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Mortality due to suicide is amongst the largest public health concerns across the world today in Bharat (India). There have been concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to worsening mental health outcomes across the world, including in Bharat. Furthermore, long COVID has been proposed to be a major consequence of COVID-19, which can also worsen mental health outcomes. Therefore, our objective in this study was to analyse trends in suicide mortality across Bharat and to compare these trends to changes prior to the COVID-19 pandemic; in addition, we aimed to analyse if long COVID had any role in these changes. It was found that, at a national level, the average annual increase in the suicide rate between 2019 and 2022 was 0.7 per 100,000 people (a 6.41% increase). There was also an average annual rise in suicide rates across 27 states/union territories (out of the 33 that were analysed). States/UTs with the highest annual increases since the start of the COVID-19, despite a decrease from 2018 to 2019, were Tamil Nadu (increased by 2.7; a 15.17% increase) and Telangana (increased by 1.9; a 9.22% increase). Multi-linear regression showed that the annual suicide rate changes were not associated with COVID-19 deaths per 10,000 people (standardized beta coefficient = 0.077; p = 0.605) but were associated with COVID-19 cases per 100 people (standardized beta coefficient = 0.578; p < 0.001). It has been shown that suicide mortality has worsened, and long COVID may have a potential role in this in Bharat.

Abstract This review explores the hidden hazards associated with the reuse of treated wastewater and sewage sludge in agriculture while proposing mitigation strategies. It examines the origins and pathways of microplastics (MPs) in wastewater treatment plants and how these pollutants infiltrate agricultural ecosystems. The review assesses the effectiveness of MP removal from wastewater and its fate in soil after reuse, highlighting contamination dynamics and the need for proactive measures. Introducing soil remediation methods is crucial for addressing this issue. Alarming evidence of MPs in human blood, testis, semen, and placenta underscores the urgency for solutions, revealing significant threats to human health, particularly reproductive health. The review advocates for sustainable agricultural practices and effective soil remediation strategies to mitigate MP contamination, promoting environmental preservation, food safety, and human health protection. Graphical Abstract

BackgroundCryptosporidium spp. are protozoan parasites that infect the gastrointestinal tract of various animals, including goats, and can also contaminate water sources, posing a significant public health risk. Detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal and water samples is critical for understanding the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and implementing appropriate control measures. Various staining methods, such as the Modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) and Kenyon’s Acid-Fast (KAF) staining techniques, are employed to identify these oocysts. This study compared the effectiveness of these two staining methods in detecting Cryptosporidium oocysts in goat feces and water samples across different geographic regions in district of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and other factors such as genders, age groups, diarrheal statuses, and feeding regimes.MethodsA total of 300 fecal and 300 water samples were collected from goats and water sources in four geographic regions: Tehsil Katlang, Tehsil Takhtbhai, Tehsil Mardan, and Tehsil Lundkhwarh. Samples were categorized based on gender, age group (2 years), diarrheal status, and feeding regime (stall feeding, grazing). The two staining methods, ZN and KAF staining, were employed to detect Cryptosporidium oocysts. The detection rates were calculated, and statistical analyses were performed to compare the effectiveness of the two methods across different categories.ResultsThe overall detection rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts for fecal samples were 61.00% (95% CI: 55.22–66.55%) using the ZN method and 63.33% (95% CI: 57.60–68.79%) using KAF method, with no significant difference (p > 0.05). The highest detection rate was observed in Tehsil Katlang (70.66%) with the ZN method and in both Tehsil Katlang and Takhtbhai (66.66%) with the KAF staining method, having no significant difference (p > 0.05). Gender-wise analysis in fecal samples showed similar detection rates for males and females, with no significant differences. Age-wise, the highest detection rates were found in the youngest age group (2 years) using KAF staining, with no significant differences between age groups. Diarrheal status analysis indicated higher detection rates in diarrheic goats for both methods, with the highest detection rate in the diarrheic group of Tehsil Katlang (84.61%) using the ZN method. Feeding regime analysis showed no significant differences between stall-fed and grazing goats. For water samples, the detection rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts were significantly different between the two methods. The ZN technique had a significantly higher overall detection rate of 16.00% (95% CI: 12.03–20.64%) compared to 1.00% (95% CI: 0.20–2.89%) for KAF staining (p

Abstract Background Intussusception with intestinal malrotation is termed as Waugh’s syndrome. The incidence of Waugh’s syndrome is less than 1%. There are very few reported cases. Once presented, it is a pediatric surgical emergency. Case presentation We present here two cases of Waugh’s syndrome: an 11-month-old male patient of Punjabi descent and a 4-month-old female patient of Afghan descent who presented to us with abdominal pain and bleeding per rectum. Abdominal sonography revealed an intussusception with a target sign. They were explored and perioperatively had intestinal malrotation alongside intussusception, thus a diagnosis of Waugh’s syndrome was made. A right hemicolectomy and Ladd’s procedure was performed. Conclusion Waugh syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly but can present with vague abdominal symptoms. Once presented, it is a pediatric surgical emergency. The patient should be optimized followed by surgical exploration.

