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Like other resistant movements by the development-induced displaced, the Anti-Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO) movement was fought on the basis of issues of Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R), ecological degradation, loss of livelihood, and endangered local identity. However, this movement is studied with a nuance that examined a novel variable called the politics of development (taking the analysis beyond the R&R/livelihood issues and conventional left leaning analysis of movements). As an empirical exercise, the study exemplifies application of New Social Movement (NSM) theory and accordingly it analyzes the pivotal roles of social movement organizations (SMOs) like POSCO Pratirodh Sangram Samiti and United Action Committee and a nexus of the principal SMO with likeminded civil society organizations (CSOs) (NGOs and INGOs) which are further linked to large number of local voluntary organizations (solidarity groups). The major point of departure for analysis is the “politics of development” which gets operationalized in terms of articulation of vested interests that undermines societal interests. The SMO and CSO with local solidarity groups forming a nexus fomented the mobilizations for the resistance movement. Hence, it is argued that as a victim of politics of development, POSCO, a huge developmental project in coastal Odisha, faced closer. Thus, within the framework of NSM perspective, the analytic nuances of “politics of development” provided the depth into the understanding of the movement dynamics.

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) which is a member of Capripoxvirus. It is an economically critical transboundary disease affecting cattle. This study records an LSD outbreak in Ganjam district of Odisha, India during August 2020. The epidemiological data were analysed and LSDV was genetically characterized. Out of the 452 animals clinically examined (59 farms), 63 animals were clinically affected with LSD, with a total morbidity rate of 13.93%. The morbidity rates in the surveyed villages (n = 10) varied from 5.55 to 21.62%. The multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that grazing of animals (P = 0.013; OR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.16-3.57) and age of cows 3 years old (P = 0.001; OR: 2.90; 95% CI: 1.65- 5.07) were potential risk factors for the presence of LSD. Out of the 53 clinically suspected animals' samples, 18 samples (33.96%) were found positive for both the P32 and F genes of Capripoxvirus by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the P32 gene of LSDV (MW147486) showed 100% similarity with other isolates from India, Bangladesh, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the F gene of LSDV (MW147485) revealed a similarity of 97.99%, with Odisha India (MT074110) isolate and located in the same cluster with other Indian isolates.

Theileria annulata (T. annulata) is a tick-borne apicomplexan parasite that affects bovine. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropics areas, including Odisha, India. The objective of this study is to identify T. annulata infection in the peripheral blood of cattle as a biological sample by conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis was done using the T. annulata merozoite surface antigen (Tams 1) gene. Out of 552 samples of examined blood smears by microscopy, 454 (82.24%) animals were positive for Theileria species. Out of 454 samples, 96 samples were further examined by both cPCR and qPCR, 52 samples (54.16%) were found positive for T. annulata in both PCR methodologies. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that T. annulata Odisha isolate was closely related to T. annulata Uttarakhand, India isolate (KM061799) and Hyderabad, India isolate (MK034702) with Nucleotide sequence identity 95.36%, 95.25%, respectively. This is the first study to detect T. annulata by qPCR in Odisha and supported that both PCR techniques were equally effective for the detection of Tams 1 gene of T. annulata in cattle’s blood.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the epidemiological and haematological parameters with simultaneous molecular detection of Theileria orientalis infection of crossbred jersey (...

Background and Aim: Periodontitis is the most prevalent inflammatory dental disease caused by a lack of oral hygiene measures in domestic animals. The periodontal disease complex arises as a result of bacterial biofilm deposition termed as plaque on the tooth surface. Lack of cleaning measures either mechanical or chemical credit for the condition. The present study was conducted to screen the animals for the presence of plaque deposition, gingivitis, along with various control measures for the same. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two dogs of different age groups were evaluated for the presence of plaque and gingivitis by scoring method to estimate the extent of severity. Scaling of the tooth surface was done by ultrasonic scaling machine to remove the plaques, and the animals were divided into four treatment groups to study the effects of dental hygiene chew and chlorhexidine for control of plaque. Results: Present study revealed 71.87% and 34.37% of the screened animals were having plaque deposition and varied degrees of gingivitis respectively. A positive coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.89 (p

