (i.e., 1-Octene, Nonene, Decene, Hexadecene, and 1-Octadecene) with carbon ranging from C8 to C18 was examined in a combined repeated dose and reproduction/developmental toxicity screening study (OECD TG 422). These five HO were administered to Han Wistar rats by gavage at 0 (controls), 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg bw/day. As a group of substances, adaptive changes in the liver (liver weight increase without pathological evidence), as well as increased kidney weight in male rats, were observed in HO with carbon numbers from C8 to C10. The overall systemic no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for all HO was determined at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. In the reproductive/developmental toxicity assessment, offspring viability, size, and weights were reduced in litters from females treated with Nonene at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. The overall no observed effects level (NOEL) for reproductive toxicity was considered to be 300 mg/kg bw/day for Nonene and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for the other four HO, respectively. These data significantly enrich the database on the toxicity of linear and branched HO, allowing comparison with similar data published on a range of linear and branched HO. Comparisons between structural class and study outcome provide further supportive data in order to validate the read-across hypothesis as part of an overall holistic testing strategy., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors of this article are either employed by companies that manufacture petroleum products or consultants.

The photochemistry of (μ2-CRCR')Co2(CO)6 complexes (R = pyrenyl, R' = H; R = pyrenyl, R' = ferrocenyl; R = ferrocenyl, R = H) was investigated by ps-time-resolved infrared spectroscopy at room temperature in dichloromethane solution. The main focus of these studies was to determine the primary photoprocess relevant to the light assisted Pauson-Khand reaction. These studies were supported by spectro-electrochemical investigations and density functional calculations which suggest that the primary process to initiate the Pauson-Khand reaction involves a homolytic cleavage of the Co-Co bond forming a high-spin diradical species and not CO-loss as previously thought.

The photochemistry and photophysics of three model "half-sandwich" complexes (η(6)-benzophenone)Cr(CO)3, (η(6)-styrene)Cr(CO)3, and (η(6)-allylbenzene)Cr(CO)3 were investigated using pico-second time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory methods. The (η(6)-benzophenone)Cr(CO)3 complex was studied using two excitation wavelengths (470 and 320 nm) while the remaining complexes were irradiated using 400 nm light. Two independent excited states were detected spectroscopically for each complex, one an unreactive excited state of metal-to-arene charge-transfer character and the other with metal-to-carbonyl charge transfer character. This second excited state leads to an arrested release of CO on the pico-second time-scale. Low-energy excitation (470 nm) of (η(6)-benzophenone)Cr(CO)3 populated only the unreactive excited state which simply relaxes to the parent complex. Higher energy irradiation (320 nm) induced CO-loss. Irradiation of (η(6)-styrene)Cr(CO)3, or (η(6)-allylbenzene)Cr(CO)3 at 400 nm provided evidence for the simultaneous population of both the reactive and unreactive excited states. The efficiency at which the unreactive excited state is populated depends on the degree of conjugation of the substituent with the arene π-system and this affects the efficiency of the CO-loss process. The quantum yield of CO-loss is 0.50 for (η(6)-allylbenzene)Cr(CO)3 and 0.43 for (η(6)-styrene)Cr(CO)3. These studies provide evidence for the existence of two photophysical routes to CO loss, a minor ultrafast route and an arrested mechanism involving the intermediate population of a reactive excited state. This reactive excited state either relaxes to reform the parent species or eject CO. Thus the quantum yield of the CO-loss is strongly dependent on the excitation wavelength. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations confirm that the state responsible for ultrafast CO-loss has significant metal-centred character while the reactive state responsible for the arrested CO-loss has significant metal-to-carbonyl charge-transfer character. The CO-loss product (η(6)-allylbenzene)Cr(CO)2 formed following irradiation of (η(6)-allylbenzene)Cr(CO)3 reacts further with the pendent alkenyl group to form the chelate product (η(6),η(2)-allylbenzene)Cr(CO)2.

Multimodal photo, thermal and electrochemical approaches toward CO release from the amino carbene complex [(CO)5CrC(NC4H8)CH3] is reported. Picosecond time resolved infrared spectroscopy was used to probe the photo-induced early state dynamics leading to CO release, and DFT calculations confirmed that CO release occurs from a singlet excited state.

A high yield synthetic route for the preparation of N6 coordinated heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes using bidentate polypyridyl type ligands is described. The complexes are near-blue emitters and show microsecond emission lifetimes, high emission quantum yields and have two quasi-reversible reduction processes between -1.0 and -1.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl.

Two BODIPY-cobaloxime complexes; [{Co(dmgH)2Cl}{3-[bis-(4-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-methyl]-pyridine-borondiflouride}] (1a) and [{Co(dmgH)2Cl}{4-[bis-(4-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-methyl]-pyridine-borondiflouride}] (2a) (BODIPY = boron dipyrromethene), (dmgH = dimethylglyoxime) have been synthesised and studied as model catalytic systems for the generation of hydrogen gas in aqueous media. Under photochemical conditions, neither complex catalysed the reduction of water to hydrogen. However, both complexes showed considerable activity under electrochemical conditions. Turn-over-numbers for hydrogen production of 1.65 × 10(4) and 1.08 × 10(4) were obtained for 1a and 2a respectively following potentiostatic electrolysis at -1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl after 1 hour. Quantum chemical calculations were performed to provide an explanation for the lack of photochemical activity.