Abstract The persistent use of plastics in chemical and industrial procedures has resulted in the contamination of the environment and human health via microplastics (MPs). This study investigates heavy metals, MP, pH, conductivity, and turbidity levels in the Nida River in Poland. The Nida River exhibited the existence of diverse coloured MPs in several physical forms, including fibres, fragments, pellets, and foams. Differences in the number of MPs were noted at five selected locations, with values ranging from 215 to 280 MPs per litre. The mean number of MPs observed was 245 ± 21 per litre. The study of water samples using a scanning electron microscope indicates the existence of various MPs. The morphological study of these MPs revealed patterns of degradation. The energy-dispersive X-ray examination indicates the existence of several elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, aluminium, silicon, phosphorus, and others. The water exhibited fluctuations in its levels of heavy metal content. The average zinc concentration in all samples was 96.86 ± 40.25 μg/L, which was the highest. It was followed by Pb 37.6 ± 31.9 μg/L concentration. The turbidity measurement was recorded as 46.38 ± 22.54, the pH level was 7.078 ± 0.33, and the conductivity value was determined to be 1338.8 ± 39.64. The HQ and HI values for adults and children in all age groups were less than one. The carcinogenic excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) exceeds the threshold value in most water samples. This study aims to fill the existing gap in understanding the precise measurement of MPs and heavy metals in freshwater sources in Poland. Health risk evaluations are the first step in developing pollution management, control, and water quality standards. Graphical Abstract

Purpose: This paper is an endeavor to present an account of the influence of trust on knowledge sharing to familiarize managers and practitioners with this essential aspect of knowledge sharing in light of existing literature and empirical evidence. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is based on the PhD research dissertation of the author and it was conducted through qualitative content analysis of research articles on the subject matter. Findings: In the light of existing literature and available empirical findings, trust has been identified as not only an important, but the most important of the critical factors in sharing knowledge amongst organizational members, since trust reduces the feelings of strangeness and apprehension and enhances confidence of the organizational members to share the knowledge. Implications/Originality/Value: This paper presents some key implications and recommendations for managers and practitioners to realize the significance of trust for knowledge sharing and for creating an organizational working environment characterized by a high level of trust among the organizational members to enable the efficient and effective sharing of knowledge among organizational members.

ABSTRACT Arrhythmias are increasingly recognized as severe complications of precapillary pulmonary hypertension, encompassing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Despite their significant contribution to symptoms, morbidity, in‐hospital mortality, and potentially sudden death in PAH/CTEPH, there remains a lack of comprehensive data on epidemiology, pathophysiology, and outcomes to inform the management of these patients. This review provides an overview of the latest evidence on this subject, spanning from the molecular mechanisms underlying arrhythmias in the hypertrophied or failing right heart to the clinical aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Abstract The pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) is a growing concern on a global scale, especially considering the significant proportion of time that individuals spend indoors. The contamination in question has the potential to directly impact the human population through exposure to indoor dust and air. This research undertook a comprehensive analysis of the indoor deposition of MPs in university classrooms, employing various investigative tools. The present study aimed to comprehensively analyze the physical and chemical properties of MPs found in university classrooms. Analyzing samples under a stereomicroscope, the predominant MPs were identified as fibers of varied colors, mainly attributed to clothing. Sizes of these MPs varied significantly across different classrooms, with a general average size range of 120–2222 µm. The observed morphological changes in MPs, including cracks and grooves, hint at potential degradation into nanosized plastics over time. This observation raises concerns about increased concentrations of nanoplastics in indoor environments. Using µRaman analysis, eleven types of MPs were identified, potentially originating from clothing, shoes, and stationery. The majority of MPs were polyamide 6, polypropylene, and polyamide 12. The scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) technique unveiled the elemental composition of the MPs, with carbon, fluorine, and oxygen being dominant. The findings align with past studies but highlight the need to understand MPs' structural components and any possible contaminants. Compared to existing literature, this study adopts a comprehensive methodological approach combining optical microscopy, µRaman, and SEM–EDX, enriching the knowledge on indoor MP deposition and aiding future research directions.

E-waste toner (EWT), which is produced in large quantities by modern industries, has the potential to be utilized as a bitumen modifier to improve engineering properties and save costs. The current study focuses on exploring the optimization of EWT content to identify the most optimal proportions for achieving desirable levels of mechanical properties. This study also examined the effects of E-waste toner contents ranging from 0% to 30% on the fresh consistency of toner-modified and unmodified binder. The study utilized a central composite design (CCD) together with the response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the mix design variables, specifically the binder-toner ratio (BT) and mixing efficiency ratio (MER). The objective of this study was to examine the combined effects of these variables on the mechanical characteristics of EWT-modified asphalt mixtures. The mechanical responses were obtained through the performance of four responses such as Marshall stability (MS), Marshall flow (MF), indirect tensile strength (ITS), and stiffness tests. The findings suggest that the combined interaction of BT and MER ratios has an impact on their mechanical characteristics. However, the BT ratios had a significant impact on the volumetric attributes compared to MER. The RSM-based prediction models had an R-square over 0.86 across each response. This demonstrates that the inclusion of BT and MER ratios were accountable for a minimum of 86% of the alterations in the mechanical characteristics of EWT-modified asphalt. The multi-objective optimization analysis determined that the optimal proportions for the EWT-modified asphalt, in order to obtain the ideal consistency, were 0.249 ratio of BT and 1.63 ratio of MER with a desirability value of 0.97. Overall, it was found that RSM is a reliable technique for precisely forecasting the mechanical properties of EWT-modified asphalt, including BT and MER ratios.

The present study used Piper betle petiole leaf extract as an efficient reducing agent to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). The change in the color of reaction mixture from brown to white indicates the formation of ZnO NPs, which is also noticed in UV–Visible spectral analysis (peak at 320 nm). Investigations using X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the particles were crystalline. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDAX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to understand the structural, and elemental aspects of the as-prepared ZnO NPs. The antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs was assessed using the disc diffusion approach method against clinical strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus subtilis. The zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory indices (MIC) were used in this process. The as-prepared ZnO NPs showed strong antibacterial effects. In addition, the anticancer efficacy of the material was tested against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, the results of which revealed that the tested ZnO NPs was potent in inhibiting the growth of the cancer cells. The mechanistic evaluation of such an activity carried out using in silico methods suggested that the anti-breast cancer activity of L-ZnONPs was mediated by human HER2 kinase domain. This suggests that preparation of ZnO NPs from plant sources can be an excellent method of producing biomedical goods that are both environmentally friendly and versatile.