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) which is a member of Capripoxvirus. It is an economically critical transboundary disease affecting cattle. This study records the first LSD incidence in cattle of Ganjam district and analyses data from LSD outbreak in August 2020 on epidemiological and genetic characterization. Out of 452 animals clinically examined (59 farms), 63 animals were clinically affected with LSD, with a total morbidity rate of 13.93%. The morbidity rates in the villages (ten villages) varied from 5.55 to 21.62%. The multivariable logistic regression showed that grazing of animals (P=0.023; OR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.09-3.32), and lactation and pregnancy status of animals (P=0.007; OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.32-6.17) were the potential risk factors for the occurrence of lumpy skin disease. Out of 53 clinically suspected animals collected from Ganjam district of Odisha, 18 samples (33.96%) were found positive by PCR for both P32 and F genes of capripox virus. Phylogenetic analysis of P32 gene of LSD (MW147486) showed 100% similarity with other isolates from India, Bangladesh, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of F gene of LSD (MW147485) revealed a similarity of 97.99 %, 97.36%, and 96.60% with, Odisha India (MT074110), Beni Suif Egypt (MN694826) and Marsa Matrouh Egypt (MN699855), respectively.

This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of immunization, by a low-dose of live sporulated oocysts of different Eimeria species separately, with the efficacy of amprolium plus sulphaquinoxaline in the management of challenged coccidiosis in Japanese quail. Dropping samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for isolation and identification of Eimeria species. Three Eimeria species were isolated and identified as E. bateri, E. uzura, and E. tsunodai. Single oocyst isolation and propagation were done successfully for each species. For the experimental trial, Japanese quails were divided into 11 groups of thirty birds each and given different treatments. The assessment of each treatment relied on clinical signs, mortality, lesion score, oocyst output, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and hematological parameters. The results revealed that immunization, with any isolated species, gave the best results regarding all tested parameters. Thus, we concluded that immunization by a low-dose of live sporulated oocysts was better compared to amprolium plus sulphaquinoxaline in the management of coccidiosis in Japanese quail.

IMPORTANCE: Antifungal resistance has been shown to impact treatment success, but research analyzing antifungal resistance is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in antifungal resistance over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Ad hoc analysis of 3 randomized clinical trials including consecutive patients 18 years and older presenting with smear-positive fungal ulcers to Aravind Eye Hospitals in Madurai, Coimbatore, Pondicherry, and Tirunelveli in South India who participated in 1 of 3 clinical trials: the Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trials (MUTT) I (2010 to 2011) or II (2010 to 2015) or the Cross-Linking Assisted Infection Reduction (CLAIR) trial (2016 to 2018). This post hoc analysis was designed in March 2021 and data were analyzed in May and November 2021. INTERVENTIONS: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of natamycin and voriconazole was determined from corneal cultures obtained using standardized methods outlined in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome of this post hoc analysis was MIC of natamycin and voriconazole. RESULTS: A total of 890 fungal isolates were obtained from 651 patients (mean [SD] age, 49.6 [13.0]; 191 [43.3%] female) from 2010 to 2018. MICs were available for 522 samples in 446 patients. Fungal isolates overall demonstrated a 1.02-fold increase per year in voriconazole resistance as measured by MICs (95% CI, 1.00-1.04; P = .06). In subgroup analyses, Fusarium species demonstrated a 1.04-fold increase in voriconazole resistance per year (95% CI, 1.00-1.06; P = .01). Fungal isolates showed a 1.06-fold increase in natamycin resistance per year overall (95% CI, 1.03-1.09; P

