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Soil aggregate formation and stability are crucial in safeguarding soil carbon pools, as they form the basic unit of soil structure in terrestrial ecosystems. The impact of different land uses on soil aggregation pattern has widely been studied but is limited under tropical dry climate conditions. This study aimed to determine the soil aggregation pattern at two soil depths (0-15 cm and 15-30cm) in three different plantations (Peltophorum pterocarpum, Eucalyptus globulus, and Acacia nilotica) established in degraded land under tropical dry climate. The soil aggregates were categorized into microaggregate, mesoaggregate and macroaggregate based on their size fractions which were determined by the wet sieving method. The percent of macroaggregate, mesoaggregate, and microaggregate fractions at 0-15 cm depth ranged from 62.2 - 82.6%, 31.6 - 36.7%, and 1.1 - 4.9 % respectively whereas at 15-30 cm depth, it ranged from 69.7 - 81.7%, 17.1 - 31.6%, and 1.2 - 2.8%. The mean weight diameter values at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm soil depth ranged from 2.27-3.37mm and 2.85-3.35 mm respectively. The higher percentage of macroaggregate fractions in Peltophorum pterocarpum plantation compared to Eucalyptus globulus, and Acacia nilotica plantations indicated that the Peltophorum pterocarpum plantation has slightly more potential to improve aggregate formation and soil structure in the degraded lands under tropical dry climate. In addition, appropriate land use practices can increase soil aggregate stability in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses about reformation of ration shops for below poverty line people in India. Ration shop is food model of public distribution system (PDS) that is regulate by central-state government. The central government procures food grains from Food Corporation of India and supplies to state government in the present activity. The improving strategy of ration shop is to establish ration office in the country. The Indian corporations (FCI, CWC, SWC) will supply food grains to ration shop godowns. The Indian corporations and ration shop godowns will provide food grains supply notifications to ration office. The ration office would verify the food grains of godowns, registering Below poverty line people, registered BPL people to release certificate and smart card to Below poverty line Peoples. The ration shop consists of agriculture cell and vigilance cell are to monitor policies & funds, agriculture cell is to prepare programmes, execute programme, compute of records, resolving complain, conduct nutritional & technology training. The ration office will be regulated with ICT based system. It will mitigate below poverty line, malnutrition, generate employment, improve rural & urban growth, establish faith towards government and transform society of modern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper discusses about a new concept of establishment of Farmers' University and Farmers' Bank in India. The trend of university more focuses into academic, research and education related programmes for students. The university supports more student growth than farmer's development. The proposed Farmers' University emphasizes farmer-participatory education, research and extension activities with active involvement of scientists, farmers and agriculture graduates The research and training programmes, demonstration etc. will be provided by employing agriculture graduates. The university will conduct scientific crop production and farm - centred activities for farmers' growth. The farm linked activities and crop production would be clubbed with research for technology development. The Farmers' University will function with farmers involvement. The proposed Farmers' Bank is a specialized bank for farmers' services. The Farmers' Bank will assist to manage risks of Farmers associated with crop and livestock, initiate Risk Protection Insurance and guide farmers in government schemes and benefits to farmers. The Farmers' Bank is available for farmers in Missouri, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Virginia, Princeton and Union ville countries. The university and bank may be established in the main district of the state. The university and bank would generate employment for agriculture graduates and promote rural, urban and education development. This step forbids violence and miscreant and forms harmony and peace in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mizoram, northeast India, Sloping Agricultural Land Technology (SALT) has been a prominent form of agriculture after shifting cultivation, with Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC hedge row commonly used. The study was designed to assess the soil physicochemical properties and fine root biomass in bulk root zone (BRZ) and sparse root zone (SRZ), along with the rates of root exudation in Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC planted at Botanical garden of Mizoram University. The soil properties (soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, NH4-N and NO3-N) and fine root biomass were significantly higher in upper (0-15 cm) and lower soil depth (15-30 cm) of BRZ compared to SRZ. Total fine root biomass at upper and lower depths were 129 g m-2 and 48 g m-2, respectively in BRZ which were six fold greater than the values in SRZ. The N-mineralization rate was also higher in BRZ. The annual C exudation rate in T. candida was 157 mg C g-1 yr-1 and the mean total annual C flux in BRZ and SRZ were 9 g C m-2 yr- 1 and 1.7 g C m-2 yr-1 respectively, to a depth of 30 cm. Results indicated that the T. candida significantly enhanced soil nutrients in BRZ through greater exudation of C in the vicinity of roots, which fueled microbial growth. This indicates significant role of the species in maintaining the soil health in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]