Objective: To determine the association of age and parity with gestational hypertension. Study Design: Case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Combined Military Hospital, Sibi Pakistan, from Oct 2020 to Sep 2021. Methodology: A total of two hundred and sixty-eight (n=268) patients (134 controls and 134 cases) were included in this study. Data about age, parity, economic status and education status was recorded. Two consecutive readings of blood pressure were recorded in sitting position, 4 hours apart, and the second reading was entered on the proforma. Results: Mean age of the patients was 28.10±5.61 years and 28.99±6.29 years in cases and controls, respectively. Mean gestational age was 38.46±1.02 weeks in cases and 38.04±1.00 weeks in controls. In cases, primigravida were 88(65.7%) and multigravida were 46(34.3%) and in controls 58(43.3%) were primigravida and 46(56.7%) were multigravida. Odds ratio was 2.50(95% CI: 1.53-4.10), p value was

Various traditional management techniques are employed to control plant diseases caused by bacteria and fungi. However, due to their drawbacks and adverse environmental effects, there is a shift toward employing more eco-friendly methods that are less harmful to the environment and human health. The main aim of the study was to biosynthesize silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Rhizoctonia solani and Cladosporium cladosporioides using a green approach and to test the antimycotic activity of these biosynthesized AgNPs against a variety of pathogenic fungi. The characterization of samples was done by using UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), FTIR (fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffractometry). During the study, the presence of strong plasmon absorbance bands at 420 and 450 nm confirmed the AgNPs biosynthesis by the fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Cladosporium cladosporioides. The biosynthesized AgNPs were 80–100 nm in size, asymmetrical in shape and became spherical to sub-spherical when aggregated. Assessment of the antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles against various plant pathogenic fungi was carried out by agar well diffusion assay. Different concentration of AgNPs, 5 mg/mL 10 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL were tested to know the inhibitory effect of fungal plant pathogens viz. Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium metavorans, and Aspergillus aflatoxiformans. However, 15 mg/mL concentration of the AgNPs showed excellent inhibitory activity against all tested fungal pathogens. Thus, the obtained results clearly suggest that silver nanoparticles may have important applications in controlling various plant diseases caused by fungi.

The rapid urbanization, economic growth, and improved living standards in developing countries are causing a significant increase in the amount of solid waste generated. To ensure a healthy environment for city residents and effectively manage waste resources, it is crucial to employ scientific methods as decision-making tools. However, the lack of competent institutions, financial and technical capabilities, and irresponsible social behavior hinder the implementation of an integrated and sustainable solid waste management (SWM) system. To address these challenges, researchers have proposed an optimized solution using mathematical modeling and GIS. This solution aims to enhance collection efficiency, optimize transportation, and maximize resource recovery and waste processing. By using linear mathematical modeling and the Arc-GIS Network Analyst tool, the study achieved a 13% route optimization in Phase 7 Hayatabad, indicating the potential for a more sustainable and cost-effective municipal solid waste (MSW) collection system in urban Peshawar. The study also explored different scenarios, such as increasing waste collection efficiency and implementing waste-to-energy technologies, which resulted in improved economic viability and reduced payback periods. Overall, the research highlights the need for adaptive strategies and policy reforms to establish sustainable and efficient waste management systems in rapidly growing cities, fostering a cleaner and more environmentally responsible urban future.

The physical characterization of indoor dust market samples showed the presence of different macroplastics (pellet, film, and fiber). Most macroplastics fall in the size range of 5

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence has brought revolutionary changes in the medical field in terms of diagnosis, surgeries, rehabilitation, and in deciding the prognosis of the disease. Methods: This is a Cross-sectional study. Sample size was 210. Convenience sampling was used. Medical students from 1st year to final year were included in this study. Medical students who were foreigners were excluded from this study. A pre-made questionnaire to assess the knowledge and perceptions regarding Artificial Intelligence was employed. Data collection was completed from September 2022 to December 2022. IBM SPSS Statistics 26 and Microsoft Excel were used for data analysis. Results: Only 13% students understood what is meant by neural network. 63.9% of participants believed that AI is able to analyse patient information to reach diagnosis. With 65.4% believing that AI would able to help to establish prognosis. 60.1% expressed their confidence in AI to replace human in performing surgery. 40.3% agreed that AI poses a threat to physicians by reducing the number of jobs available to them. An overwhelming majority of 73.9% of the view that health equity would face quite a lot of new challenges if AI steps in medicine. Only 18.9% students agreed that their medical curriculum is sufficiently educating them to use AI tools. 77.7% of students agreed that AI skills should be ingrained in medical training. Conclusion: Medical students lack understanding of the AI but quite optimistic that AI has the potential to transform the existing healthcare practices. Students believed that training in AI competencies should be added in their curriculum so that they can be well equipped with upcoming challenges. Keywords: artificial intelligence, healthcare system, medical students.

Background: Anti-tuberculosis drugs-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress. Curcumin is a powerful antioxidant and has been found to protect the liver from the damaging effects of oxidative stress. The study aimed to assess the curative and protective effects of Curcumin against hepatotoxicity induced by anti TB- drugs (Isoniazid-Rifampicin) by using an experimental model of Albino rabbits. Methods: Albino rabbits(n=24) were divided into four groups. Group A was the control group, Group B administered Isoniazid (INH) (50 mg/kg/d) and Rifampicin (RMP) (100 mg/kg) alone, Group C received both INH+RMP and Curcumin (60 mg/kg) before and during induction. Group D received INH (50 mg/kg/d) and RMP (100 mg/kg/d) for 7 days, followed by 7 days of Curcumin (60 mg/kg/d). Biochemical testing and liver morphological histopathology was done for all groups. All values were recorded in mean ± standard deviation. Results: Anti-Tuberculosis drugs increased Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase level (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase level (ALP), Total Bilirubin, and Albumin 62.0±2.5, 172.5±1.0, 128±1.5, 0.80±0.05, 5.00±0.5 respectively and decreased Total protein levels (2.05±1.0). Whereas, Curcumin lowered liver enzymes 37.0±2.8, 126.12±1.5, 90.5±1.0, 0.40±0.01, 3.50±0.5 respectively, and increased levels of total protein (5.00±0.5). Group A exhibited normal liver morphology, whereas, Group B had ballooning degeneration, focal cell necrosis, and liver inflammation. Group C had moderate fatty liver but no centrilobular degeneration or focal cell necrosis and Group D exhibited minor liver inflammation and normal liver morphology. Conclusion: Curcumin was found preventative and therapeutic remedy which can be used for the treatment of hepatotoxicity. Keywords: Curcumin; Hepatotoxicity; Hepatoprotective; Isoniazid; Rifampicin.

