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Recent political upheavals, such as Brexit, Trump's election, the rise of challenger parties in Europe, and Italy’s first "populist" government in 2018, challenge traditional theories of voting behaviour and party competition. Conventional explanations often point to populism and voter irrationality. However, recent research highlights that challenger parties leverage issue opportunities that transcend traditional ideological boundaries, suggesting a de-ideologized context where voters are drawn to post-ideological platforms. Despite these insights, a possible de-ideologization process remains insufficiently understood. The POSTGEN project seeks to fill this gap by analysing de-ideologization mechanisms and dynamics, particularly in Italy—a key case of contemporary political transformation. It adopts a generation-focused approach, emphasizing the role of younger generations in the evolving political landscape. The project examines how political attitudes develop and impact individuals, generations, and society over time. It investigates whether political issues integrate into coherent ideological structures or remain fragmented, and how non-political influencers affect these dynamics amid the crisis of traditional epistemic authorities. The project employs a mixed-method, multi-method, longitudinal strategy that features multiple components: from mass surveys, to social media content (also analysed through automated methods), to dedicated surveys aimed at secondary-school students, to qualitative in-depth interviews to young adults. By integrating these methods within a robust theoretical framework, POSTGEN aims to provide insights into the evolution of the Italian political systems, also to help understand broader changes in democratic representation in Western political systems.

I met Roy Altman many years ago and had the opportunity to spend a few months working in his laboratory in the basement of the Veterans Hospital in Miami.

Il presente contributo propone una lettura comparata delle vicende che hanno legato la Svezia allo Stato Pontificio in relazione allo sviluppo di un primo sistema di tutela del patrimonio scandinavo durante il 1600. Nell’intento di porre in dialogo la scena politica e propriamente culturale della Svezia con questioni storiche quali la Guerra dei Trent’anni, le tensioni tra cattolici e protestanti, e la necessità di costruire un’identità nazionale per il popolo svedese, viene recuperato un brano riguardante la nascita della tutela del patrimonio in Europa rimasto sostanzialmente escluso dagli interessi della più recente storiografia artistica. Posto in relazione con le esperienze della Roma pontificia, il cosiddetto Placat per la protezione dei beni scandinavi assume un significato specifico: non più editto di tutela “più antico del mondo”, come ritenuto nella tradizione svedese, esso diviene iniziatore di uno dei primi istituti per la catalogazione e la ricerca archeologica in Europa. This article proposes a comparative interpretation of the events that connected Sweden to the Papal States, in regards to the establishment of an early system of protection of the Scandinavian heritage in 1600s. Aiming to relate the political and cultural scene of Sweden with historical issues – such as the Thirty Years’ War, the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants, and the need to shape a Swedish national identity – the author clarifies substantial questions on a specific aspect of the history of the heritage protection in Europe that have been generally disregarded by recent art history scholarship. Connected to the experiences of the Papacy in Rome, the so-called Placat for the preservation of Scandinavian antiquities acquires new significance: no longer accepted as the “oldest law in the world” on this subject, as a Swedish tradition used to believe, it can be regarded as the initiator of one of the earliest institutes devoted to cataloguing and archaeological research in Europe.

This study addresses the different types and implications of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese law. It firstly draws on the studies of scholars of different disciplines, such as linguistics and philosophy of language, to provide a taxonomy of indeterminacy in language. It then provides examples of each type, highlighting the implications in law and legal interpretation. It uses linguistic data from various texts, such as statutory laws and judgements, and analyses them with various methods, including discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. This study argues that when the language of the law is indeterminate, the legal outcomes may be particularly uncertain. It suggests that although it is difficult to ascertain whether the degree of indeterminacy is higher in some languages more than in others, some linguistic mechanisms at the word-formation level in Chinese, such as portmanteaus and the modifier-modified structure, are remarkably ambiguous. When uncertain terms are in key parts of the law, the consequences may be more serious. The study of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese has implications for the study of forensic linguistics, and Chinese studies in general.

