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Background and Aim: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection formerly and predominantly occurred in rural areas. However, it has recently been spread to urban and peri-urban areas. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of HEV in pigs collected from urban and rural areas in Bali. The potential of the pig farmers’ risk level for being exposed to HEV and the virus transmitted to them in association with their pig-rearing practices was also assessed. Materials and Methods: A total of 183 pigs from 68 herds were sampled in this study, with 91 pigs collected from Denpasar as the representative samples of urban areas and 92 pigs from Karangasem Regency as the representative samples from rural areas. Sera from the sampled pigs were collected and immunoglobulin G antibodies against HEV were detected using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A questionnaire was prepared for interviewing the farmers. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the putative factors associated with seropositivity. Meanwhile, the potential risk-incurring practices of the farmers for HEV being transmitted to them from their pig-rearing practices were assessed by scoring their responses from the interview. Results: Overall, 23.5% (43/183) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.6–30.3) pig sera tested were detected to have the antibodies against HEV. Among 68 pig herds, 36.8% (25) (95% CI: 25.4–49.3) of them had antibodies in at least one pig sampled from each herd. Pigs sampled from Karangasem were 5 times (Odds ratio [OR] 5.34, 95% CI: 2.27–13.54, p < 0.001) more likely to be seropositive than pigs collected from Denpasar. However, no difference was found in the seropositivity to HEV in pig herds between Denpasar and Karangasem (p = 0.05). In assessing the pig rearing management factors, pig farmers from Denpasar were 3 times (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.07–8.52, p = 0.05) more likely to rear pigs for economic investment compared to the farmers from Karangasem. Regarding anticipating pig diseases that can be transmitted to humans, farmers from Denpasar were 6 times (OR 5.72, 95% CI: 1.48–26.7, p = 0.0074) more likely to anticipate zoonotic diseases compared to the farmers from Karangasem. Similarly, pig farmers from Denpasar were 3 times (OR 3.29, 95% CI: 1.08–10.23, p = 0.035) more likely to anticipate pig diseases that could be transmitted to humans than the farmers from Karangasem. Pig farmers from Denpasar had 4 times the odds (OR 4.49, 95% CI: 1.11–18.19, p = 0.03) of washing their hands after going to the pigpens compared to the farmers from Karangasem. All the participants were categorized as being at high risk of HEV exposure and transmission. Conclusion: IgG antibodies against HEV were detected among pigs reared in rural areas of Karangasem and those reared in urban areas of Denpasar. This suggests that the risk of HEV exposure and transmission in these areas is not negligible. To minimize the risk, public education on zoonotic diseases, including HEV infection, transmission, and prevention, needs to be implemented and particularly targeted to local pig farmers.

Pain is an essential aspect of the body's physiological response to unpleasant noxious stimuli from either external sustained injuries or an internal disease condition that occurs within the body. Generally, pain is temporary. However, in patients with neuropathic pain, the experienced pain is persistent and uncontrollable, with an unsatisfactory treatment effectiveness. The activation of the immune system is a crucial factor in both central and peripheral neuropathic pain. The immune response plays an important role in the progression of the stages of neuropathic pain, and acts not only as pain mediators, but also produce analgesic molecules. Neuropathic pain has long been described as a result of dysfunctional nerve activities. However, there is substantial evidence indicating that the regulation of hyperalgesia is mediated by astrocytes and microglia activation. Mesenchymal stem cells currently hold an optimal potential in managing pain, as they can migrate to damaged tissues and have a robust immunosuppressive role for autologous or heterologous transplantation. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells revealed their immunomodulatory capabilities by secreting growth factors and cytokines through direct cell interactions. The main idea underlying the use of mesenchymal stem cells in pain management is that these cells can replace damaged nerve cells by releasing neurotrophic factors. This property makes them the perfect option to modulate and treat neuropathic pain, which is notoriously difficult to treat.

Abstract Background Epilepsy initiation involves multifactorial etiologies, including genetic susceptibility, structural anomalies, and glial cell dysregulations, particularly in astrocytes. Despite advancements in understanding various factors, the mechanisms of astrocyte dysregulation in epilepsy, critical for neural homeostasis, remain elusive, requiring comprehensive evaluation of molecular pathways and cellular interactions for future targeted interventions. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane databases up to January 1st 2024 identified relevant studies predominantly from experimental models, forming the basis for an in-depth analysis of astrocytic contributions to epileptic pathophysiology. The aims, subjects, epilepsy induction techniques, assessment methods, and findings of each studies were presented. Results A total of 24 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Altered potassium buffering compromises extracellular potassium regulation, fostering hyperexcitability. Aquaporin dysfunction disrupts water homeostasis, aggravating seizure susceptibility. Disturbances in glutamatergic transmission, marked by changes in glutamate transporter function, contribute to excitotoxicity, fueling epileptogenesis. Intricacies in calcium signaling and disruptions in calcium-binding proteins tip intracellular calcium balance towards hyperexcitability. Dysfunctional GABA transporters compromise inhibitory neurotransmission, upsetting excitatory–inhibitory balance. Gap junction protein dysregulation disrupts astroglial networks, impacting neuronal synchronization in epileptogenic circuitry. Compromised BBB allows entry of epileptogenic factors, exacerbating the epileptogenic milieu. Conclusions Collectively, these astrocytic dysregulations unveil intricate contributors to epilepsy onset and progression.

IntroductionDespite evidence suggesting that metabolic intermediates like β-HB influence white adipose tissue (WAT) metabolism, the precise molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) on the fat browning program and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms using both in vitro and in vivo models. We assessed the effects of β-HB on fat browning in adipocytes using 3T3-L1 cells and rat models.MethodsWe evaluated the effects of β-HB on fat browning, thermogenesis, lipid accumulation, adipokine expression, and mitochondrial biogenesis by treating mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes with sodium β-HB for 24 h or by continuously exposing preadipocytes to β-HB during the 8-day differentiation process. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, exercise only (EX), ketogenic diet only (KD), and combined exercise and ketogenic diet (KE) groups for an 8-week intervention involving diet and/or exercise. After intervention, we evaluated WAT histology, plasma lipids and adipokines, and the expression of markers related to fat browning, thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT of rats.ResultsIn our adipocyte culture experiments, β-HB reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by enhancing lipolysis and stimulated the expression of thermogenic and fat browning genes like uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16), and adipokines such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FDNC5). Additionally, β-HB activated the AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α pathway, with UCP1 and PRDM16 upregulation mediated by β-HB intracellular action and SIRT1 activity. In animal experiments, KE group raised β-HB levels, decreasing body weight and blood lipids. KD with EX promoted WAT browning possibly via AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α, augmenting PRDM16, UCP1, FGF21, and FNDC5 expression.Conclusionβ-HB induction via KD and/or EX shows potential in promoting WAT browning by activating mitochondrial biogenesis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis, suggesting that dietary and physical intervention inducing β-HB may benefit metabolic health.