Microplastics (MPs) have attracted attention as a global concern due to their physicochemical properties, structural components, role as vectors for pollutants and potential health impacts. In studies focusing on the occurrence, levels, and distribution of MPs, there is a need for recovery studies since certified reference materials or standard methods have not yet been established for quality assurance in analyses. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the recovery efficiency of MP analyses in soil and air matrices using an analyte addition approach. Recovery studies were carried out by soil samples taken from the garden of Eskişehir Technical University campus and dust samples taken from the indoor environment of the building in the size range of 1-5 mm with the addition of polyethylene (PE) type (70% matching rate) type MPs were detected in soil and dust samples, mainly in the form of fibers and fragments, with sizes ranging between 57.0-4989 µm and 36.2-2636 µm, with an average of 1.43±0.574 MP/g and 5500±2531 MP/g, respectively. In the recovery studies, an average recovery rate of 75% was achieved in trials where PE was added to the samples by mass and 100% in trials where PE was added by number. The recovery studies, which were also evaluated in terms of the factors affecting MP analysis, were examined in the context of current literature, and recommendations were made.

Abstract Background The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric population is less than 7% that too when associated with a urinary tract infection, the presentation is very rare. There have been numerous case reports in adults and adolescent population but very few in pediatrics and none in our socioeconomic. Case presentation We present here the case of a 1-year-old boy with SARS-CoV-2 induced urinary tract infection whose urine biochemistry showed severe urinary tract infection but no hematuria. His COVID-PCR was positive. His chest radiograph showed bilateral lung infiltrates with peri-hilar lymphadenopathy. His computerized tomography scan showed infiltrates with lung fibrosis. He was admitted to the isolation ward, successfully managed, and discharged home after 5 days of in-hospital treatment. Conclusion Pediatricians and pediatric emergency physicians should be vigilant and well aware of the atypical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants and children, as they can present with both gastrointestinal and renal manifestations. And once missed, the patient may end up with devastating complications.

Micromirrors have recently emerged as an essential component in optical scanning technology, attracting considerable attention from researchers. Their compact size and versatile capabilities, such as light steering, modulation, and switching, are leading them as potential alternatives to traditional bulky galvanometer scanners. The actuation of these mirrors is critical in determining their performance, as it contributes to factors such as response time, scanning angle, and power consumption. This article aims to provide a thorough exploration of the actuation techniques used to drive micromirrors, describing the fundamental operating principles. The four primary actuation modalities—electrostatic, electrothermal, electromagnetic, and piezoelectric—are thoroughly investigated. Each type of actuator’s operational principles, key advantages, and their limitations are discussed. Additionally, the discussion extends to hybrid micromirror designs that combine two types of actuation in a single device. A total of 208 closely related papers indexed in Web of Science were reviewed. The findings indicate ongoing advancements in the field, particularly in terms of size, controllability, and field of view, making micromirrors ideal candidates for applications in medical imaging, display projections, and optical communication. With a comprehensive overview of micromirror actuation strategies, this manuscript serves as a compelling resource for researchers and engineers aiming to utilize the appropriate type of micromirror in the field of optical scanning technology.

Online transactions are still the backbone of the financial industry worldwide today. Millions of consumers use credit cards for their daily transactions, which has led to an exponential rise in credit card fraud. Over time, many variations and schemes of fraudulent transactions have been reported. Nevertheless, it remains a difficult task to detect credit card fraud in real-time. It can be assumed that each person has a unique transaction pattern that may change over time. The work in this article aims to (1) understand how deep reinforcement learning can play an important role in detecting credit card fraud with changing human patterns, and (2) develop a solution architecture for real-time fraud detection. Our proposed model utilizes the Deep Q network for real-time detection. The Kaggle dataset available online was used to train and test the model. As a result, a validation performance of 97.10% was achieved with the proposed deep learning component. In addition, the reinforcement learning component has a learning rate of 80%. The proposed model was able to learn patterns autonomously based on previous events. It adapts to the pattern changes over time and can take them into account without further manual training.

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Urinary retention in pediatric patients is an uncommon presentation, particularly when attributed to urethral stones. We present the case of an 8 year old child who experienced acute urinary retention due to a urethral stone, an infrequent occurrence in this age group. Initial assessment revealed signs of obstructive voiding, prompting further investigation. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of a urethral stone causing complete obstruction. Management involved a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating surgical intervention. This case report underlines the need for awareness about the rare occurrence of urethral stones in pediatric age group which must be kept in mind while treating children.

The present experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of Ethylene Glycol (EG)-based ZnO nanofluids (NFs) in circular minichannel test sections, each of 330 mm in length and 1.0–2.0 mm inner diameters. The experiments were conducted under steady-state constant heat flux and laminar flow conditions. The stable ZnO/EG-based NFs were synthesized using a standard two-step method in varying nanoparticles (NPs) loadings (0.012–0.048 wt%). The morphological characteristics, crystal structure, and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the NPs were sized in nm, possessing excellent crystal structure and enhanced surface area. Thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity (VC) of the NFs were examined in the 20–60 °C temperature range. Both TC and VC possessed an increasing trend with the rise in concentration of the NPs. However, with the temperature rise, TC increased while the VC decreased and vice versa. The highest enhancements in TC and VC were 14.38 % and 15.22 %, respectively, at 40 °C and 0.048 wt% of NPs loading. The highest enrichment recorded in the local and average heat transfer coefficient (HTC) were 14.80 % and 13.48% in a minichannel with 1.0 mm inner diameter, respectively. It was directly proportional to the NPs loading and volume flow rate of the NFs. The friction factor was also directly proportional to the test section's inner cross-sectional area, while the pressure gradient showed an inverse behavior. An inverse relationship was recorded for the volume flow rate of the NFs and vice versa. Maximum friction factor and the pressure drop for all three minichannel test sections were recorded as 34.58 % and 32.16 %, respectively. The well-known Shah correlation predicted the local and average HTC within ±15.0 %, while the friction factor and the pressure gradient were well predicted by the Darcy correlation within the ±10.0 % range.

