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Practical Application Trypsin from the digestive tract of harpiosquillid mantis shrimp (HMS) was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and a soybean trypsin inhibitor‐CNBr‐activated Sepharose 4B affinity column. The purified trypsin (PTRP‐HMS) had a purity of 30.4‐fold, and a yield of 14.5% was obtained. PTRP‐HMS had the molecular weight of 23.0 kDa as examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), and only one isoform was detected by native‐PAGE. Its optimal temperature and pH were 55°C and 8.5, respectively. TLCK almost completely inhibited the activity of trypsin. The PTRP‐HMS had a Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and catalytic constant (Kcat) of 0.87 mM and 13.04 s−1, respectively, toward Nα‐benzoyl‐l‐arginine 4‐nitroanilide hydrochloride. When chitooligosaccharide (COS) and COS‐catechin (COS‐CAT) conjugates were examined for inhibition toward the PTRP, the latter exhibited higher efficacy in inhibiting the trypsin. Both COS and COS‐CAT conjugate showed mixed‐type inhibition kinetics. As a consequence, COS and COS‐CAT conjugate could be used as natural additives for inhibiting trypsin in whole HMS, thus retarding the softening and lengthening the shelf‐life of HMS during the iced storage.Harpiosquillid mantis shrimp (HMS) is of high demand due to its delicacy. However, its meat undergoes rapid softening within 2–3 days when stored in ice. Understanding causative proteolytic enzymes, especially trypsin from digestive tract, paves a way for preventing their negative impact on HMS eating quality. Employment of safe inhibitors, for example, chitooligosaccharide (COS) or COS conjugated with catechin, could inhibit HMS trypsin. Overall, softening of whole HMS containing trypsin in its digestive tract can be impeded, especially when treated with COS‐CAT. This finding is beneficial for the HMS local vendor or exporter, in which HMS quality can be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Artificial breeding of mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria, using the ecological breeding in earthen pond (EBEP) method, has been carrying out from 2019, and the produced larvae have always been used for supportive breeding programs in Bohai Bay. To assess the degree of fidelity of enhancement programs used an EBEP method to native genetic pools, genetic diversity at 10 microsatellite loci was analyzed in three hatchery offspring populations, their wild parent stocks, and their wild contemporaneous offspring. Significant decrease in the almost genetic diversity parameters and highly significant differences in shannon's information index (decreasing by 22.54%–40.97%) and allelic richness (33.80%–46.87%) were observed between in hatchery populations. This further created relatively more genetic differentiation between the hatchery and wild population, as the pairwise Fst values and genetic distances showed. The mean pairwise relatedness coefficients showed higher values within hatchery populations and lower values within wild populations. Hatchery populations contained the fewest full‐sib families and offspring were extremely distributed in 10–11 full‐sib groups in each hatchery population. The relatively small number of actual spawning females and large variance in parental contribution to the next generation possibly causes allele reduction in the hatchery population, which in turn leads to a decrease in allelic diversity and an increase in genetic similarities among individuals. Promoting synchrony of ovarian development in females, providing good conditions for incubation and larvae culture and balancing the contributions of parents will be important in future breeding propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbionts dominate planetary diversity and three primary symbiont diversification processes have been proposed: co-speciation with hosts, speciation by host-switching, and within-host speciation. The last mechanism is prevalent among members of an extraordinary marine symbiosis in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, composed of a host mantis shrimp, Lysiosquilla scabricauda, and seven host-specific commensal vasconielline "yoyo" clams (Galeommatoidea) that collectively occupy two distinct niches: burrow-wall-attached, and host-attached/ectocommensal. This within-host symbiont radiation provides a natural experiment to test how symbiont coexistence patterns are regulated in a common ancestral habitat. The competitive exclusion principle predicts that sister taxa produced by adaptive speciation (with distinct morphologies and within-burrow niches) are most likely to coexist whereas the neutral theory predicts no difference among adaptive and non-adaptive sister taxa co-occurrence. To test these predictions, we engaged in (1) field-censusing commensal species assemblages; (2) trophic niche analyses; (3) laboratory behavioral observations. Although predicted by both models, the field census found no mixed-niche commensal assemblages: multi-species burrows were exclusively composed of burrow-wall commensals. Their co-occurrence matched random assembly process expectations, but presence of the single ectocommensal species had a highly significant negative effect on recruitment of all burrow-wall commensal species (P < 0.001), including on its burrow-wall commensal sister species (P < 0.001). Our stable isotope data indicated that commensals are suspension feeders and that co-occurring burrow-wall commensals may exhibit trophic niche differentiation. The artificial burrow behavioral experiment yielded no evidence of spatial segregation among burrow-wall commensals, and it was terminated by a sudden breakdown of the host-commensal relationship resulting in a mass mortality of all commensals unattached to the host. This study system appears to contain two distinct, superimposed patterns of commensal distribution: (1) all burrow-wall commensal species; (2) the ectocommensal species. Burrow-wall commensals (the plesiomorphic condition) broadly adhere to neutral theory expectations of species assembly but the adaptive evolution of ectocommensalism has apparently led to ecological exclusion rather than coexistence, an inverse outcome of theoretical expectations. The ecological factors regulating the observed burrow-wall/ectocommensal exclusion are currently obscure but potentially include differential recruitment to host burrows and/or differential survival in "mixed" burrow assemblages, the latter potentially due to changes in host predatory behavior. Resampling host burrows during commensal recruitment peak periods and tracking burrow-wall commensal survival in host burrows with and without added ectocommensals could resolve this outstanding issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the production of protein isolates from mantis shrimp (MS). The pH-shift method was investigated to understand its impact on the protein yield, quality, and properties of the produced isolates. The first step was determining how the pH affected the protein solubility profile, zeta potential, and brown discoloration. The pH-shift process was then established based on the maximum and minimum protein solubilization. The solubilization pH had a significant impact on the mass yield and color of the produced protein, with a pH of 1.0 producing the maximum mass in the acidic region, whereas a maximum was found at a pH of 12.0 in the alkaline region (p < 0.05). Both approaches yielded mantis shrimp protein isolates (MPIs) with precipitation at a pH of 4.0 and a mass yield of around 25% (dw). The TCA-soluble peptide and TBARS levels were significantly lower in the MPI samples compared to MS raw material (p < 0.05). The MPIs maintained essential amino acid index (EAAI) values greater than 90%, indicating a high protein quality, and the pH-shift procedure had no negative impact on the protein quality, as indicated by comparable EAAI values between the mantis shrimp protein isolate extract acid (MPI-Ac), mantis shrimp protein isolate extract