La ricostruzione della storia e delle vicende collezionistiche dei Musei Capitolini presenta una sostanziale lacuna che va all’incirca dagli anni ’20 dell’Ottocento agli eventi immediatamente successivi all’elezione di Roma a capitale d’Italia. Nella prospettiva di colmare parzialmente tale vuoto storiografico, il presente contributo propone una lettura delle campagne di restauro e conservazione operate sul materiale scultoreo della collezione in questi anni, attraverso l’analisi dei documenti conservati presso l’Archivio Capitolino, fondi Presidenze e Deputazioni e Commissione Archeologica Municipale. In questo contesto l’analisi dei carteggi restituisce, da un lato, la presenza di una fitta rete di personaggi attivi nel museo, dal presidente ai restauratori agli scalpellini, dall’altra evidenzia il graduale emergere di nuovi modelli nelle prassi del restauro scultoreo e nell’approccio alla comprensione della storia di Roma antica. The reconstruction of the history and the events that involve the collections in the Capitoline Museums shows a substantial gap in the years between 1820s and the election of Rome as the capital of Italy in the early 1870s. In the perspective to bridge such a historiographical gap, this paper offers an interpretation of the campaigns of restoration and conservation that were carried out on the sculptures of the museum in these years, through the analysis of the documents which are kept in the Capitoline Archive, files Presidencies and Deputations and Archeological Municipal Commission. In this context, the investigation of the original records will demonstrate, on the one hand, the presence of several people working in the museum, from the president to the restorers to the stonecutters, as well as, on the other hand, the gradual emerging of new standards in the restoration of sculpture and the approach to the understanding of the history of ancient Rome.

This study addresses the different types and implications of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese law. It firstly draws on the studies of scholars of different disciplines, such as linguistics and philosophy of language, to provide a taxonomy of indeterminacy in language. It then provides examples of each type, highlighting the implications in law and legal interpretation. It uses linguistic data from various texts, such as statutory laws and judgements, and analyse them with various methods, including discourse analysis and corpus linguistics. This study argues that when the language of the law is indeterminate, the legal outcomes may be particularly uncertain. It suggests that although it is difficult to ascertain whether the degree of indeterminacy is higher in some languages more than in others, some linguistic mechanisms at the word-formation level in Chinese are remarkably ambiguous. When uncertain terms are in key parts of the law, the consequences may be more serious. The study of linguistic indeterminacy in Chinese has implications for the study of forensic linguistics, and Chinese studies in general.

The debate on the anastylosis, which is still alive nowadays, met fundamental points within the Athens Charter of Restoration of 1931 and the Venice Charter of Restoration of 1964. However, the earlier use of this term in connection to restoration is to be found in the late Nineteenth century. In this study the origin of the concept and the practice of anastylosis is contextualized within the discussions that arose on the restoration of the Parthenon of Athens between 1890 and 1905. The conflicts on the works to carry out on the ancient temple are connected to the conceptual ambiguities, the misinterpretations and the inconsistent uses of ‘restoration’, ‘reconstruction’ and ‘anastylosis’ within the international debate. The earlier equivocal understanding of these terms is explained in relation to their different understanding by scholars with diverse background and provenance in Europe.

Hand osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and potentially disabling disease, with different features from hip and knee OA so that a specific therapeutic approach is required. Evidence based recommendations for the management of hand OA were developed by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) in 2006. The Italian Society for Rheumatology (SIR) aimed to update, adapt to national contest and disseminate the EULAR recommendations for the management of hand OA. The multidisciplinary group of experts included specialists involved in the management of patients with hand OA. In order to maintain consistency with EULAR recommendations, a similar methodology was utilized by the Italian group. The original propositions were reformulated in terms of a search query and for every recommendation a systematic search was conducted updating EULAR recommendations’ review. The propositions were translated in Italian and reformulated basing on collected evidences and expert opinion. The strength of recommendation was measured for each proposition with the EULAR ordinal and visual analogue scales. The original 11 propositions of EULAR recommendations were translated and adapted to Italian context. Further evidences were collected about non-pharmacological therapies, local treatments, intra-articular injection with SYSADOA and corticosteroids, and surgery. The SIR has developed updated recommendations for the management of hand OA adapted to the Italian healthcare system. Their implementation in clinical practice is expected to improve the management of patients with hand OA.