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major public health problem with a global prevalence of approximately 13% with the majority stage 3 and is a global threat to health in general and for developing countries in particular, because therapy is expensive and life-long. In India 90% patients cannot afford the cost of treatment for CKD, over 1 million people worldwide alive on dialysis or with a functioning graft. It is the need of the time to find alternate treatment to control CKD. Hence this study aims to evaluate clinically the efficacy of Kabab Chini (Piper cubeba) in CKD stage 1-3 and also to compare the effectiveness of the marketed drug NEERI KFT® scientifically. Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of Kabab Chini (Piper cubeba) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 1-3 patients. Methods: In this open-labeled randomized controlled clinical trial, 30 participants, randomly allocated to two groups, received 4 g of either sufoof (powder) of Kabab Chini in a divided dose thrice a day (Test group, n=15) or 10 mL of Syrup NEERI-KFT three times a day (Control group, n=15) for 42 days. The objective parameters were serum creatinine, blood urea (BU), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine routine and microscopy, whereas subjective parameters were anorexia, easy fatigability, and edema. Objective and subjective parameters were assessed at weekly follow-ups, and safety parameters were assessed at baseline and after 42 days. Results: Intragroup data suggest significant improvements in anorexia, easy fatigability, and eGFR in both groups (P=0.001), whereas the intragroup serum creatinine value was significantly reduced in the test (P=0.028) and control (P=0.256) groups. No significant improvement in edema and albumin was observed in both groups (P>0.05). The test drug was found to be tolerable with no adverse effects. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that Kabab Chini is effective in reducing serum creatinine, eGFR, anorexia, and easy fatigability moderately superior to Syrup NEERI-KFT® with respect to efficacy without any adverse effect and accepted alternate hypothesis.

Abstract Background Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products of several different types are widely used in several South Asian countries including Pakistan. These products are consumed in different forms and with different names. The study aims to determine adverse effects of the SLT consumption on periodontal tissues. Methods This cross sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. It recruited 377 users of (SLT) with 231 males (61.3%) and 146 females (38.7%) of age 15 to 45 years. After obtaining informed consent, quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire followed by intra oral clinical examination to determine presence of periodontal diseases using community periodontal index (CPI). To determine the association between periodontal diseases and smokeless tobacco consumption habits, Chi Square test was conducted. Results Gingival recession (Class II-IV) (65.8%) was the most prevalent periodontal disease among SLT users. CPI score was high (CPI score 3 and 4) in 31.3% participants, whereas tooth loss was found in 21%. Among types of SLT products, gutka (28.6%) and betel quid (23.3%) were most commonly used. Using SLT for five or more years was found to be associated with a high CPI score, gingival recession (Class II-IV), moderate to severe tooth mobility, and presence of tooth loss. Conclusions The study found statistically significant association between duration in years of using SLT and periodontal disease including gingival recession, tooth mobility and tooth loss. However, no significant results were found between retention during single use and frequency of SLT use per day. However, the link of these factors with the periodontal disease cannot be eliminated.

Soil-borne pathogenic fungi are a major agricultural concern, leading to significant decreases in plant yield. Chemically controlling these plants imposes environmental threats that could potentially endanger both humans and other animals. Therefore, employing biological methods in plant disease control represents a more effective alternative approach. The objective of this study was to isolate Trichoderma species from soil samples and evaluate their in vitro biocontrol efficacy against fungal pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizoctonia solani, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium citrinum, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium metavorans, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Nigrospora sphaerica, and Fusarium solani. The biocontrol testing efficacy of the isolates against various fungal pathogens was assessed using the dual culture technique. In this investigation various Trichoderma species were isolated from 25 soil samples and were tested against 12 soil borne fungal pathogens. The radial growth inhibition of Trichoderma harzanium and Trichoderma viride varied between (20.18% to 58.13% t), (07.01% to 67.16%) respectively. Furthermore, the culture filtrates of Trichoderma species at different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) caused a significant reduction in the mycelial growth of all the tested fungal pathogens. The radial growth inhibition was more by higher concentrations in comparison to low concentrations. In the light of these observations, native Trichoderma species seems to be competent biocontrol agents and provide as a sustainable method against disease caused by soil borne plant pathogens.

Purpose: The study examine the impact of financial Institutions and markets development on the sustainable economic growth of Pakistan. Design/Methodology/Approach: Time series data of Pakistan is analyzed from 1985 to 2022 by using OLS. Findings: Financial institutions development particularly banks are playing positive role in the real GDP growth rate of Pakistan. Financial openness has neutral effect, intermediation and liquidity has positive effect and financial institutions expansion has negative effect on the real GDP. The financial markets development is playing negative role in the real GDP growth rate in Pakistan due to weak, fragile and inefficient market institutions. Implications/Originality/Value: Our study findings suggest that for a sustainable economic growth Government should encourage and support financial institutions particularly banks to increase economic activities in the country.

This study inspects the impact of environmental deterioration and income on longevity and fertility in Asian countries, specifically the nations that are highly vulnerable to extreme weather. The study examines the data, covering two decades from 2000 to 2019. The empirical conclusions of the panel ARDL-PMG and the CS-ARDL econometric models indicate that environmental degradation leads to a decline in birth rate and life expectancy, while a rising income has a significant influence over longevity. However, increasing per capita income alone cannot solve the problem of population crisis in climatically susceptible countries. Therefore, the sample countries must prioritize climate action and formulate climate-resilient policies to add more years to the lives of their citizens. Similarly, for increasing childbirth the sample nations need to make peace with nature. The outcomes of this study are strong enough, as both the models support each other's findings, producing similar significant outcomes.