alkaline (MPI-Al), and MS raw material. Overall, the pH-shift approach effectively produced protein isolates with favorable quality and nutritional attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelagic larval stages play a critical role in the dynamics of marine populations since they are the main way of dispersal and habitat colonization. Here, we examined the larval dispersal pathways of two common stomatopod species in the western Atlantic: Squilla empusa and Lysiosquilla scabricauda. To complement this goal, we also analyzed the haline tolerance of the stomatopod larvae collected in an estuary from the southern Gulf of Mexico. Larval dispersal was simulated using a Lagrangian particle‐tracking module coupled to the Global HYCOM model and consisted of releasing 100 passive particles from each starting site. Results indicated a high level of larval retention in the west Florida shelf and over the narrow western shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. In the South Atlantic Bight, Central America, and northern South America the larval transport was almost unidirectional following the pattern of currents. Generally, connections were among nearby sites, but long‐distance transport can also occur when larvae are trapped by great high‐speed currents. Retention of larvae and connection with neighboring sites were due to local atmospheric and hydrological conditions. During fieldwork, we found two kinds of larvae: antizoea and alima. Morphological characteristics of the antizoea correspond to the superfamily Lysiosquilloidea, and those of the alima, with the superfamily Squilloidea. The antizoea larvae were found in salinity values as low as 21.9 psu, while the alima were at 23.2 psu. Salinity tolerances and dispersal potential of larvae indicate a high level of colonization of new habitats and a broad intrusion into the estuaries. Plain Language Summary: Stomatopods, or mantis shrimp, are marine crustaceans mainly found in coastal waters and estuaries and whose larvae are the main way of dispersal in the oceans. Here, we examined the dispersal of stomatopod larvae in the western Atlantic using numerical models. For this purpose, we chose two common species: Squilla empusa and Lysiosquilla scabricauda. As well, we tried to detect the lower limit of salinity tolerance of larvae as an indication of their intrusion into estuaries. The simulation of the dispersion of larvae showed that connectivity occurs among nearby sites, but long‐distance transport of larvae may also occur. Retention of larvae and small‐distance connections were due to local atmospheric and hydrographic characteristics. Long‐distance transport may occur if larvae are trapped within great high‐speed currents. During several expeditions to an estuary, two kinds of larvae were found: antizoea and alima. The antizoea larvae correspond to the superfamily Lysiosquilloidea, whereas the alima, to the superfamily Squilloidea. The antizoea were recorded in salinities as low as 21.9 psu and the alima at 23.2 psu. The tolerance to salinity conditions, in combination with the dispersal degree of larvae, indicates the potential of larvae to colonize new habitats and enter into estuaries. Key Points: In most cases, connectivity occurs among nearby populations, but long‐distance transport can also occurTwo kinds of larvae were found in field expeditions: the antizoea recorded in salinities as low as 21.9 psu and the alima at 23.2 psuHaline tolerance and dispersal degree of larvae are indicative of their potential to colonize new habitats and enter into estuaries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable light perception abilities of the mantis shrimp, which span a broad spectrum ranging from 300 nm to 720 nm and include the detection of polarized light, serve as the inspiration for our exploration. Drawing insights from the mantis shrimp's unique visual system, we propose the design of a multifunctional imaging sensor capable of concurrently detecting spectrum and polarization across a wide waveband. This sensor is able to show spectral imaging capability through the utilization of a 16-channel multi-waveband Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator filter array. The design incorporates a composite thin film structure comprising metal and dielectric layers as the reflector of the resonant cavity. The resulting metal–dielectric composite film FP resonator extends the operating bandwidth to cover both visible and infrared regions, specifically spanning a broader range from 450 nm to 900 nm. Furthermore, within this operational bandwidth, the metal–dielectric composite film FP resonator demonstrates an average peak transmittance exceeding 60%, representing a notable improvement over the metallic resonator. Additionally, aluminum-based metallic grating arrays are incorporated beneath the FP filter array to capture polarization information. This innovative approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of spectrum and polarization information using a single sensor device. The outcomes of this research hold promise for advancing the development of high-performance, multifunctional optical sensors, thereby unlocking new possibilities in the field of optical information acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mantis shrimp Rissoides pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) is a rarely reported crustacean species in the central Mediterranean Sea. In December 2020, during a trawl survey off Mazara del Vallo harbor (Strait of Sicily), two specimens of R. pallidus were captured on coastal detritus and coastal terrigenous mud bottoms at about 132 and 152 m depths. Additional information specific to biometrics, bottom types, depth preference, habitats, and geographic distribution of this crustacean species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light-dark cycle significantly impacts the growth and development of animals. Mantis shrimps (Oratosquilla oratoria) receive light through their complex photoreceptors. To reveal the adaptive expression mechanism of the mantis shrimp induced in a dark environment, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis with O. oratoria cultured in a light environment (Oo-L) as the control group and O. oratoria cultured in a dark environment (Oo-D) as the experimental group. In the screening of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Oo-L and Oo-D groups, a total of 88 DEGs with |log2FC| > 1 and FDR < 0.05 were identified, of which 78 were upregulated and 10 were downregulated. Then, FBP1 and Pepck were downregulated in the gluconeogenesis pathway, and MKNK2 was upregulated in the MAPK classical pathway, which promoted cell proliferation and differentiation, indicating that the activity of mantis shrimp was slowed and the metabolic rate decreases in the dark environment. As a result, the energy was saved for its growth and development. At the same time, we performed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on all DEGs. In the KEGG pathway analysis, each metabolic pathway in the dark environment showed a slowing trend. GO was enriched in biological processes such as eye development, sensory perception and sensory organ development. The study showed that mantis shrimp slowed down metabolism in the dark, while the role of sensory organs prominent. It provides important information for further understanding the energy metabolism and has great significance to study the physiology of mantis shrimp in dark environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mantis shrimp Rissoides pallidus (Giesbrecht, 1910) is a rarely reported crustacean species in the central Mediterranean Sea. In December 2020, during a trawl survey off Mazara del Vallo harbor (Strait of Sicily), two specimens of R. pallidus were captured on coastal detritus and coastal terrigenous mud bottoms at about 132 and 152 m depths. Additional information specific to biometrics, bottom types, depth preference, habitats, and geographic distribution of this crustacean species are provided.