Theileria annulata (T. annulata) is a tick-borne apicomplexan parasite that affects bovine. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropics areas, including Odisha, India. The objective of this study is to identify T. annulata infection in the peripheral blood of cattle as a biological sample by conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis was done using the T. annulata merozoite surface antigen (Tams 1) gene. Out of 552 samples of examined blood smears by microscopy, 454 (82.24%) animals were positive for Theileria species. Out of 454 samples, 96 samples were further examined by both cPCR and qPCR, 52 samples (54.16%) were found positive for T. annulata in both PCR methodologies. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that T. annulata Odisha isolate was closely related to T. annulata Uttarakhand, India isolate (KM061799) and Hyderabad, India isolate (MK034702) with Nucleotide sequence identity 95.36%, 95.25%, respectively. This is the first study to detect T. annulata by qPCR in Odisha and supported that both PCR techniques were equally effective for the detection of Tams 1 gene of T. annulata in cattle’s blood. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s12639-020-01278-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In compared to wired communication networks, the wireless communication networks suffer from various factors that affect the network performance. More specifically in case of ad hoc networks such as wireless sensor network (WSN), where the network exists without the support of fixed infrastructure the performance is greatly influenced by network size, traffic intensity, routing, etc. One of the key parameters to handle the traffic in between nodes of WSN is buffering of data packets. Thus, the selection of an appropriate size of buffer for the nodes belonging to a WSN of stipulated size is important so far as the performance of the network is concerned. This paper presents a study about the effect of buffer size on the performance such as packet delivery fraction and packet drop fraction. The results of the study are obtained through simulation of a static WSN of fixed size with randomly placed nodes.

Importance Corneal opacity is a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide; however, the specific features of corneal scars, which decrease visual acuity, have not been well characterized. Objective To investigate which features of a postfungal keratitis corneal scar contribute to decreased visual acuity after an episode of infectious keratitis and evaluate whether any corneal features may be used as outcomes for clinical trials. Design, Setting, and Participants In this ancillary, prospective cross-sectional study, a subset of study participants treated for fungal keratitis (n = 71) as part of the Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trial I (MUTT I) underwent best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and best contact lens–corrected visual acuity examination, Scheimpflug imaging, and anterior segment optical coherence tomography at a referral hospital in India approximately 2 years after enrollment. Data were collected from December 3, 2012, to December 19, 2012, and analyses were performed from December 2, 2013, to October 2, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Linear regression models were used to evaluate the importance of various corneal features for BSCVA and to assess whether these features could be used to differentiate the 2 treatment arms of the MUTT I trial. Results Seventy-one patients (42 men [59.1%]; median age, 48 [range, 39-60] years) were examined at a median (IQR) time of 1.8 (1.4-2.2) years after enrollment. The mean (SD) logMAR BSCVA was 0.17 (0.19) (Snellen equivalent, 20/32). In multivariable linear regression models, BSCVA was most associated with irregular astigmatism (1.0 line of worse BSCVA per 1-line difference between BSCVA and contact lens visual acuity; 95% CI, 0.6-1.4) and corneal scar density (1.5 lines of worse vision per 10-unit increase in the mean central corneal density; 95% CI, 0.8-2.3). The thinnest point of the cornea was the metric that best discriminated between the natamycin- and voriconazole-treated ulcers in MUTT I, with 29.3 μm (95% CI, 7.1-51.6 μm) less thinning in natamycin-treated eyes. Conclusions and Relevance Both irregular astigmatism and corneal scar density may be important risk factors for BSCVA in a population with relatively mild, healed fungal corneal ulcers. The thinnest point of the corneal scar may be a cornea-specific outcome that could be used to evaluate treatments for corneal ulcers.

Objective To compare oral voriconazole vs placebo in addition to topical antifungals in the treatment of filamentous fungal keratitis. Design Non-prespecified, secondary case-control analysis from a multicenter, double-masked, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Methods Study Participants : Patients with smear-positive filamentous fungal ulcers and visual acuity of 20/400 or worse who eventuated to therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK). Intervention : Study participants were randomized to oral voriconazole vs oral placebo; all received topical antifungal drops. Main Outcome Measures : TPK button culture positivity. Results A total of 95 of 194 (49.5%) study participants enrolled at Madurai, Coimbatore, or Pondicherry, India eventuated to TPK in an average of 20.9 days (standard deviation 15.2 days, range 2-71 days). TPK button cultures were available for 67 of 95 (71%) of the TPKs performed and were positive for filamentous fungus in 45 of 67 (67%) cases. For each 1-day increase in the time to TPK there was 0.94-fold decreased odds of fungal culture positivity (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90–0.98, P = .005). Those randomized to oral voriconazole had 1.26-fold increased odds of TPK button culture positivity after controlling for time to TPK and baseline organism, but this was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.32–4.87; P = .74). Those who underwent TPK for lack of response to medical therapy were 10.64-fold more likely to be culture positive than if the indication for surgery was perforation and this was statistically significant (95% CI 2.16–51.70; P = .003). Conclusions There appears to be no benefit to adding oral voriconazole to topical antifungal agents in the treatment of severe filamentous fungal ulcers. Infection rather than inflammation appears to be the reason for the worsening clinical picture in many of these patients.

