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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Cancer specific proteins. Indicated cancer-specific proteins are highly expressed in each cancer and not expressed in normal cells of the same tissue. The percentage of not detection in all normal cells is shown. Figure S2. Predicted tumor antigens. Figure S3. Number of HIV-1 predicted antigens associated to each HLA allele homologous to TAAs listed by HLA allele (A). Number of HIV-1 predicted antigens associated to each HLA allele homologous to TAAs from each cancer-specific proteins identified in each tumor, listed HLA allele (B). Figure S4. Worldwide alleles frequencies. Figure S5. Sequence Logos of HIV epitopes. Figure S6. Sequence Logos of HIV epitopes. Figure S7. Predicted 3D conformation of paired peptides for BREAST ca. Figure S8. Predicted 3D conformation of paired peptides for COLON ca. Figure S9. Predicted 3D conformation of paired peptides for BRAIN and LUNG ca. Figure S10. Gating strategy for selection of CD8+ T cells.

Additional file 1: Figures S1–4. Percentage (average) of type of residues at each position of the microbiota-derived epitopes when aligned to the corresponding TAA. (A) Identical residues; (B) conservative residues; (C) non-conservative residues; (D) Identical + conservative residues. Figure S5. Affinity to HLA-A* 02:01 and 24:02 molecules of each microbiota-derived epitopes with homology to the corresponding TAA. The red dotted line indicates the affinity of the TAA. Figure S6–17. Predicted 3D conformation of TAA and microbiota-derived paired peptides. The surface conformation of the paired TAA microbiota-derived peptides is shown. Residues in the microbiota-derived epitopes identical to the TAA sequences are indicated in green color. Green areas = contact points with HLA-A molecule; Magenta areas = contact points with TCR α chain; Light Blue = contact points with TCR β chain. The latter are available only in Figure S6–S13. (HLA-A* 02:01 restricted epitopes). Figures S18. Percentage of identical values (± 10%) of planare and dehidral angles between of the microbiota-derived epitopes and the corresponding TAA. Figures S19–S24. Structural predicted backbone conformation of paired TAA and microbiota-derived epitopes. Green areas = contact points with HLA molecule; Magenta areas = contact points with the TCR α chain; light blue areas = contact points with the TCR β chain. The latter are available only in Additional file 1: Figure S19–22. (HLA-A* 02:01 restricted epitopes). Values of the planar as well as dihedral angles between atoms of selected TCR-facing residues are shown in parallel.

Background The host’s immune system develops in equilibrium with both cellular self-antigens and non-self-antigens derived from microorganisms which enter the body during lifetime. In addition, during the years, a tumor may arise presenting to the immune system an additional pool of non-self-antigens, namely tumor antigens (tumor-associated antigens, TAAs; tumor-specific antigens, TSAs). Methods In the present study, we looked forhomology between published TAAs and non-self-viral-derivedepitopes. Bioinformatics analyses and ex vivoimmunological validations have been performed. Results Surprisingly, several of such homologies have been found. Moreover, structural similarities between paired TAAs and viral peptides as well as comparable patterns of contact with HLA and T cell receptor (TCR) α and β chains have been observed. Therefore, the two classes of non-self-antigens (viral antigens and tumor antigens) may converge, eliciting cross-reacting CD8+T cell responses which possibly drive the fate of cancerdevelopment and progression. Conclusions An established antiviral T cell memory may turn out to be an anticancer T cell memory, able to control the growth of a cancer developed during the lifetime if the expressed TAA is similar to the viral epitope. This may ultimately represent a relevant selective advantage for patients with cancer and may lead to a novel preventive anticancer vaccine strategy.&nbsp

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Predicted affinity of wt and hPep peptides. The affinity to H2-Db were predicted by NetMHCpan 4.1 for wt and heteroclitic peptides. The affinity (Aff) values are expressed in nanomolarity (nM). The selected hPep peptides are indicated for both E7 and Trp2 peptides. Fig. S2. Experimental affinity of wt and hPep peptides. Binding to H2-Db molecule was assessed in TAP-deficient RMA-S cells loaded with the indicated peptides. Mean fluorescence intensity at flow cytometer indicates binding levels of peptides to HLA molecules. Fig. S3. Comparison of short-term and long-term immunization. The curve of tumor growth in the short-term and long-term immunization experiments for the B16 (A) and TC1 (B) is indicated for each individual animal. The Kaplan-Meyer curves for the B16 (C) and TC1 (D) is indicated.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating pDCs from colon ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from colon cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S2. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating pDCs from lung ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from lung cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S3. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating mDCs from colon ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from colon cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S4. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating mDCs from lung ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from lung cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S5. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating monocytes from colon ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from colon cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S6. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating monocytes from lung ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from lung cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S7. Analysis of alpha chemokine production in supernatants of PBMCs from cancer patients and healthy subjects. Cytokine and chemokine production was assessed by Bio-Plex Pro Human Chemokine 40-plex Panel (BioRad) in supernatant of PBMCs treated ex vivo with adjuvants. Figure S8. Analysis of beta chemokine production in supernatants of PBMCs from cancer patients and healthy subjects. Cytokine and chemokine production was assessed by Bio-Plex Pro Human Chemokine 40-plex Panel (BioRad) in supernatant of PBMCs treated ex vivo with adjuvants.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating pDCs from colon ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from colon cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S2. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating pDCs from lung ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from lung cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S3. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating mDCs from colon ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from colon cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S4. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating mDCs from lung ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from lung cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S5. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating monocytes from colon ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from colon cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S6. Expression of markers induced by adjuvants in circulating monocytes from lung ca patients. Each of the indicated markers was evaluated by flow cytometry on cells after ex vivo treatment with adjuvants. Samples from lung cancer patients were collected pre and post-chemotherapy. Results are expressed of percentage of positive cells in the analyzed samples. Figure S7. Analysis of alpha chemokine production in supernatants of PBMCs from cancer patients and healthy subjects. Cytokine and chemokine production was assessed by Bio-Plex Pro Human Chemokine 40-plex Panel (BioRad) in supernatant of PBMCs treated ex vivo with adjuvants. Figure S8. Analysis of beta chemokine production in supernatants of PBMCs from cancer patients and healthy subjects. Cytokine and chemokine production was assessed by Bio-Plex Pro Human Chemokine 40-plex Panel (BioRad) in supernatant of PBMCs treated ex vivo with adjuvants.