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Retain products of conception (RPOC) remains a major concern because its complications are among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women with postpartum uterus. Every locality should have a documented findings of postpartum uterus predicting retained products of conception. This study was aimed at evaluating the sonographic pattern of RPOC among women attending Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano. The study was prospective, conducted from January 2021 to August 2021. A total of 200 patients referred on the suspicion of RPOC on the basis of history or clinical examination were enrolled in the study. Transabdominal ultrasound with 3.5MHtz transducer was performed in all referred cases. The findings obtained were recorded on data capture sheet. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 23.0. Mean age of the patients was 21.7 ±6.7 years and the mean gestational age was 11.7 ±4.8 weeks. Most of the patients present with per vaginal bleeding, lower back pain or fever as their clinical history. Sonographic findings of RPOC were mix-echogenic content 106(53%), hypoechoic fluid collection 52(26%) and hyperechoic mass 42 (21%). The correlation between clinical history and sonographic pattern of RPOC shows a significant weak positive correlation (r= 0.15 and p= 0.03). The correlation between RPOC size and gestational age also shows a significant weak positive correlation (r= 0.27 and p= 0.00). Sonography is an accurate tool for diagnosis of retained products of conception, with mixed echogenic content as the most common sonographic pattern RPOC.

Background: Despite technological advancement in uro-radiology, renal ultrasonography remains the imaging modality of choice for evaluating various pathological conditions affecting urinary tract (GIT) system.Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating sonographic features of radiologically nonfunctional kidneys in Kano metropolis, Nigeria.Methods: A prospective study involving 94 each of disease and control group were conducted in Kano metropolis from January 2019 to January 2021. Renal scans were performed using a digital ultrasound imaging system; model DP-8800Plus fitted with a 3.5MHz curvilinear transducer. The maximum length, width, and thickness were measured. The renal echogenicity was assessed and graded. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 22.0Results: The mean values of the right and left renal volumes among adult patients was 400.5 ± 527.3 cm3 and 177.6 ± 174.3 cm3 respectively. For pediatric patients it was 272.3 ± 308.6 cm3 and 241.6 ± 228.7 cm3 for the right and left kidney respectively. The renal parenchymal echogenicity of the right kidney among adult patients were sored as grade II 2 (5.3%), grade III 27 (71%), and grade IV 9 (23.7%), while that pediatric patients were Grade 0 (11.1%), and 8 (88.9%) as grade III. The adults left kidney were scored grade II 2 (6%), and 16 (47%) each as grades III and IV, while the pediatric group scored 3 (25%) as grade II, and 9 (75%) as grade III.Conclusion: Increased renal volume, shrunken kidney, increased renal parenchymal echogenicity, and severe hydronephrosis were strong sonographic indicators of nonfunctional kidneys.

In pregnancy, sonographic measurements of the renal length and volume are important for the evaluation and follow up of patients with renal pathologies. Change in renal size is an indicator for many physiological and pathological conditions. This study was aimed at establishing normative value of renal dimension among apparently healthy pregnant women in Kano. This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano from April 2021 to March 28, 2022. Using a convenience sampling method, 196 pregnant women were recruited. An ultrasound machine coupled with 3.5MH curvilinear transducer was used as instrument of data collection. The subjects were scanned in supine and lateral decubitus. The renal size and parenchymal echogenicity were recorded on data capture sheet. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 23.0. The statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. The mean right and left renal length, height, width and volume 10.4 ± 0.7, 6.1 ± 0.5, 4.7 ± 0.4, 155.0 ± 24.5, 11.0 ± 0.7, 6.2 ± 0.5, 4.8 ± 0.4, 170.7 ± 23.9 respectively. The mean CD4+ cells count, serum creatinine and urea were 787.8 ± 227.5; 64.0 ± 11.2; 2.9 ± 0.6 respectively. There was a statistical significant difference between right and left renal length and volume (p < 0.05). The renal size shows a weak positive correlation with CD4+ cells count, serum creatinine and urea. Reference values for renal dimensions, CD4 cells count serum creatinine and urea were established among healthy pregnant women in Kano metropolis.