In order to combat the multipath fading effect in wireless communication the diversity technique is usually preferred which also improves data rate. The different diversity schemes and its impact on a static wireless network- based link performance is well discussed in literature. However, in the current scenario, wireless networks are highly dominated with the functionality of mobile nodes. This paper presents the diversity impact through the use of Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) method on the signal power being received at the receiver node from a mobile transmitting node where the communication channel assumed to be of Rayleigh fading type. The node movement in the mobile network in this work is depicted through Random Direction (RD) mobility model so as to study the effect of diversity. A closed form mathematical expression of the Probability Density Function (PDF) for the received signal power is being derived in this work. Furthermore, the diversity impact is also analyzed for the performance metric such as outage probability.

Purpose To identify fungal keratitis patients who are at risk of a poor outcome and may benefit from closer follow-up or more aggressive treatment. Design Secondary analysis of randomized clinical trial data. Methods We compared the clinical outcomes of patients who had positive 6-day fungal cultures with those who did not, using backward stepwise regression with covariates for all baseline clinical characteristics. Subjects : Patients presenting with a smear-positive filamentous fungal ulcer and visual acuity of 20/400 or worse, and who subsequently had a 6-day fungal culture performed at the Aravind Eye Care system (India), Lumbini Eye Hospital (Nepal), or Bharatpur Eye Hospital (Nepal). Main Outcome Measures : The primary outcome is rate of corneal perforation and/or the need for therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty. Secondary outcomes include 3-month best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), 3-month infiltrate and/or scar size, and rate of re-epithelialization. Results Patients who tested positive at their 6-day culture had twice the hazard of experiencing a corneal perforation or the need for therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (P = .002) than those who tested negative, even after controlling for baseline ulcer characteristics. These patients also had on average 0.26 logMAR lines worse BSCVA at 3 months (P = .001). Culture positivity at day 6 was not a statistically significant predictor of 3-month infiltrate/scar-size (−0.24 mm1; P = .45) or time to re-epithelialization (hazard ratio = .81; P = .31). Conclusions Here we identify a uniquely valuable clinical tool, day 6 culture results, for the treatment of severe fungal keratitis. Risk stratification based on repeat culture positivity is an objective way to assess response to medical therapy and identify patients who are at high risk of a poor clinical outcome. This establishes a new standard of care for severe fungal keratitis management.

Analysis of coverage and bit error rate (BER) for Wireless systems in a Nakagami fading channel have been reported in the literature. Most of the analysis considers the nodes to be static and the received power follows Gamma distribution. However, the nodes in Mobile Ad hoc Networks are mostly mobile. The mobility pattern of nodes is depicted using mobility models. In this paper, we consider the Random Direction mobility model to represent the mobility of mobile nodes. Due to mobility of nodes, the received power at the nodes does not follow Gamma distribution in a Nakagami fading environment. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the received power at the mobile nodes are derived in this paper. Subsequently, the coverage probability and average BER are derived. Furthermore, the effects of interference due to the presence of neighboring nodes on the coverage probability and average BER are investigated.