Background and Aim: Despite the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans and animals in the Province of Bali, Indonesia, there is little data on whether seroconversion to the virus occurs in pigs, JEV genotypes circulating, and it’s potential mosquito vectors in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) Determine whether JEV infection in Balinese pigs occurs before reaching their sexual maturity, (ii) identify the genotypes of circulating JEV, and (iii) identify potential JEV mosquito vectors at the study sites in urban and peri-urban areas of Bali. Materials and Methods: Sixteen 1-week-old Landrace piglets from two different sows were housed in Denpasar. Similarly, 18 one-week-old mixed-breed piglets of two different sows were housed in Badung Regency. The piglets were bled every 1 to 4 weeks for up to 24 weeks. Serum samples from the 11 piglets were tested for antibodies against JEV, and seroconversion-suspected sera were titrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood of seroconverted sera from pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genetic sequence of JEV. The mosquitoes in the sentinels were trapped throughout the study period to identify the potential mosquito vectors of JEV. Results: Antibodies were detected in most of the selected piglets’ sera from weeks 1 to 24 of their age. However, sera of pig B9 collected from the sentinel setting in Badung Regency showed a four-fold increase in antibody titer from week 4 to week 8, indicating seroconversion. PCR testing of blood from B9 (pooled blood sample collected from week 5 to week 8) identified JEV nucleic acids, which were phylogenetically classified as belonging to the JEV genotype III. Meanwhile, 1271 of two genera of mosquitoes, Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. were trapped in the pig sentinels. Conclusion: JEV seroconversion likely occurs before the pig reaches sexual maturity in Badung Regency. Sequence data indicate that JEV genotype III is circulating in the pig sentinel setting in the regency; however, circulating genotypes need to be clarified through increased surveillance. Meanwhile, Culex spp. and most likely Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp. were the dominant mosquitoes present in the study sites set in the urban area of Denpasar and peri-urban areas of Badung, Bali, indicating that these are likely vectors in spread of JEV in the region.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not "Scaffolded Think-Group-Share" learning can have a positive effect on student satisfaction and learning achievement in English classes of an Indonesian elementary school. To achieve this purpose, this study compared the findings from the two dependent variables (i.e., student satisfaction and English learning achievement) in "Scaffolded Think-Group-Share" learning with those in "Group Investigation" and "Learning Together" learning, which are other types of cooperative learning methods. According to the findings, there were statistically significant differences in student satisfaction and English learning achievement between the Scaffolded Think-Group-Share group, the Group Investigation group, and the Learning Together group. This study implies that "Scaffolded Think-Group-Share" learning has the potential to enhance student satisfaction and comprehension in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes.

This study uses a qualitative approach. The technique of taking data sources in this study is using Snow Bolling Sampling. The data collection procedures used are observation, review, and documentation studies. In conducting this data analysis, the author uses several methods, namely the induction, deduction, and comparison methods. School-based management at SMP Islam Terpadu Insan Madani Boarding School strongly supports the effectiveness of efforts to develop students' life skills. This is done by integrating general life skills in each subject so that every teaching and learning activity aims to develop certain life skills. Second, organizing a "Student Day" program consisting of 10 types of activities, and students are free to choose one or more of them that best suit their interests and talents. Third, increasing community participation is done by involving them in planning, implementing, supervising, and evaluating school programs. And fourth, creating a conducive school culture can be seen from the habits that continue to be carried out in daily associations and the implementation of the school's vision which is the motto for all school residents.

Background and Aim: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic infectious inflammatory brain disease caused by the JE virus (JEV). Considerable research into the seroprevalence of JE in domestic animals has been conducted, but there have been no reports of its occurrence in wild animals, including long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of JEV infection and its determinants in long-tailed macaques in Bali and the prevalence of mosquito vectors. Materials and Methods: Blood samples (3 mL) were collected from a population of M. fascicularis (92 heads) inhabiting a small forest with irrigated rice field nearby (wetland area) in Ubud, Gianyar, and from two populations in dryland areas with no wet rice field (Uluwatu, Badung, and Nusa Penida, Bali Province, Indonesia). The collected sera were tested for antibodies against JEV using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (qualitative monkey JE Immunoglobulin G antibody kit). The seropositivity of the antibodies was then compared based on different variables, namely, habitat type, age, and sex. Results: The seroprevalence of the JEV antibodies in all the samples tested was found to be 41.3%. The seropositivity of the monkey serum samples collected from the wetland area was 46.4%, which was higher than the seropositivity of the sera samples collected from the dried field areas (1.25%). Monkey sera collected from the wetland areas were 6.1 times (odds ratio [OR]: 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71-51.5, p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive compared to the monkey sera collected from the dried field areas. Meanwhile, female monkeys were 1.79 times (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 0.76-4.21; p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive to JEV than males. Similarly, juvenile monkeys were 2.38 times (OR: 2.38; 95% CI: 0.98-5.79); p>0.05) more likely to be seropositive against the JEV than adult monkeys. However, none of these differences achieved statistical significance. Regarding the JEV mosquito vector collection, more Culex mosquitoes were found in the samples from the wetland areas than from the dried field areas. Conclusion: The study confirms the existence of JEV infection in long-tailed macaques in Bali. There were patterned seropositivity differences based on habitat, age, and sex of the monkeys, but these were not significant. The possibility of monkeys as a JEV reservoir and the presence of the mosquitoes as the JEV vector are suggested but require more study to confirm.

Background: Unrelieved post-operative pain is an emerging healthcare concern with ever increasing global volume of surgical procedures. GluR1 subunit coupled with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression plays a major role in the development of post-operative pain mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor. There was no existing evidence on the analgesic potential of basil essential oil (BEO) in post-operative settings, despite its well-established antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and Methods: BEO was subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis to identify the active ingredients. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of orally administrated basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil were tested in a rat model of post-operative pain using hindpaw surgical incision as noxious stimuli. TNF-α and GluR1 subunit expressions were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry methods. Spontaneous pain and mechanical hyperalgesia were measured using mouse grimace scale and Von Frey monofilament test, respectively. All outcomes were evaluated in acute post-operative pain timeframe. Results: Chemical analysis identified 14 terpenoids predominated with caryophyllene and citral. BEO administration caused a significant reduction of TNF-α (67.23 ± 2.46 vs. 70.45 ± 4.89; P = 0.019) and GluR1 (3.03 ± 0.56 vs. 3.90 ± 1.12; P = 0.005) levels at 24 h after surgical incision when compared with the control group. Significant spontaneous pain, pain threshold, and pain-like behaviors frequency reduction at 1-, 4-, and 24-h post-surgical incision were also noted. Conclusion: Effective antinociceptive activity of BEO through modulation of GluR1 and TNF-α levels was further confirmed in the behavioral outcome. Advancement into clinical translation necessitates BEO pharmacological profiling, especially given the diversity of chemotypes.