This study focused on the production of protein isolates from mantis shrimp (MS). The pH-shift method was investigated to understand its impact on the protein yield, quality, and properties of the produced isolates. The first step was determining how the pH affected the protein solubility profile, zeta potential, and brown discoloration. The pH-shift process was then established based on the maximum and minimum protein solubilization. The solubilization pH had a significant impact on the mass yield and color of the produced protein, with a pH of 1.0 producing the maximum mass in the acidic region, whereas a maximum was found at a pH of 12.0 in the alkaline region (p < 0.05). Both approaches yielded mantis shrimp protein isolates (MPIs) with precipitation at a pH of 4.0 and a mass yield of around 25% (dw). The TCA-soluble peptide and TBARS levels were significantly lower in the MPI samples compared to MS raw material (p < 0.05). The MPIs maintained essential amino acid index (EAAI) values greater than 90%, indicating a high protein quality, and the pH-shift procedure had no negative impact on the protein quality, as indicated by comparable EAAI values between the mantis shrimp protein isolate extract acid (MPI-Ac), mantis shrimp protein isolate extract alkaline (MPI-Al), and MS raw material. Overall, the pH-shift approach effectively produced protein isolates with favorable quality and nutritional attributes.

ObjectiveTo understand the concentration of heavy metal cadmium and cadmium in portunus and mantis shrimp， and to timely identify food safety problems and potential hazards.MethodsPortunus and mantis shrimp samples from different provinces were collected and categorized based on different regions and locations， and some samples were made from tissue parts. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was used to detect cadmium items， the cadmium exposure of portunus and mantis shrimp was evaluated simultaneouslyResultsThe detection rate of cadmium in 124 batches of portunus sold in Shanghai was 100% （124/124）， the detection rate of cadmium in 63 batches of mantis shrimp sold in the market was also 100% （63/63）. The cadmium content varied in different tissue parts， and the cadmium enrichment in hepatopancreas was the highest in the edible parts of portunus and mantis shrimp. The average detection value， 50th percentile value， 95th percentile value of cadmium in the hepatopancreas of portunus accounted for 52.64%， 49.28% and 98.65% of the PTMI， respectively. The average detection value， 50th percentile value and 95th percentile value of cadmium in the hepatopancreas of mantis shrimp accounted for 30.76%， 32.04% and 46.16% of the PTMI， respectively.ConclusionThe average residual levels of heavy metal cadmium in portunus and mantis shrimp are within the safe range.

The taxonomic identification of mantis shrimp Lysiosquilla maculata was performed through DNA barcoding analysis of specimens collected from the Kasimedu fishing port, Chennai coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene with a region of 650 bp was sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. In the present record, mitochondrial gene sequences were used to identify the mantis shrimp. This is the first confirmed DNA barcoding record from Indian waters, whose mtCOI sequence was deposited in GenBank. The Neighbor-joining method was used for phylogenetic analysis. The calculated pairwise genetic distance with five closely related species ranged from 0.01 to 0.094%. The morphological and molecular analysis confirm that the specimens collected correspond to L. maculata.

