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Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of food and nutrition regulations in developing healthy behaviors of young children, this study profiled the food and nutrient contribution of snacks, the foods and drinks consumed outside of main meals, in the diets of a sample of children between the ages of 3-5 years overall and in regulated child care (RCC) and home settings. Methods: From a purposive sample of 44 RCC settings from across Nova Scotia, Canada, 19 agreed to participate in this study and with RCC directors' approvals, invitations were sent to parents of enrolled children. Using a 4-day food record, foods and drinks consumed by 79 preschool aged children, were recorded by parents at home and by trained research assistants at RCC. The foods and drinks consumed during morning, afternoon and evening snack occasions coded by the "What We Eat in America" (WWEIA) categories and the provision of energy, sodium, fats, sugar and fiber were calculated. Descriptive statistics and independent t tests were used to determined differences between the foods and nutrients by where and when the snacks were consumed. Results: On average, children consumed 2.3 snacks per day. Fruit, salty/sweet items and dairy items were predominately consumed as snacks. Average daily contributions from snacks were 29% of energy, 22.6% sodium, 27.6% saturated fat, 39.9% sugar and 31.3% dietary fiber. Significantly more variety of food categories and higher sodium and fiber snacks were consumed at RCC than home. Home morning snacks had significantly more sugar than RCC morning snacks. Conclusions: The findings provide insight into the influences from RCC and home settings on snack intakes and the important role RCC food and nutrition regulations play in supporting healthy eating behaviors. Suggested recommendations are to de-emphasize the requirement for two food group servings for each snack at RCC, focus more on variety and nutrient dense snacks and encourage knowledge sharing between RCC and home environments to promote healthy children's snacking behaviors.

Problem University students are at a critical stage for academic achievement and independent living but many do not follow healthy eating and physical activity lifestyle behaviors, negatively affecting their health and development. The factors influencing these lifestyle behaviors are complex and not well understood. Purpose and Methods This ethics approved study explored the associations between childhood memories of parenting styles, current self-efficacy, outcome expectancies and lifestyle behaviors related to healthy eating and physical activity. Using data collected from a randomly selected sample of university students, a series of hypotheses were tested using partial least squares regression analysis. Results The results showed that childhood memories of responsive parenting style were significantly associated with self-efficacy, which in turn was significantly associated with outcome expectancies, healthy eating and physically active lifestyles. Conclusions This study contributes to knowledge about how parenting styles can influence the development of self-efficacy and healthy eating and physically active lifestyle behaviors in young adults. This knowledge adds to knowledge about the development of effective interventions to support health behaviors., Introduction There is a growing burden on society from preventable chronic health conditions that are impacted by high blood pressure and excess body mass (WHO, 2009); with 39% of adults [...]

The objective of this qualitative study was to explore, through a responsive caregiving lens, young adults' childhood memories about food and physical activity and their perceptions about how these memories have influenced their current lifestyle behaviors and hopes for the future development of these behaviors for their own children. Using a rigorous qualitative description methodology, fifteen participants for the in-depth interviews were recruited from among students, 19 years of age or older, attending a university in Atlantic Canada. Four main themes were identified as childhood memories of food and eating, childhood memories of physical activity, current health behaviors, and hopes for their children's health behaviors. Four sub-themes each were identified with memories of food and eating and with physical activity. Engagement with family and positive experiences were identified as supportive of positive health behaviors, as opposed to memories of pressure and negative experiences. Most participants noted efforts to adapt or improve their eating and physical activity while a few continued to be challenged with cautious eating and/or disdain for physical activity. The memories also contributed toward hopes for their children regarding eating and physical activity. It is suggested that universities offer a variety of economical options for nutritious foods, physical activity, and lifestyle counseling. This will benefit students during their studies and contribute toward positive caregiving styles for the next generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem: There is evidence that university students have poor eating behaviors that can lead to short and long term negative health effects. Understanding the influences on eating behaviors will aid universities and health agencies in developing effective healthy eating promotion strategies. Purpose and Method: To determine the impact of a range of influencers on healthy eating behaviors, a tested and ethics approved questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of students at two universities. Responses (n = 188) were statistically analyzed and logistic regression was conducted. Results: Mean daily food group servings were below recommendations for the vegetables/fruits and grain products groups. The regression models for minimum vegetable/fruit group were statistically significant for healthy eating, media/social and the professional advice influencer scales. For the meat/alternates, the models were significant for budget constraints, professional advice and nutrition self-efficacy influencer scales. No significant relationships were found for the other two food groups. Conclusions: There is a need to improve the eating behaviors of university students and different influencers affect consumption of different food groups. A focus on particular influencers can enable a targeting of healthy eating promotion and communication strategies on deficient food groups.