A study to assess the seroprevalence antibodies against JEV in pigs in Denpasar, Badung, and Karangasem as the representatives of urban, periurban, and rural areas in the province of Bali was conducted. Sampled pigs’ blood was collected and their sera were tested for antibody detection using commercial IgG ELISA. A standard questionnaire was used to interview the pig owners or farmers to identify the determinants associated with the seropositivity of the antibodies. Overall, 96.6% (95% CI: 94.5–98.1) of 443 pig sera in individual animal-level seroprevalence were seropositive to the ELISA. Karangasem had the highest test prevalence at 97.3% (95% CI: 93.1–99.2) while Badung had a slightly lower prevalence at 96.6% (95% CI: 92.2–98.9), and Denpasar had the lowest prevalence at 96% (95% CI: 91.5–98.5) (p=0.84). In herd-level seroprevalence, all sampled herds contained one or more seropositive pigs (overall herd-level seroprevalence 100% [95% CI: 97.7–100]). No animal-level factors were significantly associated with seropositivity (all p values >0.05). For the herd-level risk factors relating to pig management and husbandry practices adopted, no analysis model could be generated, as all the sampled herds were seropositive. More than 90% seroprevalence detected in this study indicates high natural JEV infection occurred in pigs, which highlights the high public health risk of the infection in the areas.

Breast cancer is a sickness caused by abnormal cell growth in the breast. Mahkota Dewa fruit or god’s crown fruit products (Phaleria macrocarpa) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins associated with active compounds. This work directs to influence the potency of P. macrocarpa fruit as an antiproliferative agent against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The antiproliferative potency of P. macrocarpa fruit was proved by extracting and fractionating P. macrocarpa fruit using maceration. The cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was determined using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The antiproliferative potency against MCF-7 cells was tested using the hemacytometer approach. This work demonstrates the crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction. The LC50 values in crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction were 13.72 ppm, 147.55 ppm, 405.81 ppm, and 149. 07 ppm severally. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has shown antiproliferation potency against MCF-7 cells. The maximum part of crude ethanol extract antiproliferative potency (56 ppm) effectively suppressed MCF-7 cell growth by 70. 9% while doxorubicin (100 ppm) by 46. 92%. This work confirms that crude ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit interacts synergistically as an antiproliferative compound against MCF-7 cells.

Background: Hemophilia is a rare coagulation disorder of which not a lot of people are familiar with. Teachers of patient with hemophilia (PWH) have a substantial role in supporting school-aged PWH. There have been few studies about the knowledge of school-aged PWH teachers regarding the disease. Objective: This research assessed the knowledge of PWH school teachers regarding the hemophilia. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study using a closed questionnaire about knowledge of hemophilia. Participants of the study were teachers of PWH students in North Sulawesi. The questionnaire was validated with a Cronbach α of 0.775. Results: We enlisted 13 schools with school-aged PWH, but only 10 schools participated. One hundred and eleven teachers enrolled to this study. Of participants, 85.6% are female and 14.4% are male. As much as 44.2% of them were senior high school teachers, 25.2% were junior high school teachers, and 30.6% were elementary school teachers. Furthermore, 34.2% of the participants did not know anything about hemophilia, 13.5% of them had low knowledge, 36% had fair knowledge, and 16.3% had good knowledge. The senior high school teachers were the most who had good knowledge about hemophilia (10.8%). There were 6 sport teachers, 2 had no knowledge about hemophilia, and 4 had fair knowledge. Conclusion: A significant number of teachers of school-aged PWH had no knowledge about hemophilia and only a few of them had good knowledge. Hence, more educational programs are needed to improve their knowledge.

Background: Premature rupture of membrane (PROM) remains a problem in obstetrics, the mechanisms of PROM have not been clearly defined. Apoptosis is thought to play a key role in the mechanism, via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Caspase-3, Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and anti-apoptosis B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) are hypothesized to be involved in PROM.Objective: To determine the role of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways in the mechanism of PROM.Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study involving 42 pregnant women with gestational age between 20-42 wk. Participants were divided into the case group (with PROM) and control group (without PROM). Amniotic membranes were collected immediately after the delivery, and samples were taken from the site of membrane rupture. Immunohistochemical examination was done to determine the expression of Caspase-3, AIF, and Bcl-2.Results: The expressions of Caspase-3 (OR = 9.75; 95% CI = 2.16-43.95; p = 0.001) and AIF (OR = 6.60; 95% CI = 1.48-29.36; p = 0.009) were significantly increased, whereas, Bcl-2 expressions (OR = 8.00; 95% CI = 1.79-35.74; p = 0.004) were significantly decreased in the case group.Conclusion: High Caspase-3, AIF, and low Bcl-2 expression were the risk factors for PROM. Thus, it is evident that caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways are involved in the mechanism of PROM.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare hematopoietic malignancy in children, with an incidence of 1.2 per million children per year. At this moment, we present a case report and a brief literature review of JMML in a child, primarily focused on its applicability in low-middle income countries. A 3.5-year-old male was referred to our tertiary center due to pallor, enlarging abdomen and neck mass, recurrent fever, and chronic diarrhea. Initial laboratory workup showed hemoglobin of 6.4 g/dl, white blood cell of 315.62 × 103/μL, and platelet of 17 × 103/μL. Blood smears showed 10% suspected blasts, 17% myelocytes, and 17% metamyelocytes with thrombocytopenic crisis. The HbF level was 5.8%. BCR-ABL gene tested negative. The patient was diagnosed with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Considering that HSCT could not be done in our center and lack other financial possibilities to seek treatment abroad, the family agreed to do the palliative treatment. The patient was treated with oral 6-mercaptopurine and subcutaneous cytarabine. Four weeks after receiving 6-mercaptopurine, the white blood cell count decreased to 10.6 × 103/μL and the spleen size was half of the original size. The patient continued chemotherapy until week 15, chemotherapy was stopped, but 16 weeks after the diagnosis of JMML, he developed severe thrombocytopenia, endophthalmitis, and sepsis and passed away. As a conclusion, in JMML cases in developing countries without HSCT, palliative chemotherapy is acceptable, and palliative care is an important aspect.