Aim The study was designed to evaluate the hemato-biochemical alterations, urinalysis along with histomorphological and histological changes of prostate glands in dogs affected with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Materials and methods In toto, 445 dogs presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, one Government Veterinary Hospital and two pet clinics in and around Bhubaneswar screened for the presence of BPH. Most of the 57 dogs were 6 years and above as reported by the owners. Only 57 dogs found positive for BPH basing on the presence of typical clinical signs subjected for a detailed hemato-biochemical study. Most of the 57 dogs were 6 years and above as reported by the owners. Routine and microscopic urinalyses were done as per the routine procedure. Histomorphological evaluations of prostate glands were done through manual rectal palpation. Histological examinations of prostate tissue sections of two dead dogs were conducted with routine hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results The study revealed about 12.8% (57/445) of dogs was suffering from BPH. Typical clinical signs - such as passing small thin tape-shaped feces, holding tail away from backward, tenesmus, and straining during urination and defecation - were seen in most of the cases. Urine samples of affected dogs were positive for glucose, occult blood, and protein. A significant decrease in lymphocytes and increase in eosinophil counts in dogs with BPH was recorded. Serum biochemical analysis showed a nonsignificant increase in creatinine and blood urea nitrogen with a significant decrease in total protein, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio. Histology of prostate glands collected during postmortem was characterized by fibrosis of prostate gland, and hyperplasia of the acinar epithelium. Conclusions High rate of the prevalence of BPH in dogs poses an alarming condition which if diagnosed at an early stage can certainly prolong the longevity of the dogs.

Purpose To study the outcomes of Descemet membrane (DM) suturing for moderate to severe Descemet membrane detachment (DMD) after cataract surgery. Methods This is a retrospective case review of all patients who underwent DM suturing for moderate to severe DMD after cataract surgery in a tertiary training eye care hospital from January 2017 to December 2017. Demographic details, type of cataract, type of cataract surgery, intraoperative complications, severity of DMD, time to repair, and post-DM suturing visual and clinical outcomes were documented. Results Forty-nine patients were included during the study period with a mean age of 67.7 ± 9.7 years. In total, 79.5% had immature cataracts. Median precataract LogMAR visual acuity was 0.78 (IQR 0.69-1.13). In total, 61.2% underwent manual small-incision cataract surgery, 32.6% had phacoemulsification, 2% had extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), and 6% underwent small-incision cataract surgery with trabeculectomy. In total, 44.9% were operated on by trainees and 55.1% were operated on by consultants. In total, 22.4% had primary air descemetopexy during the cataract surgery and failed treatment. All patients had attached DM in the immediate postoperative period. None of them had secondary angle closure glaucoma. At the final follow-up, 42 (85.7%) had clear corneas and 7 (14.3%) had corneal decompensation needing endothelial keratoplasty. Of these 7 patients, 2 (28.5%) had Fuchs dystrophy and 3 (42.8%) had associated DM loss. The median LogMAR visual acuity at the final follow-up was 0.39 (IQR 0.3-0.78). Conclusions DM suturing can reattach DM, especially in moderate to severe, recurrent DMD with fewer postoperative complications and thereby reduce the need for corneal transplantation.

Purpose: To determine the repeatability and reproducibility of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and Scheimpflug photography for several measurements of corneal scars, including scar size, scar depth, and corneal thickness. Methods: A series of patients treated for fungal keratitis at a tertiary eye care center in South India were recalled two years after successful treatment. Eyes with corneal scars had a slit lamp examination performed by two ophthalmologists masked to the other's examination. For AS-OCT and Scheimpflug photography, each eye had two scans taken by one technician and a third scan taken by a separate technician. Scar measurements were subsequently assessed from AS-OCT images by three graders masked to each other's results. Repeatability and reproducibility were assessed by calculating the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) from mixed effects linear regression models. Results: Fifty eyes had all measurements taken. The corneal scar size, measured as the geometric mean of the two longest perpendicular meridians, ranged from 0.8 to 5.4 (mean 2.8 mm, 95%CI 2.6 to 3.1). Scar size measurements taken by two separate individuals were most reproducible when the border of the scar was traced from the OCT (ICC 0.90, 95%CI 0.86 to 0.94), and least repeatable when assessed from slit lamp examination (ICC 0.80, 95%CI 0.70 to 0.90). Conclusions: AS-OCT and Scheimpflug imaging of corneal scars produced measurements with acceptable reproducibility that could be useful as cornea-specific outcomes for clinical trials.