Tulisan ini bermaksud untuk mengkaji seputar asas-asas mendasar dalam ekonomi Islam, yaitu keadilan sosial dan ekonomi dan keseimbangan dalam penyebaran kekayaan yang dilihat dari perspektif ekonomi Islam, termasuk faktor-faktor lain yang sesuai dengan pemahaman ekonomi kontemporer dan perbedaannya dengan ekonomi Islam. Ekonomi Islam berusaha menciptakan keadilan pada semua aktivitas ekonomi yang berpusat pada produktivitas dan penyebaran kekayaan. Keadilan memiliki konsekuensi pada pengharaman riba dan penguatan pada zakat sebagai sarana untuk mewujudkan keadilan atas harta. Penerapan secara benar hal hal di atas akan menciptakan kesejahteraan ekonomi.

The oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the genesis of arteriosclerosis. The present study focused on the effects of the fruits of Morinda citrifolia on preventing arteriosclerosis. The MeOH extract and CHCl(3)-, EtOAc-, n-BuOH-, and H(2)O-soluble phases derived from the fruits of M. citrifolia were evaluated for their inhibitory activity on copper-induced LDL oxidation by the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) method. The MeOH extract and EtOAc-soluble phase showed 88 and 96% inhibition, respectively. Six lignans were isolated by repeated column chromatography from the EtOAc-soluble phase. These compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis to be 3,3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol (1), americanol A (2), americanin A (3), americanoic acid A (4), morindolin (5), and isoprincepin (6), of which 4 and 5 are novel compounds. These compounds inhibited copper-induced LDL oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. 1, 2, 5, and 6 exhibited remarkably strong activities, which were the same or better than that of the known antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. The IC(50) values for 1, 2, 5, and 6 were 1.057, 2.447, 2.020, and 1.362 microM, respectively. The activity of these compounds is mainly due to their number of phenolic hydroxyl groups.

Five new chromone C-glycosides have been obtained from the leaves of Baeckea frutescens. They are: 6-β-C-glucopyranosyl-5,7- dihydroxy-2-isopropylchromone, 8-β-C-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy-2-isopropylchromone, 6-β-C-glucopyranosyl-5,7-dihydroxy- 2-methylchromone, 6-β-C-(2′-galloylglucopyranosyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-isopropylchromone and 8-β-C-(2′-galloylglucopyranosyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-isopropylchromone.

Three new compounds; 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl rosmarinic acid (2), 4,4'-O-di-β-D-glucopyranosyl rosmarinic acid(3) and 2R-O-(4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl caffeoyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) lactic acid named as 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl isorinic acid (4) were isolated together with rosmarinic acid (1) from the fruit of Helicteres isora L. (Sterculiaceae), an Indonesian medicinal plant. The structures of these compounds, including the absolute stereochemistry of 4, were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical means. Compound 3 had greater scavenging activity against superoxide anion produced with xanthine and xanthine oxidase (XOD) than rosmarinic acid (1).

From the fruits of Morinda citrifolia L., one new anthraquinone, 5,15-O-dimethylmorindol, together with five known anthraquinones and one new iridoid, morindacin, together with two known iridoids, were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data.

One new trimeric proanthocyanidin, epicatechin-(2beta-->O-->7, 4beta-->6)-epicatechin-(2beta-->O--->7, 4beta-->8)-epicatechin (5) and two new tetrameric proanthocyanidins, epicatechin-(2beta-->O-->7, 4beta-->8)-[epicatechin-(4beta-->6)]-epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin, named as parameritannin A-1 (6), and epicatechin-(2beta-->O-->5, 4beta-->6)-[epicatechin-(2beta-->O-->7, 4beta-->8)]-epicatechin-(4beta-->8)-epicatechin, named as parameritannin A-2 (7), have been isolated from the bark of Parameria laevigata Moldenke (Apocynaceae) along with the two known dimers, proanthocyanidin A-2 (1) and proanthocyanidin A-6 (2), and two trimers, cinnamtannin B-1 (3) and aesculitannin B (4). These structures were elucidated by spectral and chemical evidence.

Parameritannin A-3, a new tetrameric A-type proanthocyanidin, along with the cinnamtannin B-2, pavetannin C-1 and cinnamtannin D-1 have been isolated from the bark of Parameria laevigata. Complete assignments by spectroscopic analysis established their structures as epicatechin - (2β→O→7, 4β→6)-epicatechin - (2β→O→7, 4β→8) - epicatechin - (4β→8) - epicatechin, epicatechin-(4b→8)-epicatechin-(2β→O→7, 4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin, epicatechin-(4β→6)-epicatechin-(2β→O→7, 4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-epicatechin, epicatechin-(2β→O→7, 4β→8)-epicatechin-(4β→8)-catechin, respectively.