AbstractThe present study aims to explore the acquisition order of eight English grammatical inflectional morphemes, i.e., plural –s, possessive -s’, third person singular, present tense-s, past tense-ed, present participle-ing, past participle-en, comparative-er, and superlative-est by young Sindhi ESL (English as second language learners) learners at the high school. The study aimed to test the hypothesis that the high school English learners do not follow the universal order of grammatical morphemes and to investigate the effect of linguistic interference of L1 (Sindhi) in the acquisition order of English grammatical morphemes. The primary instrument used for data collection in this study was written essays. The time gap between first and second samplings was around three months. A mixed methods research design was utilized. The study used an exploratory-descriptive-qualitative methods coupled with a quantitative as per the objectives of the study corresponding to the research questions. A convenience sampling technique was employed to select participants from 10th Grade level. Specifically, the data was analyzed using the Dulay and Burt (1974) scoring method. The statistical tests were utilized to test the null hypothesis. The data confirmed that they indeed do not follow the universal order of grammatical morphemes. There exists the effect of linguistic inference of L1 in the acquisition order English grammatical morphemes. Finally, the finding is not in line with the sequence as determined by Dulay and Burt (1974), and Brown (1973).

Background: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or SAD is a type of recurring major depression having a seasonal pattern of onset and termination of mood episodes. Even though SAD can occur during the summer season, but the winter pattern is most commonly recognized. The prevalence of SAD varies with the climate and latitude of regions. In this study, we aimed to study the clinical profile of SAD among Kashmiri patients. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study among fifty patients attending an outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir, North India. Patients were diagnosed with SAD as per the diagnostic and statistical manual, 5th version, and were assessed for the clinical pattern of winter depression; months of September to May. Results: Patients were predominantly females (72%), in the age group of 20–30 years (36%), and were married (64%). Depressive mood (96%) and anxious mood (74%) were the most common mood symptoms. Decreased energy and decreased libido were present in 82% and 70% of patients. November to late April was the period when the majority of the patients had depressive symptoms (32%). In 44% of the patients, symptoms were most severe in late February. Conclusion: Females predominated the study group while the commonest age group was 20–30 years. Low/anxious mood and reduction in energy were the most common features. The onset of symptoms was in the months of September-December and remission in the months of March-May.

Behavior Driven Development (BDD) is a widely adopted agile methodology for software development that emphasizes the behavior of an application as a series of test cases, using the keywords, which include “Given,” “When,” and “Then.” It involves writing requirements in a structured and testable format that can be evaluated to ensure compliance with the expected behavior. Although a significant amount of research has been conducted to examine the impact of using BDD on software development process yet rare work is observed to synthesize these studies and identify areas for future exploration. This study presents a review of the state-of-the-art BDD by synthesizing the recent advancements in its uses and applications. It aims to systematically investigate the impact of BDD on software development process as well as on product quality by aiding to bridge the communication gap between the stakeholders. The results reveal that BDD is an effective technique to clarify requirements during the software development process as it helps minimizing the intrinsic ambiguities. This work proposes a taxonomy based on the role and applications of BDD in various contexts. It suggests a framework for applying BDD in software development and defines a workflow for its application in software development. Finally, this work highlights some pertinent future directions for the use of BDD in software development.

Deep models’ feature learning capabilities have gained traction in recent years, driving significant progress in various Artificial Intelligence (AI) domains. The use of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) has expanded the scope of Computer Vision (CV) and revealed their vulnerability to deliberate adversarial attacks. These attacks involve the careful introduction of perturbations crafted through complex optimization problems. Exploiting vulnerabilities in advanced deep neural network algorithms present security concerns, particularly in practical applications with high stakes like unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite imagery in computer vision. Adversarial attacks, both in digital and physical dimensions, pose a serious threat in the field. This research provides a comprehensive examination of state-of-the-art adversarial attacks specific to aerial imagery using autonomous platforms such as UAVs and satellites. This review covers fundamental concepts, techniques, and the latest advancements, identifying research gaps and suggesting future directions. It aims to deepen researchers’ understanding of the challenges and threats related to adversarial attacks on aerial imagery, serving as a valuable resource to guide future research and enhance the security of computer vision systems in aerial environments.

Root-knot nematodes pose a severe threat to worldwide agricultural development. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, eco-friendly control strategies against root-knot nematodes need to be established. A pot and in vitro experiment were performed to estimate nematicidal potential of Pochonia chlamydosporia. P. chlamydosporia was used alone or in combination with two botanicals for controlling Meloidogyne incognita in chickpea. The laboratory assessment was performed with four prepared concentrations (S, S/2, S/10, S/25) of fungal inoculum of P. chlamydosporia against egg hatching and second-stage juvenile's mortality of M. incognita. All four concentrations reduced egg hatching and increased mortality of J2s. In pot experiment, P. chlamydosporia was used with chopped leaves of two botanicals viz., Ageratum conyzoides and Eichhornia crassipes against M. incognita in chickpea. All the treatments found significantly suppressed root infestation caused by M. incognita and improved growth and physiological attributes of chickpea. The combined application of P. chlamydosporia + A. conyzoides was found highly effective, and E. crassipes alone was least. Therefore, using P. chlamydosporia with botanicals is a promising sustainable strategy in agriculture against M. incognita infected chickpea.