Purpose To report 2 patients with colonization of therapeutic contact lens with dematiaceous fungi. Methods Case report. Results The first patient had a retained soft contact lens on an opaque cornea for 4 years with brownish black multiple colonies on the soft contact lens and culture grew Bipolaris spp. The second patient was on therapeutic contact lens for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy for 4 months and developed a brownish colonization of contact lens with unidentified dematiaceous fungi. Both the patients had conjunctivitis but did not develop fungal keratitis. Conclusion Judicious use of therapeutic contact lens is required in agrarian countries with adequate emphasis on strict adherence to the standard protocols and frequent replacement of the lens.

Natural colorants are important alternatives to synthetic colorants. They are considered harmless and positively affect biological activities owing to their antioxidant potential. The present study deals with the assessment of the extraction processes and the effects of pH (1.0, 3.0, and 5.0), extraction media (water and 50% ethanol) and storage condition (ambient and refrigeration) on betacyanin content, color values, as well as degradation kinetics of total betacyanins in red amaranth. Betacyanin content was more stable at higher than at lower pH. The degradation rate constant (K) was higher and the half-life (t(1/2)) was lower at ambient temperature compared to refrigeration temperature. Betacyanin degradation was higher at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 °C) than at refrigeration temperature (4 °C). The pH, storage time, and temperature affected the stability of the color attributes. Therefore, this work suggests that water and lower temperature (4 °C) could be applied to extract more betacyanins from red amaranth and betacyanins might be used as an alternative to synthetic color. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-018-3519-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Aim The present study was undertaken to evaluate the ameliorative potential of dried Moringa oleifera fruit powder in fluorosis affected calves reared around the vicinity of aluminium smelter plant. Materials and methods Total 107 calves were screened on the basis of clinical signs and higher plasma fluoride (more than 0.2 ppm) level for evidence of fluorosis. Out of that, 90 samples found positive and from them 18 calves of 6-12 months age group were selected and divided equally into three groups named as Group II, III, and IV. Group II remained as disease control group whereas Group III calves were supplemented with dried M. oleifera fruit powder of 25 g/calve for 60 days. Group IV calves were supplemented with calcium carbonate at 100 mg/kg body weight and boric acid at 10 mg/kg for the same experimental period. Group I consisted of six numbers of healthy calves taken from the non-fluorotic zone, i.e. Bhubaneswar. Plasma fluoride level, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential count (DC), total erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and MCH concentration (MCHC) were estimated on day 0, 30, and 60 of the experiment. Results Supplementation of dried M. oleifera fruit powder to fluorosis affected calves resulted in significant reduction in plasma fluoride level and increase in Hb%, PCV, TLC and altered DC. Similar results were also recorded in calcium+boron group, except PCV and Hb. No significant changes were observed in MCV, MCH, and MCHC values. Conclusion The present study concluded that supplementation of dried M. oleifera fruit powder daily for 60 days has shown protection against chronic fluoride toxicity in calves.

A 51-year-old immunocompetent male with a history of Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy and immature cataract who underwent Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty with intraocular lens implantation in both eyes presented with redness and defective vision of 1-day duration in his left eye. Slit lamp examination revealed coarse superficial punctate lesions with graft edema. He was diagnosed with acute graft rejection and treated with topical steroids. Two days later, symptoms worsened in his left eye with the involvement of his right eye showing a similar clinical picture. An infectious etiology was suspected and in vivo confocal microscopy ordered, which revealed hyperreflective dots, highly suggestive of microsporidial spores. The patient was prescribed topical fluconazole 0.3% in both eyes. This unique presentation of bilateral graft edema following microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in postgraft patients requires a high index of suspicion as it can be easily be mistaken for and mismanaged as acute graft rejection.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the presenting features, management strategies, and clinical outcome following bee sting injury to the cornea. Methods: Retrospective case series involving 11 eyes of 11 patients with corneal bee sting injuries who presented over a period of 2 years. Nine of these 11 eyes had the presence of intact bee stinger in the cornea, which was removed immediately under an operating microscope and sent for microbiological and histopathological evaluation. The patients were managed as per the individual treatment protocol of the respective treating physicians. Results: Six eyes (54.5%) had a good clinical outcome (best-corrected visual acuity [BCVA] >20/40) with medical therapy alone with no need for surgical intervention. Five eyes (45.5%) had a poor clinical outcome (BCVA