Background: Sea grapes or Caulerpa racemosa have a lot of phytochemical content, especially unsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial for health. This study aims to evaluate the effects of sea grapes extract on blood glucose levels, total cholesterol-, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α in male Wistar rats, which were given per-oral (p.o.) cholesterol- and carbohydrates fat-enriched diets (CFED). Methods: Forty male Wistar albino rats weighing between 200 – 250 g were used for this study. Animals were randomly distributed into four groups of ten animals each. Group A served as control (received standard dry pellet diet). Rats in group B were fed on CFED for 4 weeks. Groups C and D were fed on CFED and were administered 150 and 450 mg/kg of sea grapes extract (p.o.), respectively. Results: Group C rats indicated a blood glucose reduction and an increase in PGC-1α serum, in comparison to group D (p

Aim: This study aimed to prepare binary ethylenimine (BEI)-inactivated virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and to examine their ability to induce a protective antibody response in commercial chickens. Materials and Methods: A virulent NDV field isolate Gianyar-1/AK/2014 was propagated in chicken-embryonated eggs and was then inactivated with BEI at a concentration of 4 mM. Three groups of chickens with low-level (2 log2 hemagglutination inhibition [HI] units) maternally derived antibodies against NDV were then immunized with the BEI-inactivated vaccine. A commercial live vaccine (LaSota strain) was used as positive control, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control. A challenge experiment with a virulent NDV of Tabanan-1/ARP/2017 was performed at 3 weeks post-vaccination. Results: At 2 weeks post-immunization, the mean titers of antibodies against NDV in serum samples of chickens immunized with 0.2 mL of BEI-inactivated NDV (Group I), with live commercial NDV vaccine (Group II) and with PBS (Group III) were 3±0.94 log2 HI units, 4.9±0.99 log2 HI unit, and 0.0±0.0 HI units, respectively. At week 3 post-immunization, the mean titers of the antibodies for the three groups were 5±1.09 log2 HI units, 6.9±0.32 log2 HI units, and 0.00 HI units, respectively. The antibody titer induced by inactivated NDV Gianyar-1/AK/2014 isolates examined at 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination was still at a significantly (p

Purpose To determine whether Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 plays a role in absorption of iron preparations given to children with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods We performed a quasi-experimental study involving pre- and postintervention tests using a control group in North Sulawesi province, Indonesia, between July and September 2017. We conducted a single-blind controlled trial that included primary school children who were diagnosed with IDA based on reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) levels

Abstract Objective To determine the role of caspase-3, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and Bcell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expressions in term premature rupture of membrane (PROM). Methods An analytic observational study with case-control design was conducted, involving 52 subjects (37-42 weeks of gestation) who were divided into 2 groups: 26 cases of term delivery with PROM, and 26 controls of term delivery without PROM. The expressions of caspase-3, AIF, and Bcl-2 in the amniotic membrane were determined by immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. The risk of PROM was expressed by odds ratio (OR). Results There were no significant differences in age, parity and body mass index between the two groups (p > 0.05). High caspase-3 and AIF expressions increased the risk of PROM 17.64 times (OR = 17.64; 95% CI = 4.44-70.07; p = 0.001) and 9.45 times (OR = 9.45; 95% CI= 2.62-34.07; p = 0.001), respectively, while low Bcl-2 expression increased 10.39 times (OR = 10.39; 95% CI = 2.73-39.56; p = 0.001)the risk of PROM . Conclusion High caspase-3 and AIF expressions and low Bcl-2 expression were risk factors for term PROM. Caspase-dependent and independent pathways of apoptosis were involved in the mechanism of PROM in term pregnancy.

Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG2a are the surrogate markers respectively for humoral and cellular immune responses of hosts against antigens including cystic fluid proteins of Cysticercus bovis. A study was conducted to investigate the IgG1 and IgG2a responses of Balb/c mice against some individual cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis in an effort to determine the roles of each protein in inducing the humoral and cellular immune responses in host. Materials and Methods: Individual p71, p31, and p14 proteins of C. bovis were purified by separation of the proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and elution of individual proteins from the gel. Six female Balb/c mice were immunized 4 times at 10-day intervals with the crude cystic fluid proteins, and sera were collected for the measurement of IgG1 and IgG2a levels against the individual proteins. Sera samples collected before the first immunization were used as negative antibody control, sera samples collected after the fourth immunization were used as positive antibody control, and crude cystic fluid protein was used as positive antigen control. Results: All immunized mice were immune to p71, p31, p14, and crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis. The crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the first and the second immunizations but switched into a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Protein 71 kDa (p71) induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the fourth immunization. In contrast, p14 induced a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Low and balance IgG1 and IgG2a levels against p31 were observed following the first to the fourth immunizations. Conclusion: Using IgG1 and IgG2a levels as the surrogate markers, it appears that cystic fluid antigens of C. bovis induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in Balb/c mice. The p71 appears to be a better inducer of cellular immune response, whereas p14 is a better inducer of humoral immune response of mice.

Latar belakang. Seiring meningkatnya angka harapan hidup anak dengan leukemia limfoblastik akut (LLA), kardiotoksisitas akibat kemoterapi seperti antrasiklin menjadi semakin penting. Evaluasi berkala fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri melalui fraksi ejeksi (FE) dan fraksi pemendekan (FP) direkomendasikan untuk pemantauan efek samping kardiotoksisitas antrasiklin. Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara dosis kumulatif doksorubisin dengan fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri pada penyintas LLA anak. Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kohort retrospektif dengan menilai perubahan FE dan FP menggunakan ekokardiografi pada penyintas LLA pada bulan Juli-September 2016 di bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, RSU Prof. dr. R. D. Kandou, Manado. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cara total sampling. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan korelasi Pearson. Hasil. Terdapat total 18 penyintas LLA yang diteliti, termasuk 12 risiko standar dan 6 risiko tinggi. Fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri semua penyintas masih dalam batas normal (FE 74,20 ± 11,37 %, FP 42,61 ± 9,98 %). Ditemukan adanya hubungan negatif sedang yang bermakna antara dosis kumulatif doksorubisin dan fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri [FE (r=-0,532, p=0,012) dan FP (r=-0,518, p=0,014)]. Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan negatif antara dosis kumulatif doksorubisin dan fungsi sistolik ventrikel kiri pada penyintas LLA anak. Panduan lokal diperlukan untuk evaluasi ekokardiografi secara berkala pada penyintas LLA anak di Indonesia.

The deployment of autonomous recoding devices has enabled behavioral biologists, conservation biologists, and ecologists to address a host of scientific questions including problems which were impractical or impossible without such devices. By adding the ability to spatially locate the source of vocalizations, a host of new possibilities have been opened. We have developed self-localizing field-deployable acoustic sensors that can coordinate to detect, record, localize, and enhance animal calls and bird songs. Ongoing improvements focus on making the system more robust and easy to use, as well as improving detection and localization algorithms using a paradigm which includes inter-node collaboration.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not “Scaffolded Think-Group-Share” learning can have a positive effect on student satisfaction and learning achievement in English classes of an Indonesian elementary school. To achieve this purpose, thisstudy compared the findings from the two dependent variables (i.e., student satisfaction and English learning achievement) in “Scaffolded Think-Group-Share” learning with those in “Group Investigation” and “Learning Together” learning, which are other types of cooperative learning methods. According to the findings, there were statistically significant differences in student satisfaction and English learning achievement between the Scaffolded Think-Group-Share group, the Group Investigation group, and the Learning Together group. This study implies that “Scaffolded Think-Group-Share” learning has the potential to enhance student satisfaction and comprehension in English as a foreign language (EFL) classes.