This paper focuses on the lack of recognition of comprehensive and text-genre unrelated translation theories, a condition that keeps translators imprisoned in the old and sterile debate on free Vs. literal translation. By challenging two of the most common opinions, that is, the presumed existence of legal texts and legal-translation theories and that of the presumed utility of the notion of free and literal translation, this paper underlines the importance of the adoption of a comprehensive theory absolutely independent from the classification of the texts to be translated. More specifically, Popovič’s semiotics approach to translation gives great space to personal interpretation and anisomorphism, hence discarding once and for all the concept of faithfulness and equivalence in translation. As I attempt to prove in this paper, faithful and objective translations cannot exist, as translation is proved to be a subjective act: it is a creative process for which the interpreter is called to give his own interpretation on the signs created within the text.

In the story Luo Dadou’s life (Luo Dadou de yisheng 罗大斗的一生), Lu Ling 路翎 (1923-1994) gives shape to the deepness of human psyche and stresses the suffering of the Self of his age by giving a brilliant emphasis to human individuality. The author succeeds in doing so by creating an amazing psychological characterization of the main character, both by means of words and by means of grammatical structures. By applying Denton’s categories for the study of the Self in modern Chinese literature, I analysed Lu Ling’s short story from the Freudian and Kleinian psychodynamic perspective, so to demonstrate how Lu Ling enters his characters’ minds and wonderfully recreates the psychological dynamics inside and between them.

La maggior parte delle classificazioni dei modi di costruire murari si basa sugli aspetti formali delle superfici visibili, con certe utilità nel distinguere le unità stratigrafiche murarie e negli aspetti estetici delle superfici stesse. Dal momento però che i muri fanno parte delle strutture portanti più importanti, non si può parlare di tecniche murarie senza cercare di capire come i vari tipi classificati si comportino realmente dal punto di vista statico. Si cerca perciò di verificare e in qualche modo di capire l’intero volume di ogni tecnica muraria, e se vi siano della regole generali o particolari che siano in qualche modo deducibili anche dalle superfici visibili. Si propone infine una classificazione delle «famiglie» di tecniche murarie più note sulla base dei loro sistemi costruttivi e funzionali, oltre che formali.

La storia dell’architettura per più di duecento anni ha cercato di capire la costruzione attraverso le fonti scritte, raggiungendo in ciò una notevole specializzazione. La assai più recente archeologia dell’architettura sta cercando di far parlare il costruito stesso sulla sua storia, ivi compresa quella del cantiere di costruzione. I dati archeologici (sequenze stratigrafiche, datazioni archeologiche, materiali e tecniche costruttive), fatti dialogare con i dati archeometrici (orologi naturali, provenienze, caratteristiche e rarità dei materiali), secondo le regole della cultura materiale (apprendimento e trasmissione del saper fare empirico), permettono di affrontare la conoscenza delle scelte effettuate dai costruttori, le loro possibilità e le loro motivazioni (critica archeologica). E’ a questo punto che la ricerca fa un vero salto di qualità e di quantità se si rileggono con l’occhio dell’archeologo i dati scritti provenienti dai contratti di costruzione, dai permessi pubblici, dalla contabilità del cantiere e dalle stime e perizie delle opere compiute.