Two porphyrin-cobaloxime complexes; [{Co(dmgH)2Cl}{MPyTPP}] () and [{Co(dmgH)2Cl}{ZnMPyTPP}] () (dmgH = dimethylglyoxime, MPyTPP = 5-(4-pyridyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin) have been synthesised as model systems for the generation of hydrogen from water. Although initially envisaged as photocatalytic systems neither complex catalysed the reduction of water to hydrogen following irradiation. However, both complexes are molecular precursors for hydrogen evolution under electrochemical conditions. Turnover numbers for hydrogen production of 1.8 × 10(3) and 5.1 × 10(3) were obtained for and respectively following potentiostatic electrolysis at -1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl while cobaloxime alone produced a turnover-number of 8.0 × 10(3). The photophysical properties of and were examined to provide an explanation for the lack of photochemical activity. These results, coupled with quantum chemical calculations, confirm that porphyrins fail to act as light-harvesting units for these systems and that the lowest energy excited states are in fact cobaloxime-based rather than porphyrin based.

Novel cyclometallated iridium-Pt/Pd dinuclear complexes containing the bridging ligand 2,2':5',2''-terpyridine (BPP) and the peripheral phenylpyridine (ppy) ligand produced hydrogen under both visible (470 nm) and UV (350 nm) irradiation. The turnover numbers using visible light were found to be significantly higher, indicating an interplay between two independent excited states, only one of which produces H(2) efficiently.

The photochemistry of (η(6)-anisole)Cr(CO)(3) and (η(6)-thioanisole)Cr(CO)(3) was investigated by picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy in n-heptane solution at 298 K. Two independent excited states are populated following 400 nm excitation of each of these complexes. An excited state with some metal-to-CO charge-transfer character is responsible for the CO-loss process, which is slow compared to CO-loss from Cr(CO)(6). Observed first order rate constants of 1.8 × 10(10) s(-1) and 2.5 × 10(10) s(-1) were obtained for the anisole and thioanisole complexes, respectively. The second excited state has metal-to-arene charge transfer character and results in a haptotropic shift of the thioanisole ligand. DFT calculations characterized the excited states involved and the nature of the haptotropic shift intermediate observed for the thioanisole species.

The photochemistry of (η(6)-methylbenzoate)Cr(CO)(3), (η(6)-naphthalene)Cr(CO)(3), and (η(6)-phenanthrene)Cr(CO)(3) in n-heptane solution was investigated by picosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (TRIR). The observation of two transient IR features in the organic carbonyl region at 1681 and 1724 cm(-1) following 400 nm excitation of (η(6)-methylbenzoate)Cr(CO)(3) confirms formation of two excited states which are classified as metal-to-arene charge transfer (MACT) and metal-to-CO charge transfer (MCCT), respectively. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations have been used to support these assignments. Population of the MCCT excited state results in a slow (150 ps) expulsion of one CO ligand. Excitation of (η(6)-naphthalene)Cr(CO)(3) or (η(6)-phenanthrene)Cr(CO)(3) at either 400 or 345 nm produced two excited states: the MCCT state results in CO loss, while the MACT excited state results in a change to the coordination mode of the polyaromatic ligands before relaxing to the parent complex. A comparison of the infrared absorptions observed following the population of the MACT excited state with those calculated for nonplanar polyaromatic intermediates provides a model for the reduced hapticity species.

The electronic structure of (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₃ has been calculated using density functional theory and a molecular orbital interaction diagram constructed based on the Cr(CO)₃ and benzene fragments. The highest occupied molecular orbitals are mainly metal based. The nature of the lowest energy excited states were determined by time-dependent density functional theory, and the lowest energy excited state was found to have significant metal to carbonyl charge transfer character. The photochemistry of (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₃ was investigated by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy with picosecond time resolution. The low energy excited state was detected following irradiation at 400 nm, and this exhibited ν(CO) bands at lower energy than the equivalent ν(CO) bands of (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₃, consistent with metal to carbonyl charge transfer character, and is formed with excess vibrational energy, relaxing to the v = 0 vibrational state within 3 ps. The resulting "cold" excited state decays to form the CO-loss species (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₂ in approximately 70% yield and to reform (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₃ within 150 ps. The rates of relaxation from the vibrationally hot state to the cold excited state and its subsequent reaction to yield (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₂ were measured over a range of temperatures from 274 to 320 K, and the activation parameters for both processes were obtained from Eyring plots. The vibrational relaxation exhibits a negative activation enthalpy ΔH(‡) (-10 (±4) kJ mol⁻¹) and a negative activation entropy ΔS(‡) (-50 (±16) J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹). A significant barrier (ΔH(‡) = +12 (±4) kJ mol⁻¹) was obtained for the formation of (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₂ with a ΔS(‡) value close to zero. These data are used to propose a model for the CO-loss process to yield (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₂ and to explain why low temperature irradiation of (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₃ with light of wavelengths greater than 400 nm produced relatively minor amounts of (η⁶-benzene)Cr(CO)₂.