Latar belakang. Interleukin-6 memiliki potensi untuk menilai respon pengobatan selain sebagai biomarker sepsis. Tujuan. Menentukan peran IL-6 dalam mengevaluasi respon pengobatan pada sepsis neonatorum awitan dini (SNAD). Metode. Kami melakukan penelitian potong lintang dengan sampel SNAD yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 40 bayi dan mendapatkan informed consent dari orang tua serta persetujuan komite etik RSUP Kandou. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon dan uji t berpasangan. Hasil. Dari 40 sampel, terdapat 12 bayi laki-laki dan 3 bayi perempuan mengalami respon buruk. IL-6 sebelum dan sesudah terapi antibiotik pada kelompok respon baik memiliki nilai median 16,32 (Qd 5,23) dan 0,56 (Qd 0,46). Kelompok respon buruk memiliki nilai rerata IL-6 120,89 (SB 87,35) dan 503,71 (SB 479,97). Hasil uji Wilcoxon menyatakan penurunan IL-6 yang sangat bermakna terhadap kelompok respon baik (p

Ternak sapi yang menderita diare berpeluang besar untuk ditemukan adanya agen zoonosis E. coli O157:H7 mengingat sapi sebagai reservoir utama dari agen tersebut.Transmisi penularan strain bakteri ini ke manusia umumnya terjadi melalui konsumsi daging yang kurang dimasak, produk susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi, air yang terkontaminasi feses. Dusun Lampu sebagai salah satu Dusun di Desa Catur merupakan salah satu daerah potensial untuk pengembangan ternak khususnya sapi sehingga menjadikan program pelayanan kesehatan di wilayah tersebut sangat potensial untuk dilakukan. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat berupa sosialisasi penyakit zoonosis E. coli O157:H7 serta pelayanan kesehatan ternak sapi di Dusun ini, memperlihatkan respon positif yang dicirikan dengan cukup banyaknya jumlah ternak yang memperoleh pelayanan yaitu sejumlah 65 ekor sapi dari 35 petani ternak. Jenis pelayanan yang dilakukan meliputi tindakan spraying atau pemberian butox terhadap semua ternak sapi yaitu 65 ekor (100%), disusul dengan pemberian vitamin pada 52 ekor (80%), pemberian obat cacing sebanyak 39 ekor (60%), serta pemberian delladryl pada 1 ekor sapi (1,5%). Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa program pengabdian yang dilakukan cukup efektif dapat menyentuh kebutuhan dasar petani ternak, sehingga benar-benar dapat dirasakan manfaatnya.

Pig cysticercosis is an infection caused by the larval stage of pork tapeworm and Papua is one of the largest endemic areas of cysticercosis in Indonesia. This survey aim was to determine the seroprevalence of pig cystisercosis in Papua. A total of 311 pig serum samples collected from six regencies in Papua were examined using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The result of the survey showed that the average seroprevalence of pig cysticercosis in Papua was 23.5% (73/311), where the highest seroprevalence was found in the regency of Jayawijaya was 42.6% (43/101), Biak 22.5% (9/40), Nabire 20.6% (7/34), Mimika 17% (8/47), Jayapura 13.5% (5/37), and Merauke 1.9% (1/52). It can be concluded that the seroprevalence of pig cysticercosis in Papua is still high, therefore, it is necessary to do more intensive programs to prevent and control this disease. ABSTRAK Sistiserkosis pada babi adalah infeksi yang disebabkan oleh stadium larva cacing pita, dan Papua merupakan salah satu daerah endemis sistiserkosis di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan seroprevalensi sistiserkosis pada babi di Papua. Sebanyak 311 sampel serum babi yang dikumpulkan dari enam kabupaten di Papua diuji dengan Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rataan seroprevalensi sistiserkosis pada babi di Papua sebesar 23,5% (73/311), dan seroprevalensi terbesar ditemukan di Kabupaten Jayawijaya 42,6% (43/101), Biak 22,5% (9/40), Nabire 20,6% (7/34), Mimika 17% (8/47), Jayapura 13,5% (5/37), dan Merauke 1,9% (1/52). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa seroprevalensi sistiserkosis pada babi di Papua masih tinggi, sehingga diperlukan program yang lebih intensif untuk mencegah dan mengontrol penyakit ini.

Background Infants with neonatal asphyxia have multiorgan damage, such as to the kidneys (50%), central nervous system (28%), cardiovascular system (25%), and lungs (23%). Neonatal asphyxia reduces kidney perfusion, often leading to acute kidney injury (AKI) after asphyxia. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels in the blood, urine and kidney tissue increased rapidly in AKI. Urinary NGAL is proposed to have better performance in diagnosing AKI than creatinine due to its earlier, rapid level increase and it is less invasive. Objective To compare urinary NGAL to serum creatinine as a marker to assess kidney function in neonatal asphyxia. Methods Diagnostic comparison study with cross-sectional design was performed at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital, Manado from November 2015 to February 2016. All subjects had neonatal asphyxia. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve, and Z-test. Results Urinary NGAL with cut-off point of 652.24 ng/mL can predict AKI in neonates with asphyxia with 100% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 52.3% positive predictive value, and 100% negative predictive value. Chi-square test resulted in a value of x2 = 20.036, P=0.0001).This shows that urinary NGAL levels >652,24 ng/mL can predicts AKI by 20 times in infants with neonatal asphyxia. So, urinary NGAL performs better than serum creatinine, therefore it can replace serum creatinine as an alternative non-invasive diagnostic test for diagnosing AKI in infants with neonatal asphyxia. Conclusion The diagnostic value of urinary NGAL is higher than that of serum creatinine in assessing kidney function in neonatal asphyxia.

Immunoaffinity chromatography using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as ligands has been used topurify rabies virus (RV) individual proteins. In this method, mAbs against RV were firstly purified,coupled to CnBr-agarose resin and used for purification RV individual proteins. Brain tissue homogenatesderived from infected and uninfected dogs and mice were mixed with mAbs-CnBr agarose resin and washedextensivelly phosphate buffered salin (PBS). Following elution and neutralization, purified proteins weredetected by enzyme-linked immunosirbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting assay. Of the three mAbs(BB5, AE11 and AF6) as ligands, mAb AE11-CnBr agarose resin yielded highest protein levels as comparedto those of mAb BB5-CnBr agarose and mAb AF6-CnBr agarose resins. In Western Blotting assay, thepurified protein appeared to be 65 Kda (glycoprotein) and 38 kDa proteins. In ELISA test, the purifiedproteins reacted with both mAbs and policlonal antibodies (pAbs).