Le aporie di Leo von Klenze per i restauri dell’Acropoli di Atene e la legge di tutela emanata in Grecia nel 1837

The occurrence of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora was investigated during the propagation process of an Italian nursery, and combined hot water and cyproconazole treatments were carried out to limit its spread in nursery plants. In the three–year period 2005–07, cutting and graft samples (scion cv Sangiovese, rootstock cvs 140Ru in 2005 and 1103P in 2006–07) were taken during the propagation process at several infection risk stages in order to assess the presence of P. chlamydospora. Moreover, in 2005 and 2006 cuttings from esca–symptomatic grapevines (scion cv Sauvignon blanc, rootstock cvs 140Ru in 2005 and 1103P in 2006) were treated at different stages of the propagation process. In 2007, artificially infected 1103P cuttings were treated after inoculation with P. chlamydospora (107 conidia ml-1). Cuttings and callused graftlings were treated by dipping in a hot water bath at 50°C for 30 min (HWT) or in a cyproconazole suspension (0,1 g a.i. l-1) for at least 12 h, in different combinations. At each stage of infection risk and at each treatment woody material was collected and grown in pot, avoiding accidental contamination, or in the field nursery for one season and then destructively examined. DNA was extracted from wood collected at different points along the plant and analysed by nested PCR with Pch-specific primers. One-mm thick woody slices from artificially inoculated cuttings were plated on MEA plus antibiotics and fungicides. Despite the extended wood discoloration, P. chlamydospora occurrence on nursery plants was scarce in the three–year period. Planting material contamination may have resulted from infected mother plants (from 0.0 to 6.7 % of infected cuttings were obtained directly from non-symptomatic mother plants) or from the propagation process, particularly during the stages following grafting (0.0 to 23.3 % of infected grafts). Canes from esca–diseased mother plants were always contaminated, but in quite different percentages (about 30 % of the cuttings examined in 2005, from 1.9 to 4.1 % in 2006 and 2007). However, no final conclusion could be drawn about which stages played a major role in the contamination of nursery plants, due to the low and irregular infection frequencies detected in the propagation process. As regards P. chlamydospora control, HWT performed on cuttings before or after cold storage influenced vegetative growth depending on both the cultivar and the growth conditions, but it was deleterious on callused graftlings. Natural contamination on nursery material in 2005 and 2006 was insufficient to assess the effectiveness of treatments. In 2007, HWT and cyproconzole treatments alone were not effective in reducing the percentage of infection in cuttings that were artificially inoculated. Only cyproconazole immediately followed by HWT significantly reduced the number of infected cuttings, but it was not sufficient to eradicate the pathogen.

The susceptibility of grapevine annual pruning wounds to Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and Diplodia seriata was investigated over three years (2005–2007) in a 15 year-old vineyard, cv. Sauvignon blanc. Vines were pruned each year in January, February and March and the wounds were inoculated weekly with conidial suspensions, and with sterile water as a control. Penetration of the fungi into the wood was assessed after 4 weeks by plating pieces of host tissue on agar medium. The susceptibility of annual pruning wounds, expressed as the infection percentages of inoculated spurs, varied with both the trial year and the fungus inoculated. Average infection percentages of inoculated spurs in the three years were respectively 14.7, 38.5 and 50.9% for Pa. chlamydospora, 31.7, 32.2 and 49.4% for Pm. aleophilum and 84.2, 43.8 and 40.9% for D. seriata. The period of pruning was significant for the infection percentages of all fungi in 2005, and for D. seriata in 2006. Natural infection of control spurs by Pa. chlamydospora (2, 4.4, and 11.7% of spurs in the three years respectively) and by Pm. aleophilum (0.3, 1.8, and 6.4%) began when average weekly temperatures stabilized around 10°C, while infection by D. seriata (12.2, 12 and 18.3% in the same period) occurred even below that threshold. Higher infection percentages of both artificially and naturally infected spurs in 2007 were probably due to the higher temperatures recorded in February and March (besides the use of a more efficient selective medium for the isolation of Pa. chlamydospora and Pm. aleophilum). Only artificial infections with D. seriata showed an opposite trend that cannot be explained by the weather data. Infection of one-year-old wood appeared to be an important factor in disease spread. Spurs remained liable to infections with any of the fungi for up to 4 months after pruning, and isolation percentages could be fairly high also in late spring. As a consequence, the planning of pruning does not seem to be an effective means to counteract the wood diseases caused by these fungi.