Given the current climate of accountability, teachers must collaborate across disciplines to meet the diverse needs of students. Few, however, are prepared to collaborate in school settings upon completing teacher preparation programs. In this article, a participatory action research study undertaken by teacher educators who approached the lack of cross-disciplinary collaborations in two teacher preparation programs by developing and implementing a co-taught course on collaboration for general and special education teachers is presented. The described process was informed by interviews, observations, and analysis of course materials. Results contribute to the development of a framework for educator collaborations in higher education.

Problem There is evidence that university students have poor eating behaviors that can lead to short and long term negative health effects. Understanding the influences on eating behaviors will aid [...]

Effective history teaching includes ample opportunities for students to develop historical thinking skills and habits of mind which encourage them to learn content beyond simple acquisition of facts. Covering the profound topic of segregation by employing multiple perspectives and encouraging investigation beyond the traditional narrative provides students with opportunities to examine and evaluate issues and events surrounding segregation, and, consequently, the process of integration, at a level that generates meaningful learning. Teachers covering this topic facilitate critical analysis of sources in an effort to develop a more nuanced and reflexive view of the segregation experience inclusive of the perspectives of African Americans and the social relevance of past and ongoing racial struggles in America. What appears to be missing--specifically in textbooks--is the story of the African American experience surrounding the realities of education in segregated and integrated schools which, the authors argue, can serve as an engaging entre into the broader realities of segregation as part of American history. They assert that advocating a more thoughtful inclusion of African American perspectives of education may provide a context that allows students the opportunity to examine complexities within the historical record and foster the development of historical habits of mind, eschewing a solely one-sided perspective that the policy of integration was the only means to provide effective education to African Americans. The purpose of this article, therefore, is to present an ethnographic historical study that includes personal narrative from three black citizens who experienced segregated America as students, initially in black-only schools, and later as members of integrated schools. Themes developed from these interviews were positioned alongside existing historiographical research of black-only schools in many areas of the United States to provide a deeper understanding of the African American narrative within segregated schools. The authors' intention is that the presentation of the participants' narratives serves to entice teachers and those interested in social justice in education to consider the education of blacks in segregated America as integral to a more complete picture of the realities of that time for African Americans living in communities where separate was surely not equal, but where the quality of education cannot unequivocally be depicted as inferior. (Contains 62 endnotes and 1 figure.)

In this paper we share findings of a textbook analysis in which we explored the treatment of segregated education in eight, widely-used secondary United States history and government textbooks. We positioned our findings within the historiography related to the African American school experience which challenges the notion that the lack of resources allocated to Black schools in many areas of the country necessarily equated to a substandard educational experience for Black children. In our analysis we found textbook coverage to be episodically robust, but generally lacking in sufficient context to promote students' recognition of the complexity and nuance of the development and disintegration of African American education. Using the theoretical lens of critical race theory, we suggest that failure of teachers and teacher educators to include recognition of the African American education experience serves to enshrine an approach to learning about America's segregated education history that may contribute to excessively abstract generalizations and perpetuation of historical racial stereotypes. (Contains 2 tables.)

Infections caused by members of the Mycobacterium chelonae-abscessus complex remain a serious public health problem, and their role has expanded, with growing numbers of therapeutic interventions that disrupt the competency [...]