The stomatopod Odontodactylus scyllarus uses weaponized club-like appendages to attack its prey. These clubs are made of apatite, chitin, amorphous calcium carbonate, and amorphous calcium phosphate organized in a highly hierarchical structure with multiple regions and layers. We follow the development of the biomineralized club as a function of time using clubs harvested at specific times since molting. The clubs are investigated using a broad suite of techniques to unravel the biomineralization history of the clubs. Nano focus synchrotron x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence experiments reveal that the club structure is more organized with more sub-regions than previously thought. The recently discovered impact surface has crystallites in a different size and orientation than those in the impact region. The crystal unit cell parameters vary to a large degree across individual samples, which indicates a spatial variation in the degree of chemical substitution. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy show that this variation cannot be explained by carbonation and fluoridation of the lattice alone. X-ray fluorescence and mass spectroscopy show that the impact surface is coated with a thin membrane rich in bromine that forms at very initial stages of club formation. Proteomic studies show that a fraction of the club mineralization protein-1 has brominated tyrosine suggesting that bromination of club proteins at the club surface is an integral component of the club design. Taken together, the data unravel the spatio-temporal changes in biomineral structure during club formation. Mantis shrimp hunt using club-like appendages that contain apatite, chitin, amorphous calcium carbonate, and amorphous calcium phosphate ordered in a highly hierarchical structure. To understand the formation process of the club we analyze clubs harvested at specific times since molting thereby constructing a club formation map. By combining several methods ranging from position resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction to proteomics, we reveal that clubs form from an organic membrane with brominated protein and that crystalline apatite phases are present from the very onset of club formation and grow in relative importance over time. This reveals a complex biomineralization process leading to these fascinating biomineralized tools. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable light perception abilities of the mantis shrimp, which span a broad spectrum ranging from 300 nm to 720 nm and include the detection of polarized light, serve as the inspiration for our exploration. Drawing insights from the mantis shrimp’s unique visual system, we propose the design of a multifunctional imaging sensor capable of concurrently detecting spectrum and polarization across a wide waveband. This sensor is able to show spectral imaging capability through the utilization of a 16-channel multi-waveband Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator filter array. The design incorporates a composite thin film structure comprising metal and dielectric layers as the reflector of the resonant cavity. The resulting metal–dielectric composite film FP resonator extends the operating bandwidth to cover both visible and infrared regions, specifically spanning a broader range from 450 nm to 900 nm. Furthermore, within this operational bandwidth, the metal–dielectric composite film FP resonator demonstrates an average peak transmittance exceeding 60%, representing a notable improvement over the metallic resonator. Additionally, aluminum-based metallic grating arrays are incorporated beneath the FP filter array to capture polarization information. This innovative approach enables the simultaneous acquisition of spectrum and polarization information using a single sensor device. The outcomes of this research hold promise for advancing the development of high-performance, multifunctional optical sensors, thereby unlocking new possibilities in the field of optical information acquisition.

New and notable stomatopods are reported on and added to the Mozambican faunal list, based principally on material housed in the collections of the Iziko South African Museum. Seven species are reported for the first time from Mozambican waters including one undescribed species of Clorida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, bringing the total known Mozambican stomatopod fauna to 22 species, comprising 17 genera and eight families. The known fauna is tabulated and taxonomic accounts of eight species are given, seven of these representing the new species records including one undescribed species, while the eighth species account is of the previously poorly documented Erugosquilla woodmasoni (Kemp, 1911), which is reported on from unpublished material. The new record of Manningia australiensis Manning, 1970 represents the first record of the family Eurysquillidae from southern Africa.

The Indo-West Pacific coral reef mantis shrimp genus genus, Gonodactylopsis Manning, 1969, was established for two Indo-West Pacific species: Gonodactylus herdmani Tattersall, 1906 (type species) described from the Gulf of Mannar, India; and Gonodactylus drepanophorus de Man, 1902, from Indonesia. A third species, Gonodactylopsis komodoensis Erdmann & Manning, 1998, was described from Komodo, Indonesia. Gonodactylopsis is revised herein based on type and other material of the three known species, and two new species are described based on recent collections from coral reefs: one from Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea, and the other from Fiji and Papua New Guinea. Reconsideration of all species of Gonodactylopsis revealed a probable synapomorphy of the genus that is unique in the Stomatopoda: the presence of membranous, partially de-chitinized posterior surfaces of the uropodal endopod and exopod distal article. All species of Gonodactylopsis are described and figured, and an identification key is provided.

The objective of this study was to investigate the yield and characteristics of collagen protein extracted from the muscle of four different species of mantis shrimp: Miyakella nepa, Harpiosquilla harpax, Erugosquilla woodmasoni, and Odontodactylus cultrifer. Mantis shrimp muscle was extracted by using a pepsin-solubilization technique, with 0.5 M acetic acid and 5% pepsin enzyme. The highest collagen yield was from M. nepa muscle (0.478 ± 0.06%), which was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that from H. harpax, O. cultrifer, and E. woodmasoni (0.313 ± 0.03%, 0.123 ± 0.02%, and 0.015 ± 0.00%, respectively). The freeze-dried collagen appeared as thin fibers, and formed an opaque film. The pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from four mantis shrimp species was analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The results showed that all species of mantis shrimp contained type I collagen, consisting of β, α1, and α2 subunits with average molecular weights of 250, 145, and 118 kDa, respectively. The study of the solubility of collagen showed that, for NaCl, collagen had the highest relative solubility in 2% NaCl (80.20 ± 4.95%). In contrast, the solubility decreased at higher NaCl concentrations. However, in terms of pH, collagen had the highest relative solubility at pH 3 (91.32 ± 5.14%), and its solubility decreased at higher pH. FT-IR spectroscopy was used to compare the collagen with a model compound. Five wavenumbers in the spectrum for model collagen were identified: Amide A (3,406–3,421 cm−1), amide B (2,916–2,940 cm−1), amide I (1,639–1,640 cm−1), amide II (1,539–1,570 cm−1), and amide III (1,234–1,250 cm−1).