Latar belakang. Diperlukan petanda klinis praktis yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi progresivitas demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dan sindrom syok dengue (SSD). Tujuan. Mencari hubungan antara platelet distribution width (PDW) dan mean platelet volume (MPV) dengan derajat penyakit infeksi dengue. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain potong lintang. Didiagnosis DBD atau SSD berdasarkan kriteria WHO 1997. Data berupa hematokrit, jumlah trombosit, PDW, dan MPV dikumpulkan selama penelitian. Analisis statistik menggunakan t-test dan regresi linear. Hasil. Didapatkan delapan puluh sembilan anak yang mengikuti penelitian, 71 (79,8%) didiagnosis DBD dan 18 (20,2%) SSD. Korelasi negatif didapatkan antara PDW dan jumlah trombosit (r=-0,77; p

Latar belakang. Patogenesis demam berdarah dengue (DBD) sampai saat ini masih belum jelas. Status gizi merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya perburukan pada DBD. Leptin, suatu protein hormon yang dihasilkan oleh sel adiposit diduga berperan dalam perburukan perjalanan penyakit DBD. Tujuan. Mencari hubungan antara leptin dengan demam berdarah dengue pada anak. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan secara analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Pasien didiagnosis DBD berdasarkan kriteria WHO dan dikonfirmasi dengan pemeriksaan serologis NS1 dengue IgG dan IgM atau anti dengue rapid test. Data berupa kadar hematokrit, jumlah trombosit, jumlah lekosit, kadar hemoglobin dan kadar leptin dikumpulkan selama penelitian. Analisis statistik menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan regresi logistik. Hasil. Didapatkan tiga puluh delapan anak, 19 (50%) lelaki dan 19 (50%) perempuan. Duapuluh tujuh anak (71,1%) didiagnosis DBD tanpa syok dan 11 anak (28,9%) DBD dengan syok. Rerata kadar hemoglobin anak dengan DBD 13,23 (SB 1,78) g/dL (95% IK 12,64-13,81), rerata kadar hematokrit 39,78 (SB 6,16)% (95% IK 37,75-41,80), rerata jumlah leukosit 5.366 (SB 2,410)/mm3 (95% IK 4,574-6,158), rerata jumlah trombosit 79,342 (SB 47,911)/mm3 (95% IK 63,594-95,090), rerata kadar plasma leptin anak yang menderita DBD 2417,88 (SB 7092,44) pg/mL (95% IK 86,66 – 4749,11). Terdapat hubungan positif yang bermakna antara kadar leptin plasma darah dengan peluang terjadinya syok pada DBD anak (p=0,042). Kesimpulan. Semakin tinggi kadar leptin, semakin besar peluang untuk terjadinya syok pada DBD.

Revaccination is required in order to preventNewcastle Disease (ND) reccurence inlayers chickens. Oneof vaccine for ND revaccination is freeze-died ND active vaccine containing e” 106,5EID50. Revaccinationisdone to trigger a faster secondary antibody responses in layers and can achieve protective antibody titersagainst ND that can be monitored by a hemagglutinationinhibition (HI). The aim of this study was todetermine the ND secondary antibody responses in layers after revaccination with ND active vaccine.Antibody titer of 20 layers chickens of 20 week old were determined before revaccinations (week 0) andafter revaccinations (week 1 until week 9). The first vaccination was conducted using ND-IB (NewcastleDisease-Infectious Bronchitis) at the age of 2 days through eye drops and subcutaneous injection at the ageof 5 days using a dose of 1 ampoule.Vaccination is repeated at the age of 20 weeks at a dose of 1 ½ ampoule through drinking water. Blood samples were collected on the wing vein (venous cutane ulnar) and left for 5-10 minutes at room temperature.Sera were then collected and stored at -20oC until use. HI antibody titerwas determined by micro titeration system. The HI mean titers were analyzed by Duncan test. The studyresults showed that antibody titer before revaccination was3,47 HI log 2 and the HI titers after revaccinationwere 4,02; 5,22; 6,52; 7,85; 8,4; 8,6; 7,7; 5,92; dan 3,87 HI log 2 respectivelly at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and9.The NDV revaccination with ND active vaccine significantly (P

Latar belakang. Anemia defisiensi besi (ADB) sering ditemukan pada anak usia sekolah. Pengobatan yang utama adalah mengatasi faktor penyebab dan pemberian zat besi. Ketidakpatuhan minum obat merupakan masalah utama pada strategi suplementasi besi harian sehingga dipikirkan untuk diberikan secara mingguan. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui efektifitas suplementasi besi harian dibandingkan mingguan pada anak dengan ADB. Metode. Penelitian eksperimen komparatif dengan rancangan the pretest-posttest two group design dilakukan pada 40 anak berumur 5-11 tahun dengan ADB. Kelompok I mendapatkan suplementasi besi harian (sulfat ferosus) dan kelompok II mendapat suplementasi besi mingguan selama 2 bulan. Sebelum dan sesudah suplementasi besi, dilakukan pemeriksaan hemoglobin, MCHC, besi serum, dan kapasitas pengikat besi total. Hasil. Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara suplementasi besi harian dibandingkan mingguan pada perubahan hemoglobin, MCHC, besi serum, dan kapasitas pengikat besi total (p>0,05). Kesimpulan. Suplementasi besi harian sama efektifnya dengan mingguan dalam pengobatan anemia defisiensi besi

Latar belakang. Trombomodulin(TM) adalah reseptor sel endotel untuk trombin. Pada penyakit malaria tropika dan malaria tertiana, TM disekresi sesudah kerusakan sel-sel endotel yang terinfeksi P.falciparum atau P.vivax. Tujuan. Mengetahui apakah TM dapat mendeteksi kerusakan sel endotel pada malaria tropika atau malaria tertiana dan apakah TM berhubungan dengan berat ringan malaria tropika? Metode. Penelitian menggunakan metode analitik potong lintang, di lima RS di provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Juni-September 2006 pada kasus malaria tropika/malaria tertiana umur 2 tahun-13 tahun. Pemeriksaan TM secara ELISA menggunakan kit Fujirebio TM (FU/ml). Analisis data dengan uji t independen dan koefisien korelasi Spearmen Rank. Hasil. Tiga puluh pasien malaria tropika (TM 0,060-0,180FU/ml), 2 pasien malaria tertiana (TM 0,068- 0,075FU/ml). Uji t terdapat perbedaan bermakna TM pada malaria tropika dan malaria tertiana (p=0,044). Malaria berat 11 penderita (TM 0,086-0,162 FU/ml). Uji t terdapat perbedaan sangat bermakna TM pada malaria tropika dengan komplikasi dan tanpa komplikasi (p=0,009). Uji Spearmen Rank TM berhubungan positif bermakna dengan derajat parasitemia (rs=0,686, p=0,001). Kesimpulan. Trombomodulin dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi kerusakan sel endotel, TM pada malaria tropika lebih tinggi dari malaria tertiana dan tm berbeda bermakna pada malaria tropika dengan komplikasi dan tanpa komplikasi serta berhubungan bermakna dengan derajat parasitemia.