Abstract Background Infertility is a huge global problem with a significant mental health burden. Infertility could become a source of continuous stress leading to psychosocial issues including stress, anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem in these women. A cross-sectional, case-controlled study was conducted between January 2021 and November 2021 to study the effect of infertility on mental health and quality of life. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for sociodemographic and clinical variables. The Oslo Social Support Scale-3 and FertiQol were used to study social support and quality of life respectively. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed using ICD-10 symptom checklist. A total of 56 cases and 102 controls were studied. Results The mean age of cases and controls was 30.4 ± 3.5 years and 31.9 ± 2.9 years, respectively. Young infertile females, primary infertility, and female factor for infertility were associated with higher psychiatric morbidity. Psychiatric morbidity was seen in 46.4% of infertile women. FertiQoL score for the infertile group was 64.61 ± 5 with the lowest score in the emotional domain (45.10) and mind-body domain (54.86) (p < 0.0001). The scores in the relational domain and social domain were higher (85.2 and 73.3, respectively). The scores in the mind-body domain and emotional domain were poor among the infertile women regardless of the presence of psychiatric morbidity (48.27 vs 59.80 and 43.57 vs 46.57) (p < 0.0001–0.04). Conclusions Our study emphasizes the role of more qualitative instruments like FertiQoL in studying the well-being of infertile women. Even in the absence of psychiatric morbidity, the QoL score could still predict mental well-being in fertility-related issues.

Background and aim: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders characterized by chronic recurrent abdominal pain related to a change in bowel habit or defecation frequency and commonly accompanied by anxiety and depression affecting about 10% population globally. Jawarish Shahi (JS) is a special dosage form prepared for gastrointestinal disorders in Unani medicine containing Phyllanthus emblica L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Coriandrum sativum L., Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton and Salix caprea L. Considering the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antispasmodic analgesic, antidiarrheal, antisecretory, laxative, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties, the present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of JS in IBS. Experimental procedure: This single-arm open-labeled clinical trial was conducted on 26 male and female patients of IBS according to Rome IV criteria, aged 18–50 years with moderate symptoms. JS was given 7 g orally twice a day after meal with water for 45 days. IBS Severity Scoring Scale (IBS-SSS) was used for efficacy outcomes and the difference was analyzed from baseline to the subsequent follow-ups. Results: Data analysis of subsequent followup showed a significant decrease in IBS-SSS scores except for 2nd followup, scores decreased from 229.50 ± 75.91 to 203.12 ± 71.71 (p

Introduction: Nursing students are valuable human resources in the health profession. During their student life, they face a great deal of stress, which can negatively affect their mental and physical health, as well as their academic performance. However, there is limited evidence regarding stress, anxiety, and depression among nursing students in Karnataka, India. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among nursing students and determine the factors associated with these conditions amongst them. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysuru from March 2022 to August 2022, involving 200 undergraduate nursing students. The study included nursing students from the 1st year to the 4th year. Data was obtained using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire consisting of two parts: the first part collected details on sociodemographic and academic parameters, and the second part assessed psychological parameters using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS) 21 Scale. Data were entered into an excel spreadsheet and presented as frequencies and percentages using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 24.0. Factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression were analysed using the Chi-square test, with a p-value

Introduction: Recently, the public and policymakers have acquired knowledge of the detrimental effects of pesticide use in agriculture. These include the threat to the health of chemical applicators and the threat that pesticide residues pose to the safety of food. The present study focuses on the farmers’ social networks from a new perspective, along with the farmers’ concurrent agricultural business and their impact on the farmer’s safe production behavior.Methodology: The Endogenous Switching Probit Regression model and Binary Probit Group Regression model were employed for the empirical analysis of survey data collected from 585 households in the Xianyang, Yan’an, and Weinan districts of Shaanxi province, China.Results and Discussion: The results revealed that farmers’ social networks can greatly affect farmers’ safe production behavior. Additionally, we noted that the farmers’ social networks may play a positive role in promoting the farmers’ safe production behaviors of both concurrent agricultural business and non-concurrent agricultural business farmers. Moreover, their correlation coefficients were found significant at a confidence level of 5%. Our findings suggest that the government needs to construct social networks among farmers by setting up a communication platform and promoting the acquaintance of safe production through reciprocal culture.

Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge and it is accountable for 7% of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) loss, and by the end of 2025 about 29% of world’s population is likely to suffer from hypertension. Tribal population constitute about 8% of the total population in India. Among tribal population, study on hypertension will provide an interesting outcome because studies across the world have shown a lower prevalence. The objective of the study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension among adult tribal populations in India and also to analyse the possible sources of heterogeneity in the estimate. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, Embase MEDLINE, and journals for articles published between 2001 and 2020. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis done on hypertension among tribal populations of India. Three authors independently reviewed the articles, performed quality assessment and data was extracted. Pooled estimate of hypertension was calculated. Subgroup analyses was performed. A total of 26 articles with a total number of subjects of 75,543 were included in the study. The pooled estimate of hypertension prevalence was 25.1% (95% CI: 24.7, 25.4). There was significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 98.2 and Q = 1289.37). It is essential to conduct larger cohort studies and randomised controlled trials to determine the causes of the increased prevalence of hypertension among the tribal population. The prevalence of hypertension among tribal population are essential as a source of primary information and for rational planning of health services and will help public-health policy-makers to assign sufficient priority and resources for its management and prevention.

Deep learning, big data, and the internet of things (IoT) have changed the world entirely. As an embedded computer, Raspberry Pi is playing a dynamic and prominent role in the era of ubiquitous computing. In ubiquitous computing, performance and real-time throughput are still an area of focus for Raspberry Pi. Indeed, process scheduling, page swapping, and process synchronization techniques are essential and crucial parameters of the operating system for Raspberry Pi. The key study objectives were; (i) explore the recent trend of applications of Raspberry Pi and (ii) comparison of process scheduling, page swapping and process synchronization techniques with different Raspberry Pi operating systems. The study concluded that Linux-based operating systems are offering an optimized and efficient computing environment for Raspberry Pi.