Mantis shrimp (Oratosquilla nepa) exoskeleton, a leftover generated after processing, was used as a starting material for chitosan (CS) production. CS was extracted with different deacetylation times (2, 3 and 4 h), termed CS−2, CS−3 and CS−4, respectively, and their characteristics and antimicrobial and film properties with agarose (AG) were investigated. Prolonged deacetylation time increased the degree of deacetylation (DDA: 73.56 ± 0.09–75.56 ± 0.09%), while extraction yield (15.79 ± 0.19–14.13 ± 0.09%), intrinsic viscosity (η: 3.58 ± 0.09–2.97 ± 0.16 dL/g) and average molecular weight (Mν: 1.4 ± 0.05–1.12 ± 0.08 (×106 Da)) decreased (p < 0.05). FTIR spectra of extracted CS were similar to that of commercial CS. Among all the CS samples prepared, CS−3 had the best yield, DDA, Mν and antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it was chosen for the development of composite films with AG at different ratios (CS−3/AG; 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0/100). As the proportion of AG increased, the tensile strength (29.96 ± 1.80–89.70 ± 5.08 MPa) of the composite films increased, while thickness (0.056 ± 0.012–0.024 ± 0.001 mm), elongation at break (36.52 ± 1.12–25.32 ± 1.23%) and water vapor permeability (3.56 ± 0.10–1.55 ± 0.02 (×10−7 g m m−2 s−1 Pa−1)) decreased (p < 0.05). Moreover, lightness of the films increased and yellowness decreased. CS−3/AG (50/50) composite film exhibited high mechanical and barrier properties and excellent compatibility according to FTIR and SEM analyses. According to these finding, mantis shrimp exoskeleton could be used to produce CS. The developed bio-composite film based on an appropriate ratio (50/50) of CS−3 and AG has potential for being used as food packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fiber architectures of the stomatopod dactyl club lead to an effective toughening mechanism. Composites with sinusoidally periodic helicoidal (Herringbone-type) fiber architectures were fabricated using additive manufacturing and examined under dynamic loading. Under compression at different strain rates, stress distribution was found more uniform in the Herringbone-type structure than that in the Bouligand-type one because of fiber flattening. Under dynamic compression, Herringbone-type structures with amplitude gradients resisted large strains without significant damage, leading to greater energy absorption. Simulations indicated that the Herringbone-type structure mitigated the impact waves and facilitated uniform stress redistribution, whereas the Bouligand-type structure filtered the waves. These findings would shed light on the future designs of impact-resistant bioinspired materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible mantis shrimp Erugosquilla massavensis is a popular, cheap, and nutritious food source in the Mediterranean coasts. In the present study, sex ratio, morphometric and weight relationships, and the condition factor of the mantis shrimp were studied. Samples were collected from October to December 2021 from the Mediterranean coast of Port Said. In the current study, females (702) dominated over males (610) with the sex ratio in favor of females (1.15:1). Body length-body weight relationship indicated a negative allometric growth pattern for both sexes (b<3). The findings of this study showed well-being and good health condition for both sexes since the condition factor was higher than one (2.576 and 2.424 for males and females, respectively). In addition, the in vitro antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of hepatopancreas (HP), muscles (M), and hemolymph (HL) extracts of E. massavensis were evaluated. All extracts exhibited a significant cytotoxic effect on the breast (MCF-7) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines, especially at higher concentrations. Significant preference for HP was observed on HepG2 cells, with IC50 dose of 1.14 mg/ml (P < 0.001). However, M extract possessed higher antioxidant properties (49.3%) than HL and HP (37.14% and 26.37%, respectively). Moreover, these extracts showed a high degree of antimicrobial activity, especially against E. coli with an inhibition zone of 38, 31, and 31mm for M, HP, and HL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cloridopsis scorpio (Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville & Guérin, 1828) was collected from the intertidal zone of Hiroshima and Okayama Prefectures, western Japan in 2017-2020. This is a rediscovery of the stomatopod crustacean after almost a century in Japanese waters. Morphological characters and coloration of the species are described based on the newly collected specimens. The rostral plate lengthens, and the lateral process of fifth thoracic somite becomes blunted and inclined ventrolaterally with growth. This fact supports that C. aquilonaris Manning, 1978 is a junior synonym of C. scorpio as shown by the previous study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indo-West Pacific coral reef mantis shrimp genus genus, Gonodactylopsis Manning, 1969, was established for two Indo-West Pacific species: Gonodactylus herdmani Tattersall, 1906 ( species) described from the Gulf of Mannar, India; and Gonodactylus drepanophorus de Man, 1902, from Indonesia. A third species, Gonodactylopsis komodoensis Erdmann & Manning, 1998, was described from Komodo, Indonesia. Gonodactylopsis is revised herein based on type and other material of the three known species, and two new species are described based on recent collections from coral reefs: one from Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea, and the other from Fiji and Papua New Guinea. Reconsideration of all species of Gonodactylopsis revealed a probable synapomorphy of the genus that is unique in Stomatopoda: the presence of membranous, partially de-chitinized posterior surfaces of the uropodal endopod and exopod distal article. All species of Gonodactylopsis are described and figured, and identification key is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mantis shrimps are stomatopod crustaceans yet to be successfully cultured on a commercial scale due to several impediments, namely their aggressive behaviour in a communal setting and a lack of understanding on their feeding regime during different life stages in captivity. Local adult mantis shrimp, Miyakella nepa (Latreille, 1828), were observed in laboratory conditions to obtain baseline data of feeding preference behaviour. M. nepa were kept individually, with tube shelter provided, either with or without sand substrate, to understand their burrowing behaviour (n = 16). Most of the stomatopods remained within the tube (>90% of observation time) during pre-feeding but ventured out of the shelter (47–60% of observation time) when feed was provided. They were presented with one or two types of natural feed to identify affinity towards specific food. During the 15-minute observation, mantis shrimps (n = 20) were placed in a testing arena and presented with natural feed. The fastest time for mantis shrimps to approach feed, indicating attractiveness, is fish, clam, shrimp, squid and then polychaetes. About 57% made an approach towards the squid, but none of them managed to consume it. Subsequent feeding preference observation included a combination of two diets presented at the same time: fish-shrimp, fish-clam, fish-polychaete, shrimp-clam, shrimp-polychaete, and clam-polychaete. Observations of M. nepa feeding preference in captivity revealed that they can consume several types of feed. It is recommended to provide fish as they were preferred to all other types of diets comparatively when presented without other food choice, and/or clams as they indicated high attractiveness due to short approach time when presented with choice. Mantis shrimps are considered opportunistic predators in the wild and M. nepa do not show a clear pattern with significant difference of preference towards any single type of natural feed presented in the laboratory setting.