Objectives: The objectives of this study on Oregon's virtual dental home were to: 1) demonstrate the feasibility of pilot project training of existing Expanded Practice Dental Hygienists (EPDHs) to perform interim therapeutic restorations (ITRs) in the community settings after diagnosis by the supervising dentist via teledentistry and 2) evaluate satisfaction of parents/guardians of children participating in a pilot program that provides school-based/on-site preventive dental care services utilizing expanded scope EPDHs to conduct dental screenings and place ITRs.Methods: This demonstration project was a 4-years longitudinal cohort study (2016-2019) in the school/community-based settings focusing on children in kindergarten to 3rd grade. EPDHs and dentists from a Dental Care Organization were trained to utilize teledentistry and EPDHs were trained to place ITRs, the latter provided onsite dental care. Data was collected regarding child's demographics and oral health status; and parents reported level of satisfaction from services received by their children. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis to assess the relative importance of demographic and clinical factors on caries status.Results: Onsite dental care was provided to 759 children. Of repeat patients (n = 377), 201 (53.3%) children had untreated decay at their first visit. Of these, 13% saw improvements in oral health status at their most recent visit (MRV). There were 162 ITRs planned out of which 50 patients received 99 ITRs. No adverse events were experienced. Of the repeat children receiving ITRs (n = 43), 28% saw improvement in their caries status at their MRV. Parents reported very high levels of satisfaction with the dental care program.Conclusion: Oregon's virtual dental home project was successful in training EPDHs to perform ITRs safely in school settings after caries diagnosis by the supervising dentist via teledentistry and in integrating this component into a regular school-based preventive dental program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on water-based metalworking fluids' mycobacteria causing outbreaks of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The study of mycobacterial isolates from different plants with reported hypersensitivity pneumonitis cases has been carried out in an effort to determine whether those plants have been colonized with a single strain, and the results are described.

Short-term studies indicate that the planting of biomass crops offsets the negative environmental impacts of fossil fuels. Biomass crops include perennial woody and herbaceous plants such as willow and switchgrass, which have been shown to reduce erosion, increase organic matter content in surface soils, and prevent nutrient loss via surface runoff.

Objective To develop and validate a practical, economical, and objective viscosity assessment tool, the line-spread test, for foods and beverages formulated for the dysphagic diet. The line-spread test is based on the measure of product dispersion over a fiat surface. Design Viscosity-altering formulations for a selection of soups and beverages commonly served to patients with dysphagia at a local hospital were developed under controlled conditions. The samples were presented to a trained sensory panel for evaluation by quantitative descriptive analysis and were measured by the line-spread test. Numeric results of the two tests were compared. Setting The Food Research Laboratory with private sensory booths at Mount Saint Vincent University. Main outcome measures Results of the sensory evaluation and the line-spread test would strongly correlate, indicating predictive validity, but the line-spread test would be more reliable and show variability in measurement. Statistical analyses performed Correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and standard deviations (calculated from the within-group mean square error of the ANOVAs). Results ANOVA showed that both the sensory panel results and the line-spread test values indicated significant differences among the samples. Standard deviations indicated less variability in line-spread values. There was a strong positive correlation (r = .90 to .97) between the two types of results, which indicated strong predictive validity for the line-spread test. Applications The line-spread test is a reliable and valid tool to assess viscosity of formulated foods and beverages for the dysphagic diet and can be readily and economically adapted to any dietary department for product development and quality control., Dysphagia, which encompasses a range of swallowing disorders, may be the result of neurologic or motor disabilities, head or neck cancer, head or spinal cord injury, or stroke (1). Food [...]

Objectives: Women who had hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are twice as likely to experience maternal cardiovascular disease later in life. The primary aim of this study (BP2) is to compare outcomes of 3 different management strategies, including lifestyle behaviour change (LBC), in the first 12 months postpartum in women who had HDP in their preceding pregnancy. Secondary aims include assessing the effects on other cardiometabolic parameters.Study Design: Three-arm multicentre randomised trial in metropolitan Australian hospitals, (registration: ACTRN12618002004246) target sample size 480. Participants are randomised to one of three groups: 1) Optimised usual care: information package and family doctor follow-up 6 months postpartum 2) Brief intervention: information package as per group 1, plus assessment and brief LBC counselling at a specialised clinic with an obstetric physician and dietitian 6 months postpartum 3) Extended intervention: as per group 2 plus enrolment into a 6 month telephone-based LBC program from 6 to 12 months postpartum. All women have an outcome assessment at 12 months.Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcomes: (a) BP change or (b) weight change and/or waist circumference change.Secondary Outcomes: maternal health-related quality of life, engagement and retention in LBC program, biochemical markers, vascular function testing, infant weight trajectory, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. The study is powered to detect a 4 mmHg difference in systolic BP between groups, or a 4 kg weight loss difference/2cm waist circumference change.Conclusions: BP2 will provide evidence regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of postpartum LBC interventions and structured clinical follow-up in improving cardiovascular health markers after HDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]