In cybersecurity, personal data breaches have become one of the significant issues. This fact indicates that data breaches require unique detection systems, techniques, and solutions, which necessitate the potential to facilitate precise and quick data breach detection. Various research works on data breach detection and related areas in dealing with this problem have been proposed. Several survey studies have been conducted to comprehend insider data breaches better. However, these works did not examine techniques related to blockchain and innovative smart contract technologies to detect data breaches. In this survey, we examine blockchain-based data breach detection mechanisms developed so far to deal with data breach detection. We compare blockchain-based data breach detection techniques based on type, platform, smart contracts, consensus algorithm language/tool, and evaluation measures. We also present a taxonomy of contemporary data breach types. We conclude our study by outlining existing methodologies’ issues, offering ideas for overcoming those challenges, and pointing the way forward.

Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogen-like mycotoxin, which mainly led to reproductive toxicity. The study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of ZEA-induced dysfunction of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAM) in piglet Sertoli cells (SCs) via the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway. In this study, SCs were used as a research object that was exposed to ZEA, and ERS inhibitor 4-Phenylbutyrate acid (4-PBA) was used as a reference. The results showed that ZEA damaged cell viability and increased Ca2+ levels; damaged the structure of MAM; up-regulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75) and mitochondrial Rho-GTPase 1 (Miro1), while inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R), voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), mitofusin2 (Mfn2) and phosphofurin acidic cluster protein 2 (PACS2) were down-regulated. After a 3 h 4-PBA-pretreatment, ZEA was added for mixed culture. The results of 4-PBA pretreatment showed that inhibition of ERS reduced the cytotoxicity of ZEA against piglet SCs. Compared with the ZEA group, inhibition of ERS increased cell viability and decreased Ca2+ levels; restored the structural damage of MAM; down-regulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of Grp75 and Miro1; and up-regulated the relative mRNA and protein expression of IP3R, VDAC1, Mfn2, and PACS2. In conclusion, ZEA can induce MAM dysfunction in piglet SCs via the ERS pathway, whereas ER can regulate mitochondria through MAM.

Context: The success or failure of any software development project significantly depends on the accuracy of its effort estimates. Software development effort estimation is the foundation for project bidding, budgeting, planning, and cost control. Problem: The literature shows that a lot of work has been done on software effort estimation. But still, there is a need for improvement in effort estimation by introducing new methodologies. The structured group-based and analogy-based effort estimations are the widely used estimation methods. Nevertheless, there are several shortcomings of using these methods such as lack of experts, lack of historical data, and biasness in expert opinion, which negatively affect the estimation results. Motivation: With the advancement of technologies, such limitations could be overcome. Such as leveraging the applicability of blockchain in several domains such as improvement in the software development process and network security. Method: In this article, we have proposed a Blockchain-Based Software Effort Estimation (BBSEE) methodology to improve the software effort estimation. We employ the proposed method using Web and blockchain technologies. Moreover, we also proposed evaluation criteria to assess the efficacy of the proposed method in terms of Mean Magnitude of Relative Error (MMRE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and percentage of successful predictions falling (PRED (25)). Result: We performed several case studies and analyses of expert opinions of 52 organizations to present the efficacy of the proposed method. Conclusion: We observe that the BBSEE method outperforms expert judgment and analogy-based effort estimation methodologies in terms of software effort estimation.

CONTEXT: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard of care therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The current disadvantages of lifelong treatment include adverse effects and financial burden. AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of treatment-free remission (TFR) in CML patients. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in our oncology center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients ≥18 years old diagnosed with CML, received TKI and had a TFR trial to achieve TFR, with at least 6 months follow-up, and who received TKIs were included. Patients with a previous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were excluded. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with sustainable TFR at 6 months. The secondary outcomes were the proportion of patients with sustainable TFR at 12 months, the rate of regaining a major molecular response (MMR) after relapse, and the cost-saving impact. Descriptive statistics were used for the demographics and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 250 patients were screened for eligibility, 25 patients were enrolled. The median age was 54 years (interquartile range: 45.5–59), 60% were female. TFR was 92% at 6 months and 72% at 12 months. 100% of the patients regained MMR. The total number of TFR days were 17,024 which resulted in a direct cost saving of SR 7,205,601.9, based on Saudi FDA pricing. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated that the majority of the CML patients achieved 6 months TFR. This initiative has resulted in a significant cost saving. Future studies should characterize potential candidates for TKI discontinuation.

Metal oxide nanoparticles have found numerous applications in different fields. In this paper, the preparation of nickel oxide nanostructures is given. The nanostructures were synthesized by using the hydrothermal method. The characterization was done with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The newly synthesized nanostructures were utilized as a modifier of the working electrode, i.e., glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified GCE exhibited an excellent response towards methotrexate (MTX) anticancer drug. The modified GCE, as compared to bare GCE, showed an increased response towards MTX. In this study, Britton-Robinson buffer (BRB) was selected as a supporting electrolyte having pH 5. By using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the method was found linear in the range of 5-40 µM with a limit of detection and quantification values of 2.4 µM and 7.28 µM, respectively. The method developed by this way was successfully applied for the analysis of MTX from injection formulations. The interference studies were also carried out to check the method's selectivity.

The stator voltage and frequency variations of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) make it impossible to maintain direct connection to the power grid Moreover, uncertainty, inequity, and external disturbance are common in a conventional grid integrated wind energy conversion system (WECS). Considering these abnormal effects, it is imperative to introduce a high-performance back-to-back voltage source conversion and control system for maximum power transfer from DFIG to power grid. This article is divided into two parts: first, multilevel conversion using a three-level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) converter is used to keep the DC link voltage (Vdc) stable; Second, On the rotor-side converter (RSC) and grid-side converter (GSC) of a 2MW DFIG-based WECS, a non-linear, robust, rattling super twisting terminal sliding order sliding mode control system (ST-FOCSMC) was employed. The Lyapunov stability set is utilized to ensure the suggested control system’s stability. Simulation in the Matlab/ Simulink environment has been used to validate the efficiency of the multilevel conversion and control system. The proposed multilevel converter outperforms traditional converters in terms of providing balanced voltage. Furthermore, In normal operating mode, the superiority of prescribed controller is verified by comparing it with proportional integral (PI) controller in terms of rotor speed and current output.