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This article discuss electric vehicle charging scheduling algorithms to minimize the peak load demand. The charging schedule makes use of a time-of-use system and an optimum method that adjusts the amount of electricity used to charge an electric car depending on its battery's state of charge. This study was implemented in a commercial-residential area and considered various constraints to ensure the study practicality. Three scenarios of electric vehicle charging were tested and analyzed. The outcome of the first scenario demonstrated that uncoordinated charging of electric vehicles would cause a new peak in the grid load. For the second scenario, time-of-use scheme was implemented for electric vehicle charging, which was able to reduce peak loads compared to uncoordinated electric vehicle charging. The final scenario demonstrated that the suggested coordinated electric vehicle charging scheduling algorithm successfully reduced uncoordinated charging load by 33% and increased off-peak load by 87.5% while maximizing the charging power of each electric vehicle battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developed countries continue to search for solutions to reduce carbon emissions and increase energy efficiency. Therefore, developed countries have adopted EVs and have integrated them into smart transportation systems (ITS). Electric vehicles (EV) equipped with communication devices and wireless sensors such as an onboard unit (OBU) allow wireless communication between electric vehicles (EV) and roadside units (RSU) called V2I and between electric vehicles and smart grid components such as charging stations (CS) called V2G. This paper reviews EV charging management in terms of the different types of messages that are exchanged between V2I and V2G by the IEC 61850 and IEEE WAVE standards. Besides, this paper explains the algorithm used to schedule electric vehicle charging based on the connection between V2I and V2G. This algorithm ensures that the needs of electric vehicles are met by supplying them with energy through information obtained between the electric vehicle, RSU, and CS. The accurate information obtained through this communication system enables the EV owners to estimate the distance to the nearest and available charging station that may accept EV without burdening the distribution networks. This research will help to give an overview for researchers about the electrical vehicle charging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is one of the new technologies and differs from other ad hoc networks because it has unique characteristics. In the VANET, it is challenging to establish routing protocols due to the frequent disconnection of the connection, the topology changes in the network structure, and the high speed of vehicles. Routing is used in the VANET to di rect vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) data. VANET contributes to improving intelligent transportation systems (ITS) because it can provide traffic information and increase road safety to reduce daily road accidents. This paper will focus on the position-based routing protocol, and a performance comparison will be made between the MDORA, MDORA-OD, and MDORA-WD protocols in terms of end-to-end (E2E) delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and communication overhead. The network was simulated in an urban environment by MATLAB. The comparison results showed that the MDORA-WD had better results than MDORA and MDORA-OD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a dedicated vehicular ad hoc network has gained significant interest and is an emerging field of research due to its contribution to the design of intelligent transportation systems. Wireless communication technologies such as (IEEE 802.11P) and (IEEE 1609 WAVE) aid in the transmission of messages from vehicle to infrastructure and vehicle to vehicle in the VANET. In VANET, orienting in an urban setting is a difficult challenge. One of the key issues in a VANET is designing a routing protocol, which aids in the delivery of reliable and efficient packets from node to node. Two types of routing protocols are employed in this study for VANET: Ad-hoc on-Demand Distance Vector and Maximum Distance on-Demand Routing Algorithm. The goal of this study is to compare the performance of the AODV and MDORA protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay in the case of vehicle movement at variable velocities ranging from (40-120 km/h) in one direction, with the simulation taking place in two environments with different vehicle density. The MATLAB software was used to analyze the performance of the routing protocols for the VANET. The MDORA protocol outperforms AODV in terms of end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio, according to the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]