Importance Identifying patients with infectious keratitis who are at risk of experiencing a poor outcome may be useful to allocate resources toward high- risk patients, particularly in resource-poor settings. Objective To determine baseline patient and ulcer characteristics that predict a high risk of developing corneal perforation and/or the need to undergo therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (TPK). Design, Setting, and Participants This is a secondary analysis of Mycotic Ulcer Treatment Trial II, a multicenter, double-masked, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial that enrolled 240 patients with smear-positive filamentous fungal corneal ulcers who enrolled between May 2010 and August 2015. Participants had a baseline visual acuity of 20/400 or worse and were randomized to receive oral voriconazole or a placebo (all participants received topical voriconazole, 1%). After 39 participants (16.3%) were enrolled, topical natamycin, 5%, was also added. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome of this secondary analysis was the rate of corneal perforation or the need to undergo TPK. Results The mean (SD) age at enrollment was 49 (13) years, 104 participants (43.3%) were women, and all were of Southeast Asian descent. The presence of hypopyon at baseline indicated 2.28 times the odds of the patient developing corneal perforation and/or needing TPK (95% CI, 1.18-4.40; P = .01). Study participants whose infiltrate involved the posterior one-third had a 71.4% risk of developing corneal perforation and/or needing TPK. For each 1-mm increase in the geometric mean of the infiltrate, there was 1.37 (95% CI, 1.12-1.67; P = .002) increased odds of developing perforation and/or needing TPK. Other clinical features such as visual acuity, baseline culture positivity, type of filamentous fungal organism and duration of symptoms, and demographic characteristics, such as sex and occupation, were not significant predictors in the multivariable regression analysis. Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that risk stratification from baseline ulcer characteristics can identify those at highest risk for developing corneal perforation and/or needing TPK. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00996736

VACTERL association (any three of vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheo-esophageal, renal/radial and limb defects) and Prune belly syndrome(complete or partial triad of abdominal muscle deficiency, bilateral cryptorchidism and dilated urinary tract) are cngenitalmalformations affecting many body systems. These are derivatives of causally nonspecific disruptive events of the developmental fieldoccuring during early blastogenesis. Many of these cases are sporadic in families without much recurrence. These lesions may be associatedwith other malformations but concurrence of VACTERL with Prune belly syndrome is extremely rare. Routine antenatal checkup and ultrasonography can help in diagnosis of most of them. But, many times a detail autopsy examination is needed to detect the variety of malformations and categorise them into specific syndromes. We describe a rare combination of VCTERL with Prune bellysyndrome and many associated anomalies of a 28 weeks neonate delivered vaginally by a 37 years second gravida.