The recommendations for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee firstly proposed by the EULAR in 2000, have been updated in 2003. One of the most important objectives of the expert charged to provide these recommendations was their dissemination. Thus, the information generated may be used by each individual country to produce their own set of management guidelines and algorithms for treatment in primary care. The Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR) and the Italian League against Rheumatism (LIMAR) have organised a Consensus on the EULAR recommendations 2003 with the aim to analyse their acceptability and the applicability according to our own experience and local situations in the Italy. The results of this Consensus have demonstrated that a large majority of the EULAR recommendations are endorsed by the Italian experts. Furthermore, the final document of the Italian Consensus clearly indicated the need that the specialists involved in the management of knee OA strongly encourage the dissemination of the EULAR 2003 recommendations also in Italy.

Objectives: The presence of secondary amyloidosis is a complication of different rheumatic diseases. We investigated the presence of Serum Amiloid A (SAA), marker of secondary amiloidosis, in salivary glands of patients (pts) with Sjögren Syndrome (SS) and correlated it to biohumoral parameters. Materials and methods: 141 pts with sicca syndrome who fulfilled 3 items of the European Criteria for SS by Vitali et al underwent biopsies of labial salivary glands, that were scored according to Chisholm and Mason index and evaluated for the presence of SAA. All pts were evaluated for ANA, ENA, rheumatoid factor, γ-globulins, IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, C4, β2-microglobulin, erythrosedimentation rate, C reactive protein. Results: Forty out of 141 pts, showed sialoadenitis (SL) with focus score 3-4 (definite SS), and 101 pts showed SL with focus score 1-2. Fourteen out of 101 pts (13.8%) with score 1-2 and 12/40 pts (30%) with definite SS were positive for SAA, respectively. SS pts were further divided in group A (positive for SAA) and group B (negative for SAA). These groups were compared to detect if differences could exist in biohumoral parameters: group A showed higher levels of biohumoral parameters than group B, but the difference was significant only for β2-microglobulin: 2653+610 ng/ml versus 1848+440 ng/ml; p< 0.025. Conclusion: Secondary amiloydosis is a complication of SS. In pts with SAA in salivary glands were detected high levels of β2-microglobulin, that could be considered a factor predicting the development of amiloidosis in SS.

Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology characterized by episodic inflammation of cartilage and potentially progressive degeneration of cartilaginous tissue, such as auricular, nasal and laryngotracheobronchial cartilage. However, many other proteoglycan- rich structures may be involved, such as inner ear, eyes, blood vessels, heart and kidneys (1- 4). RP was first described by Jacksh-Wartenhorst in 1923, who named it “polychondropathia” (5). Pearson et al. (6) introduced the term “relapsing polychondritis” in 1960...

After conquering Sicily, at the end of July 1860, Garibaldi's military campaign had to face the problem of landing troops on the peninsula. In the name of Italian unity, the openly declared purpose was to reach Calabria and proceed with the liberation of the Southern Italy. However, the passage of troops in the Strait of Messina could have been hampered by the powerful fleet of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, that was much stronger and more organized than Garibaldi's Sicilian Navy. The text reveals the anti-Bourbon mission entrusted to Captain Paolo Pilotti on 24 July 1860, from its origins up to its rapid development, following the involvement of the Calabrian patriot Carlo Mileti in the enterprise. The action of Paolo Pilotti and the 85 members of the crew of the British steamer Orwell (protagonist, from 1860 to 1863, of a complex judicial affair between the Kingdom of Italy and Great Britain on the civil responsibility for the Piracy Act), if that was implemented, would have affected significantly the continuation of the "thousand" Enterprise, with probable repercussions on the Naples revolution and the conquest of the city [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with optimized channel coding for OFDM transmissions (COFDM) over frequency-selective channels using irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Firstly, we introduce a new characterization of the LDPC code irregularity called “irregularity profile.” Then, using this parameterization, we derive a new criterion based on the minimization of the transmission bit error probability to design an irregular LDPC code suited to the frequency selectivity of the channel. The optimization of this criterion is done using the Gaussian approximation technique. Simulations illustrate the good performance of our approach for different transmission channels.