Latar Belakang. Prevalensi anemia defisiensi besi (ADB) masih tinggi di Indonesia. Prinsip tata laksana anemia adalah mencari penyebab, mengatasinya, memberikan terapi besi dan pencegahan. Beberapa zat berinteraksi baik dengan besi. Interaksi antara besi dan seng dan besi dengan vitamin A telah terbukti pengaruhnya terhadap anemia. Tujuan. Untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian besi + seng + vitamin A pada ADB lebih efektif meningkatkan kadar Hb dan retikulosit dibandingkan besi saja. Metode. Menggunakan pretest and posttest control group design secara tersamar tunggal pada anak usia 5-11 tahun dengan ADB di beberapa panti asuhan di Manado dari Desember 2006-Maret 2007. Dibagi atas dua kelompok Kelompok I mendapat besi + vitamin A + seng dan kelompok II mendapat besi dan plasebo. Hasil. Perbandingan kadar Hb setelah terapi antar ke-2 kelompok didapatkan perbedaan bermakna (p0,05). Kesimpulan. Pemberian besi + vitamin A + seng efektif meningkatkan kadar Hb dibandingkan besi saja.

Latar belakang. Sampai saat ini patogenesis demam berdarah dengue (DBD) belum dipahami secara sempurna. Pada kasus DBD didapatkan adanya peningkatan kadar TNF-α, sitokin yang poten dalam meningkatkan permeabilitas pembuluh darah. Penelitian sebelumnya mendapatkan adanya peningkatan kadar TNF-α yang bermakna pada DBD. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara kadar TNF-α dengan keparahan DBD. Metode. Penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang selama bulan Ju li hingga Desember 2011. Pasien didiagnosis DBD berdasarkan kriteria WHO. Data berupa hemoglobin, hematokrit, jumlah leukosit, jumlah trombosit, dan kadar TNF-α dikumpulkan selama penelitian. Analisis statistik menggunakan korelasi Spearman’s Rho dengan tingkat kemaknaan p

This study aims to determine the genetic variation of gene encoding fusion (F)-protein of avianparamyxovirus (APMV) type-1 isolated from chickens suffering of Newcastle disease (ND) found in achicken farm in the province of Bali throughout the year 2014. There are five isolates got from sick chickenscases/death suspected of being infected by APMV -1, but negative for avian influenza virus (AIV) infectioni.e: D5/AK/2014, B1/AK/2014, T1/ARP/2014, G1/AK/2014, and K1/ARP/2014. Sequence analysis of thefive isolates showed that three isolates of D5, B1 and G1 have a genetic distance of 11,1%, 10,2% and 8,2%when compared to the nucleotide sequence of Bali-1/07 isolated previously from Karangasem regency in2007. Meanwhile, the genetic distance of T1 and K1 isolates are 20,1% and 18% respectively as compareto the sequence of the Bali-1/07 isolate. The composition of amino acids at the cleavage sites enzyme of Fproteinfor 3 isolates of D5, B1 and G1 are R-R-Q- K-R-F, which is the typical characteristic of virulentvirus strain. Meanwhile, two isolates i.e T1 and K1 got from layer chicken had the amino acid sequence ofG- R-Q-G -R-L, which is group into avirulent virus strains. It was concluded that APMV-1 isolates foundin ND cases in the year of 2014 were caused by virulent isolate and were grouped into VII-genotype.Furthermore, It was found that there were two avirulent isolates

Background The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains high in Indonesian children. When anemia is detected in a patient, the physician’s task is to identify the cause, address it, provide iron therapy, and prevent recurrence. However, prevention is best done by early detection. The reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) is a direct measurement of iron level in reticulocytes recently produced in the bone marrow. The Ret-He measurement may be an early indicator of iron deficiency, as it is sensitive at the initial stage of the condition. Objective To assess for a relationship between Ret-He and IDA as well as to evaluate the usefulness of Ret-He for diagnosing IDA in children. Methods This analytic, observational study with cross-sectional approach included 50 children aged 6-12 years and was performed from November 2013 to March 2014. The subjects were divided into IDA or non-IDA groups, based on ferritin levels. A correlation analysis using logistic regression was performed and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and odds ratio (OR) were calculated. Results were considered to be statistically significant for P values

Lymphocytes play important role in host defence system against pathogenic agents both in mammalianand avian species. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been widely used to identify lymphocytessubpopulation in a host based on their surface cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Currently, mAbsagainst lymphocytes surface markers of village chickens have been produced by fusion of myeloma withlymphocytes derived from spleen of mice immune to chicken lymphocytes. In two fusion experiments, 623clones of hybridomas were produced and four (BG4, CB1, DB2 and BB2) of which secreted mAbs againstchickens lymphocyte surface molecules. Two mAbs (BG4 and DB2) recognized protein of 32 kDa, one mAb(CB1) recognized protein of 64 kDa, and one mAb was unable to recognize any protein of chicken lymphocytesurface molecule. Three mAbs recognized lymphocyte subpopulation in spleen and peripheral blood ofvillage chickens. In peripheral blood, mAbs BG4, CB1 and DB2 recognized lymphocytes subpopulationwith the percentages of 11.2%, 21.4% and 7.4% respectively. In spleen those three mAbs recognizedlymphocytes subpopulations at the percentages of 38.2%, 51.54% and 31.5% respectively. Based on thoseresult, it is very likely that mAbs BG4 and DB2 recognized CD4 molecule and mAb CB1 recognized CD8molecule of village chickens lymphocytes.

Caulerpa sp., a genus of seaweed native to the Indo-Pacific region, has been known for its antioxidant properties and health benefits when consumed as food. Previous studies have reported Caulerpa sp.’s potential as a strong antioxidant, but its effects on the skin in a topical preparation, especially its role in UV protection, have not been studied extensively. Our study investigated the protective effects of 0.2% and 0.4% Caulerpa sp. extract gels on photoaging in the UVB-irradiated skin of Wistar mice. The subjects were divided into naive control, vehicle control, and 3 treatment groups (0.2% Caulerpa sp. extract gel, 0.4% Caulerpa sp. extract gel, and 0.02% astaxanthin gel as a standard antioxidant). The groups, except the naive control group, received a total of 840 mJ/cm2 of UVB irradiation in four weeks. Protective effects of the extract were measured through the evaluation of collagen expression, MMP-1 expression and levels, and 8-OhDG expression. Mice who received topical application of Caulerpa sp. extract gel had higher collagen expression, betterpreserved collagen structure, lower levels of MMP-1, and less MMP-1 and 8-OHdG expressions compared to the vehicle control group. There was no difference between different concentrations of the extract. Our findings demonstrated that topical application of Caulerpa sp. extract gel significantly protected UVB-irradiated mice skin from photoaging.