Co-channel interference is one of the major problems in wireless systems. The effects of co-channel interference in a Nakagami fading channel on the ABER (Average Bit Error Rate) with static nodes are well analyzed. In this paper, we derive the ABER with the presence of mobile nodes. ABER is also derived for mobile systems in the presence of co-channel interference., {"references":["T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996.","D. C. Cox, \"Co-channel interference considerations in frequency re-use mobile radio,\" IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-30, pp. 135–142, Jan. 1982.","M.K. Simon and M. S. Alouini, Digital Communication over Fading Channels, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2005.","J. H. Winter, \"Optimum combining in digital mobile radio with cochannel interference,\" IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun., vol. SAC-2, pp. 529-539, July 1984.","A. Shah and A. M. Haimovich, \"Performance analysis of optimum combining in wireless communications with Rayleigh fading and cochannel interference,\" IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, pp. 473-479, Apr. 1998.","Y. Yao and A. U. H. Sheikh, \"Investigations into cochannel interference in microcellular mobile radio systems,\" IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 114–123, May 1992.","V. A. Aalo and J. Zhang, \"On the effect of cochannel interference on average error rates in Nakagami-fading channels,\" IEEE Commun. Lett., Vol. 3, no. 5, pp.136-138, May 1999.","S. Srinivasa and M. Haenggi, \"Distance distributions in finite uniformly random network: theory and applications,\" IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 940–949, Feb. 2010.","K. Govindan, K. Zeng, and P. Mohapatra, \"Probability density of the received power in mobile networks,\" IEEE Trans. on Wireless Commun., vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 3613–3619, Nov. 2011.\n[10]\tS. M. Mousavi, H.R. Rabiee, M. Moshref and A. Dabirmoghaddam, \"Mobisim: A framework for simulation of mobility models in mobile ad-hoc networks,\" in Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, p.82, October 08-10, 2007. \n[11]\tC. Bettsteller, G. Resta and P. Santi, \"The node distribution of the random waypoint mobility model for wireless ad hoc networks,\" IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 2, no.3, pp. 256-269, Jul. 2003. \n[12]\tValentine A. Aalo, Constantine Mukasa and George P. Efthymoglou, \"Effect of Mobility on the Outage and BER Performances of Digital Transmissions over Nakagami-m Fading Channels,\" IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, vol. 65, no.4, April 2016.\n[13]\tI. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products, 7th ed. New York: Academic Press, 2000.\n[14]\tM. Abramovitz and I. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. New York, ISBN 0-486-61272-4: Dover, 1964.\n[15]\tLarry C. Andrew, Special Functions of Mathematics for Engineers, SPIE Press, 1992."]}

German Shephered dogs of either sex with chronic recurrent pododermatitis with various degrees of clinical signs along with excerbation of pus presented at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical complex, C.V.Sc. and A.H., O.U.A.T. were selected for the present study. The culture and sensitivity test of the skin swab from the lesions of the affected dogs revealed the presence of four bacterial species namely Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia, Micrococcus leuteus with highest sensitivity to antibiotics namely piperacillin+tazobactam, clindamycin, amoxicillin+potassium clavulanate and mupirocin. There was reduced Hb concentration with leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia in the affected animals; however the biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function test remained within the normal value. The treatment was done with piperacillin with tazobactam @ 40 mg/kg intravenously thrice daily for 7 days, clindamycin @ 11 mg/kg body weight twice daily orally for another 7 days continuously along with regular dressing and topical application of mupirocin which brought complete recovery by 21 days and dogs were quite alright with growth of hair at the affected parts by 28th day.

A 14-year-old male presented with decreased vision. Slit lamp examination indicated multiple anterior corneal stromal opacities with clear intervening spaces accompanied with superficial subepithelial lines arranged in a quasi-whorl-like fashion bilateral with greater prominence in the right eye. Corneal steepening associated with thinning was noted only in the right eye. Genetic analysis confirmed a mutation suggestive of granular corneal dystrophy. Here, we describe a rare case of an atypical granular dystrophy associated with unilateral keratoconus in a male child.

AIMS: To report trends in antibiotic resistance in cases of bacterial keratitis from a large eye hospital in South India. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the microbiology laboratory records of patients with infectious keratitis diagnosed at an eye hospital in South India from 2002–2013 were reviewed to determine the proportion with antibiotic non-susceptibility. RESULTS: 3685 bacterial isolates had susceptibility testing performed over the 12-year period. The two most common organisms with resistance results were Streptococcus pneumoniae (N=1204) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N=894). Antibiotic non-susceptibility was generally uncommon for these two organisms, and no significant trends were detected over the course of the study. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus (N=211) isolates demonstrated a significant increase in fluoroquinolone non-susceptibility over the 12-year study period. This coincided with a significant increase in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) during the study period, though the increase in fluoroquinolone resistance was likewise seen in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). For example, ofloxacin resistance in MSSA increased from 11.1% in 2002 to 66.7% in 2013 (P=0.002). No trends were apparent for the aminoglycocides, cefazolin, or vancomycin, for which in vitro non-susceptibility generally appeared to be low. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to antibiotics was generally stable for infectious keratitis isolates from a large eye hospital in South India, except for S. aureus, which experienced a significant increase in fluoroquinolone resistance from 2002 to 2013. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics currently have poor in vitro activity against both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus in South India and are therefore not the ideal therapy for Staphylococcal corneal ulcers.