Efficient and effective generation of high-acceleration movement in biology requires a process to control energy flow and amplify mechanical power from power density-limited muscle. Until recently, this ability was exclusive to ultrafast, small organisms, and this process was largely ascribed to the high mechanical power density of small elastic recoil mechanisms. In several ultrafast organisms, linkages suddenly initiate rotation when they overcenter and reverse torque; this process mediates the release of stored elastic energy and enhances the mechanical power output of extremely fast, spring-actuated systems. Here we report the discovery of linkage dynamics and geometric latching that reveals how organisms and synthetic systems generate extremely high-acceleration, short-duration movements. Through synergistic analyses of mantis shrimp strikes, a synthetic mantis shrimp robot, and a dynamic mathematical model, we discover that linkages can exhibit distinct dynamic phases that control energy transfer from stored elastic energy to ultrafast movement. These design principles are embodied in a 1.5-g mantis shrimp scale mechanism capable of striking velocities over 26 m s-1 in air and 5 m s-1 in water. The physical, mathematical, and biological datasets establish latching mechanics with four temporal phases and identify a nondimensional performance metric to analyze potential energy transfer. These temporal phases enable control of an extreme cascade of mechanical power amplification. Linkage dynamics and temporal phase characteristics are easily adjusted through linkage design in robotic and mathematical systems and provide a framework to understand the function of linkages and latches in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mantis shrimps are commercially important crustaceans in many areas of the world. In contrast to the relatively common studies of adults, limited studies have been attempted of larvae because of a lack of identification keys. The objectives of this study were two-fold: (1) to link wild-caught larval specimens from the Seto Inland Sea to a certain species and (2) to present a detailed morphological description of the last larval stage. The resulting molecular phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences strongly implies that our larval specimens were linked to Levisquilla inermis, which was barcoded from a newly collected adult specimen with a morphological identification. K2P genetic divergence was found to be 0% among the larval and adult specimens. The congeneric species L. jurichi was the sister group of the L. inermis cluster, but the K2P distance between them was 3.4%, and it was considered a distinct species. Morphological observations provided five major distinguishing characteristics of the last-stage larva of L. inermis: (1) propodus of second maxilliped with three basal spines, (2) all five pleopods possessing an appendix interna with cincinnuli, (3) exopod of uropod longer than the endopod, (4) distal margin of the exopod of the uropod reaching the lateral tooth of telson, and (5) telson with nine intermediate denticles. Overall, our results reveal the importance of combining molecular and morphological analyses for solving stomatopod larval identification. This finding can be used to support and facilitate future research on the taxonomy and biodiversity of stomatopod larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the drag of fluid on a surface, the parameterized structure of the mantis shrimp abdominal segment was analyzed to design the airfoil profile, and a calculation model was established based on the biological characteristics of the mantis shrimp. By using a numerical simulation method, the change in the viscous sublayer and drag reduction of the biological surface under different flow velocities and with different numbers of airfoil profiles was analyzed, and the mechanism of the drag reduction of the biological airfoil profile was revealed. The results show that the biological surface with airfoil profiles exhibited a better drag reduction effect. With an increase in airfoil profile numbers, the drag reduction rate first decreased and then increased. When the flow velocity was 10 m/s and the number of airfoil profiles was 5, the drag reduction rate exhibited the largest value of 15.33%. This result showed that the biological airfoil profile could affect the structure of the wall turbulent boundary layer and diminish the velocity gradient of the boundary layer, which finally changed the interaction pattern between the fluid and wall. In addition, the vortex cushioning effect was created to change the friction between the fluid and the wall into a rolling friction with a lower friction coefficient, thus reducing the shear stress on the wall, which achieved drag reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of microstructure and phase component on mechanical property of spearer propodus of mantis shrimp were investigated. The spearer propodus consisted of three layers including epicuticle (outer layer), exocuticle (middle layer), and endocuticle (inner layer). The outer layer was composed of fluorapatite, which was treated as permeability barrier to environment. The compact middle layer and inner layer were constituted of chitin‐protein fibers, which exhibited the layered spiral structure. Under the in‐situ tensile test environment, spearer propodus owned high mechanical strength, which bore maximum tensile fore of 320 N. In the in‐situ tensile process, cracks extended along with zigzag lines on spearer propodus surface. The middle layer and inner layer resisted the damage of force via the fracture and pulling of fibers. The crack deflection and delamination phenomena were the mechanical property mechanisms of spearer propodus of mantis shrimp. The investigations provided typical bionic models for the design and preparation of bionic structure materials, bionic anti‐impact materials, and bionic soft materials in engineering fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esophageal foreign bodies (FBs) are one of the common emergencies in otolaryngology, usually involving objects accidentally swallowed, and generally do not result in severe respiratory distress. This article presents an extremely rare case of an esophageal FB, where a 44-year-old man accidentally ingested an entire mantis shrimp while sucking its flavored tail, and was sent to the emergency department for severe throat pain and difficulty breathing. We immediately performed a laryngoscopy that revealed the FB that obstructs the entrance of the esophagus, obstructing the glottis due to the long shape of the shrimp. The mantis shrimp had barbs on its shell and trying to remove it intact would cause significant damage to the pharyngeal mucosa. Therefore, we extracted the mantis shrimp in segments under general anesthesia and applied electrocoagulation to stop bleeding from the damaged and bleeding posterior pharyngeal mucosa. As an esophagography was performed the following day, there were no signs of esophageal perforation. Through the detailed description and analysis of this case, our aim is to raise clinical awareness among physicians of such rare occurrences. Most important, appropriate examination and procedures of FBs should be performed based on the type, shape, and location