The purpose of this study is to make a monoclonal antibody against- Cysticercus cellulosae and itscharacterization. Samples antigen prepared from T. solium larvae (C. cellulosae) was then used to immunizeBalb/c. The immune response of mice assessed by ELISA test, then the lymphocytes of mice used for theproduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Origin lymphocytes of mice that produce antibodies againstC. cellulosae antigen, fused with myeloma cells (NS1). Results fusion of two cells produces hybrid cellscalled hybridomas; cells are then screened by ELISA test. Hybridoma cells that produce only MoAb, usedto produce large quantities in vitro. Characterization of MoAb against-C.cellulosae was tested by usingELISA and Western blotting. Mice were immunized with C.cellulosae antigen showed an immune responseproducing antibodies to C.cellulosae. Based on the results of fusion, produced a total of 51 hybridoma cellclones and after being screened, only three clones of hybridoma cells that produced MoAb against–C.cellulosae. MoAb produced, named after the hole where the growth of the ELISA micro plate, the BE6,BE7, and EE9. Characteristics of this MoAb capable of tracking cellulosae of fluid larvae and recognizeantigen protein bands with molecular weight 78kDa.

Cysticercosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease which is still problem in Indonesia. The purpose of thisstudy was to investigate immune responses of mice that had been immunized using Taenia solium larval(Cysticercus cellulosae) antigens originated from infected pigs. Three kinds of the C.cellulosaeantigens,secretory and whole antigens were used to immunize three different groups Balb/c mice consisted of 15animals. The serum samples before and after immunization were tested with ELISA test. The resultsshowed that the third antigens induced highly significant titre (P0,05) were found when the third antigens were compared. It wasconcluded that immunization with the three kinds of C. cellulosae antigens can cause immunity in mice.

The aim of this research was to determine immune response of mice against vaccines derived fromcyst fluid of Taenia saginata. The study was conducted using four BALB/c mice aged 6 weeks as experimentalanimals. All experimental animals were vaccinated intra peritoneal with Taenia saginata cyst fluidemulsified in Freund’s adjuvant. Immune response in the mice was determined by detecting antibodiesusing ELISA and by the presence of lymphocytes through evaluation of blood smear. The results showedthat the cyst fluid of Taenia saginata was antigenic and capable of inducing antibody responses that weredetected by ELISA. Mean antibody titers obtained in the results of the first, second, third, and fourth ofvaccination was 3.3 units; 17.9 units; 21.2 units; and 72.1 units; respectively. Evaluation of blood smear ofvaccinated mice showed an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes after vaccination with an average66.75%, compared with the average of lymphocytes before vaccination which was 40.75%. Further researchis still required in experimental animals by vaccination followed by challenge test with Taenia saginataeggs.

Avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) is a virus infecting birds with mortality level varies accordingto its pathotype. Although the virus is normally originated from birds, the recent report showed that it canbe isolated from pig. In order to find out APMV-1 infections on pig in Bali, a serologic study was conductedto detect the antibody against APMV-1 among pigs in Bali. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA) was used to detect the antibody against APMV-1 in pig sera. The serum samples withoptical density value over the cut off value (COV) was considered as those containing Ab against APMV-1. Of 215 samples collected from traditional farms of eight regency and city in Bali namely Negara,Tabanan, Badung, Denpasar City, Gianyar, Bangli, Karangasem and Buleleng Regency, 174 samples(80,93%) were positive antibody against APMV-1. On the other hand, there were 125 (98,42%) positivesample among 127 sample collected from Pesanggaran abattoir. Furthermore, the 8-9 month age pigsshowed that their antibody against APMV-1 were higher (p

Background Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is frequently found in school-aged children. The main treatments for IDA are overcoming the causal factors and iron supplementation. Noncompliance in taking iron tablets and the possibility of iron absorbtion or transport difficulties, can reduce efficacy of daily oral iron supplementation. Because excess iron storage in the intestinal cells can lead to mucosal blockage, twice weekly oral iron therapy may be considered instead of daily dosage. Objective To compare the effects of daily vs. twice weekly ferric sodium edetate (NaFeEDTA) on hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) levels on children with IDA. MethodsWe conducted an open-label, randomized, prospective study in 36 children with IDA aged 5-11 years. Subjects were divided into two groups. For a one-month period, group I received daily iron therapy (NaFeEDTA) and group II received twice weekly iron therapy. Examinations of Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, MCHC were performed before and after iron therapy. Results There were no significant differences in Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH or MCHC levels after therapy between the daily and twice weekly NaFeEDTA groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Twice weekly NaFeEDTA therapy is as effective as daily NaFeEDTA administration in children with IDA.

In order to study the distribution of excretory-secretory (ES) F. gigantica in liver tissue of infected balicattle a research was establisihed using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) againts ES antigens. Immortalmouse myeloma cells were fused with the lymphocytes derived from the spleen of mice that immunizedwith ES antigen. The mAbs were tested for their specificity by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Five specific mAbs againts ES antigens were isolated and two mAbs were used for immunodetectionof ES antigens in liver tissue of bali cattle. Immunohistochemical ES antigens were not detected in paraffinembeded tissue of negative confirmed fasciolosis samples. ES antigens was detected in hepatocytes andcytoplasm of bile duct epithelims in the bali cattle that infected with fasciolosis in moderate intensity.Therfore indicated that mAbs produced in this study are applicable for detecting ES antigens in bali cattleinfected by F. gigantica.

Hemangiomas are the most frequent vascular tumors observed in early childhood. The presentation is unique, with an initial phase of proliferation, followed by a phase of slow, spontaneous regression after the age of 1 year.1,2 Most hemangiomas are uncomplicated and do not require intervention. However, therapy may be needed if the hemangioma is located at certain body sites, such as the face, or if it results in a functional handicap, such as limitation of eye opening. In addition, ulcerated, rapidly growing hemangiomas may require treatment.3

Background Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) is characterized by severe vascular leakage and hemostasis disorder. It is the cause of death in 1 to 5 percent of cases. WH 0 management guidelines for resuscitation remain empirical rather than evidence-based. Objective To find out the alternative fluids to replace plasma leakage in DSS. Methods We performed a prospective study and randomized comparison of plasma and gelatin solution for resuscitation of Indonesian children with DSS. We randomly assigned 25 subjects with DSS to receive plasma and 25 children to receive gelatin fluid. Statistical analyse were performed using chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t test, Mann-Whitney test. Results The increment of pulse pressure width and the decrement of hematocrit in subjects treated with gelatin were higher than that of plasma atfour-hour therapy (P=0.002 and P=0.017). Only one patient died caused by unusually manifestation of DSS. The increment of body temperature in subjects treated with plasma was higher than that of gelatin at four-hour therapy (P=O.Oll). The decrement of platelet count in subjects treated with gelatin were less than that of plasma (P=0.018). The increment of diuresis rate in subjects treated with gelatin was higher than that of plasma at twenty-hour therapy (P0.05). Conclusions Gelatin solution can be used as volume replacement in resuscitation of DSS if blood plasma is not available especially at four-hour therapy.