of the FB., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Prior to the present study, the mantis shrimp superfamily Eurysquilloidea Manning, 1977, with the single family Eurysquillidae Manning, 1977, contained six genera and 32 species, most of which occur in the Indo-West Pacific. A new genus and species of eurysquilloid, Liusquilla taiwanica , recently discovered off southeastern Taiwan, is described herein, constituting the first record of the superfamily from the island. Sixty-eight species in six of the seven stomatopod superfamilies are now known from Taiwan. Liusquilla differs from other eurysquillids in the combination of four teeth on the dactylus of the raptorial claw and form of the eye and ocular scale. Liusquilla is possibly most closely related to Sinosquillla Liu & Wang, 1978, based on eye form and in the similarly ornamented, densely spinose telson and abdominal somite 6. A key to the eurysquillid genera is provided. Résumé: Avant la présente étude, la superfamille de Stomatopodes Eurysquilloidea Manning, 1977, avec l'unique famille des Eurysquillidae Manning, 1977, comprenait six genres et 32 espèces, la plupart d'entre elles étant présentes dans l'Indo-Ouest Pacifique. Un genre nouveau et une espèce nouvelle d' Eurysquillidae, Liusquilla taiwanica , récemment découverts au large du sud-est de Taiwan, sont décrits ici, ce qui constitue le premier signalement de la superfamille de l'île. Soixante-six espèces appartenant à six des sept superfamilles de Stomatopodes sont maintenant connues de Taiwan. Liusquilla diffère des autres Eurysquillidae par la combinaison des quatre dents sur le dactyle de la patte ravisseuse, de la forme de l'œil et de l'écaille oculaire. Liusquilla est vraisemblablement très proche de Sinosquillla Liu & Wang, 1978, en considérant la forme de l'œil, le telson pourvu d'épines denses, ornementé de façon similaire et le 6ème somite abdominal. Une clé des genres d'Eurysquillidae est fournie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resource value assessment, in which competitors adjust behaviours according to the perceived value of a contested resource, is well described in animal contests. Such assessment is usually assumed to be categorical or linear; for example, males fight more aggressively when females are present than absent, or as female fecundity increases. Here, to our knowledge for the first time, we show quadratic resource value assessment, in which resource value is highest at a certain level and decreases in either direction. The mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus bredini occupies coral rubble burrows in a size-assortative manner: individuals of a certain body size inhabit burrows of a certain size. Using mock burrows of various sizes, we tested whether mantis shrimp (1) chose burrows predicted to be the best fit for their body size and (2) were more aggressive during, endured higher costs during and were more likely to win contests over burrows predicted to be best fit. Individuals chose burrows larger than their predicted best fit burrows. In contests, intruders without burrows were more likely to evict burrow residents when the burrow was slightly smaller than the intruder's predicted best fit size. Intruder success decreased as relative burrow size increased or decreased from this value. Intruders won by delivering more strikes and by being aggressive first. In contrast to intruders, burrow residents showed little evidence of resource value assessment. A literature review revealed that quadratic resource value assessment may play a role in contests over resources from territories to parasite hosts. Therefore, our results impact theoretical models of contest behaviour and may lend insight to how contests affect resource distributions. • Mantis shrimp inhabit protective coral rubble burrows in a size-assortative manner. • Intruders without burrows won fights over burrows smaller than the predicted ideal size. • Intruders won by delivering more high-force strikes and by being aggressive first. • Burrow residents showed no evidence of burrow size assessment. • The quadratic resource value assessment we describe may inform other systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between historical and contemporary processes can produce complex patterns of genetic differentiation in the marine realm. Recent mitochondrial and nuclear sequence analyses revealed cryptic speciation in the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria. Herein, we applied nuclear microsatellite markers to examine patterns and causes of genetic differentiation in this morphotaxon. Population structure analyses revealed two genetically divergent and geographically structured clades in O. oratoria, one dominating the temperate zone of the Northwestern (NW) Pacific and the other occurring in the subtropical and tropical waters where are influenced by the Kuroshio Current. Two sympatric zones, one around the Changjiang Estuary in China coast and the other in the northern Japan Sea, were demonstrated to be hybrid zones where introgressive hybridization occurred asymmetrically. The interaction between historical climate shifts and contemporary factors (e.g., freshwater discharge, temperature gradient and isolation by distance) may contribute to the present-day genetic architecture in the Japanese mantis shrimp. Range shift induced by climate changes and oceanographic factors may promote hybridization and gene flow between the O. oratoria complex. Our results provide insights into the interacting mechanisms that give rise to diversification and speciation of coastal species in the NW Pacific.

Summary: Exoskeletons of Odontodactylus japonicas, the “smasher-type” mantis shrimp, feature a raptorial appendage comprising a Bouligand architecture of chitin nanofibrils with newly observed voids or defects between the polysaccharide α-chitin and protein interfaces. Here, we use a continuous-fiber 3D printing technology to simulate such materials in carbon fiber-reinforced (helicoidal) composites, complete with the presence of voids due to imperfect printing. The specific impact energies of the 3D printed helicoidal composites are clearly superior and further enhanced by the presence of the voids. To explain the role of the Bouligand architecture, interlaminar stresses are computed and found to yield anti-delamination characteristics, and a theoretical model is derived to evaluate the optimal helicoidal architecture. Finite element modeling indicates that the voids tend to deform and coalesce on loading and appear to guide the fracture into the formation of an ideally twisted crack in the printed helicoidal composites, thereby contributing to the impact toughness.

This study was carried out to detect the percentage content of fatty acids (FA) and some minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Zn, Fe) of 40 mantis shrimp (Erugosquilla massavensis) obtained from Northeastern Mediterranean Sea, Turkey. The protein and fat contents were identified as 13.10±0.1% and 2.06±0.5, respectively. Distribution of fatty acids in samples was SFA > MUFA > PUFA. The order of average mineral concentrations found in samples was Mg>K>Na>Ca>Zn>Fe. The results showed that the ratio of PUFA/SFA (0.29) of mantis shrimp was not within the range reported as good (0.45) for human diets.

Bohai Bay, a representative semi‐enclosed bay of China, has been severely impacted in recent decades by rapid human development. Although the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria plays an important role in the Bohai Bay ecosystem and fishery, its feeding ecology and the impact of habitat changes on its feeding habits are poorly known. In this study, we sought to identify its feeding strategy through the separation of stomach contents, and to describe its trophic ecology during maturation in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay by the DNA barcoding method using a fragment (about 690 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (CO I) gene. A total of 594 specimens were collected from March to July 2018, and 347 (58.42%) stomachs were found to have food remains. More than half of the O. oratoria individuals had poor feeding activity, and the degree of feeding of females was higher than that of males, but there was no significant difference in the visual fullness index and the fullness weight index (FWI) between sexes for each month. In addition, the feeding activity of O. oratoria was consistent across the months, suggesting in artificial breeding programs it is not worried too much about the accessional diet supplied to the female bloodstocks except maintaining their normal food. A total of 167 retrieved prey items yielded 187 readable sequences; 86.63% of these sequences could be assigned to the species level. Consequently, 25 different prey taxa covering all readable sequences were identified, showing O. oratoria is a generalist predator. In terms of percent composition by frequency of occurrences (%N), crustaceans and fishes accounted for the same and highest percentage (35.83%) in the mantis shrimp diet, followed by mollusks (24.59%) and the remaining marine organisms (3.73%) including Polychaeta (2.67%), Sagittoidea (0.53%), and Chromadorea (0.53%). The result shows the benthic fish Oxudercidae (family) appears to be an especially important food supply for O. oratoria during maturation. The degree of cannibalism decreased with an increase in diet species and the frequencies of cannibalism in this study was noticeably higher than that in previous studies, suggesting that cannibalism may be a significant feeding strategy in the mantis shrimp O. oratoria in the Tianjin coastal zone of Bohai Bay, and because of the frequently cannibalistic behavior, the high stocking density of broodstocks should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat suitability index (HSI) models have been widely used to analyze the relationship between species abundance and environmental factors, and ultimately inform management of marine species. The response of species abundance to each environmental variable is different and habitat requirements may change over life history stages and seasons. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal combination of environmental variables in HSI modelling. In this study, generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to determine which environmental variables to be included in the HSI models. Significant variables were retained and weighted in the HSI model according to their relative contribution (%) to the total deviation explained by the boosted regression tree (BRT). The HSI models were applied to evaluate the habitat suitability of mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Haizhou Bay and adjacent areas in 2011 and 2013–2017. Ontogenetic and seasonal variations in HSI models of mantis shrimp were also examined. Among the four models (non-optimized model, BRT informed HSI model, GAM informed HSI model, and both BRT and GAM informed HSI model), both BRT and GAM informed HSI model showed the best performance. Four environmental variables (bottom temperature, depth, distance offshore and sediment type) were selected in the HSI models for four groups (spring-juvenile, spring-adult, fall-juvenile and fall-adult) of mantis shrimp. The distribution of habitat suitability showed similar patterns between juveniles and adults, but obvious seasonal variations were observed. This study suggests that the process of optimizing environmental variables in HSI models improves the performance of HSI models, and this optimization strategy could be extended to other marine organisms to enhance the understanding of the habitat suitability of target species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special rhabdom structure of the mid-band ommatidium in compound eye contributes to the mantis shrimp being the only animal species known to science that can recognize circularly polarized light (CPL). Although the number of mid-band ommatidium of Oratosquilla oratoria is reduced, the mid-band ommatidium still has orthogonal geometric interleaved rhabdom and short oval distal rhabdom, which may mean that the O. oratoria has weakened circular polarized light vision (CPLV). Here we explored the molecular mechanisms of how O. oratoria response to the polarization of light. Based on the specific expression patterns of vision-related functional genes and proteins, we suggest that the order of light response by O. oratoria compound eye was first natural light, then left-circularly polarized light (LCPL), linearly polarized light, right-circularly polarized light (RCPL) and dark. Meanwhile, we found that the expression levels of vision-related functional genes and proteins in O. oratoria compound eye under RCPL were not significantly different from those in DL, which may imply that O. oratoria cannot respond to RCPL. Furthermore, the response of LCPL is likely facilitated by the differential expression of opsin and microvilli - related functional genes and proteins (arrestin and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter). In conclusion, this study systematically illustrated for the first time how O. oratoria compound eye response to the polarization of light at the genetic level, and it can improve the visual ecological theory behind polarized light vision evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Stomatopoda of Korea have, in general, been poorly studied, with eight species recorded to date. A recent study of stomatopods collected by SCUBA diving and commercial fishing trawlers from Korean waters, however, resulted in the discovery of first records of six species from the study area. Among them, four belong to the superfamily Squilloidea Latreille, 1802 [ Levisquilla inermis (Manning, 1965), Levisquilla jurichi (Makarov, 1979), Anchisquilla fasciata (De Haan, 1844), and Cloridopsis scorpio (Latreille, 1828)], and two belong to the Lysiosquilloidea Giesbrecht, 1910, one each in Tetrasquillidae Manning & Camp, 1993 [ Acaenosquilla latifrons (De Haan, 1844)] and Nannosquillidae Manning, 1980 [ Acanthosquilla multifasciata (Wood-Mason, 1895)]. Thus, fourteen species of Stomatopoda are now known from Korea. The superfamily Lysiosquilloidea is reported for the first time from Korean waters. A key to the species of Korean mantis shrimps is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]