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Seed deterioration during storage results in poor germination, reduced vigour, and non-uniform seedling emergence. The aging rate depends on storage conditions and genetic factors. This study aims to identify these genetic factors determining the longevity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds stored under experimental aging conditions mimicking long-term dry storage. Genetic variation for tolerance to aging was studied in 300 Indica rice accessions by storing dry seeds under an elevated partial pressure of oxygen (EPPO) condition. A genome-wide association analysis identified 11 unique genomic regions for all measured germination parameters after aging, differing from those previously identified in rice under humid experimental aging conditions. The significant single nucleotide polymorphism in the most prominent region was located within the Rc gene, encoding a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Storage experiments using near-isogenic rice lines (SD7-1D (Rc) and SD7-1d (rc) with the same allelic variation confirmed the role of the wildtype Rc gene, providing stronger tolerance to dry EPPO aging. In the seed pericarp, a functional Rc gene results in accumulation of proanthocyanidins, an important sub-class of flavonoids having strong antioxidant activity, which may explain the variation in tolerance to dry EPPO aging.

Detecting the blood group of people is necessary, before performing a transfusion of blood in an urgent situation or when checking a person’s blood group for donation. Presently, the tests are conducted manually by the lab personnel in the laboratory. This takes time and consequences in human error when determining blood type. This may result in loss of life or seriously affect people’s lives. To overcome this, we propose a non-invasive model using image processing and machine learning algorithms. Image processing is useful in various ways for researchers to succeed in their goals, especially in medical fields. This system displays the corresponding blood type that is A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, and O- in a short time. Image matching techniques like ORB are used to extract features from an image. It involves signal extraction processes, spectroscopic information, feature calculation processes, and Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal. The features extracted are given to a machine learning model to detect the blood type of a person in a short period. This method does not require mixing any antigens like A, B, and O with blood samples. This method does not use any blood samples, does not require any chemicals, and reduces human error.

Cracks in concrete structures can be formed due to many reasons such as physical damage, hydraulic shrinkage, thermal shrinkage, swelling, and corrosion of steel reinforcements. These vulnerable entities present in structures are responsible for reducing the performance and strength of the concrete. Inspecting these entities and deciding the nature of these cracks is an essential element for the maintenance of the structure. Concrete crack detection based on Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence involves using computer vision techniques to automatically identify and classify cracks in concrete structures. Detection and classification of these cracks can be done using a combination of various machine learning algorithms and image processing techniques. Our project aims to detect the location of the cracks on the structures using various processing techniques such as resizing, gray scaling, binarization, segmentation, enhancement, and filtering out the noise. Detection of the cracks can be performed using thresholding techniques. Later classification of these detected cracks can be done using Deep Learning techniques concerning various deciding parameters such as length, width, and area of cross-section of the detected crack. The cracks can be classified based on their size they can be thin, medium, or wide cracks. They can also be classified based on the appearance of the crack, which may be longitudinal, vertical or transversal.

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognised as being responsible for a substantial proportion of the global burden of disease. Neurosurgical interventions are an important aspect of care for patients with TBI, but there is little epidemiological data available on this patient population. We aimed to characterise differences in casemix, management, and mortality of patients receiving emergency neurosurgery for TBI across different levels of human development. Methods: We did a prospective observational cohort study of consecutive patients with TBI undergoing emergency neurosurgery, in a convenience sample of hospitals identified by open invitation, through international and regional scientific societies and meetings, individual contacts, and social media. Patients receiving emergency neurosurgery for TBI in each hospital's 30-day study period were all eligible for inclusion, with the exception of patients undergoing insertion of an intracranial pressure monitor only, ventriculostomy placement only, or a procedure for drainage of a chronic subdural haematoma. The primary outcome was mortality at 14 days postoperatively (or last point of observation if the patient was discharged before this time point). Countries were stratified according to their Human Development Index (HDI)—a composite of life expectancy, education, and income measures—into very high HDI, high HDI, medium HDI, and low HDI tiers. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to examine the effect of HDI on mortality while accounting for and quantifying between-hospital and between-country variation. Findings: Our study included 1635 records from 159 hospitals in 57 countries, collected between Nov 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2020. 328 (20%) records were from countries in the very high HDI tier, 539 (33%) from countries in the high HDI tier, 614 (38%) from countries in the medium HDI tier, and 154 (9%) from countries in the low HDI tier. The median age was 35 years (IQR 24–51), with the oldest patients in the very high HDI tier (median 54 years, IQR 34–69) and the youngest in the low HDI tier (median 28 years, IQR 20–38). The most common procedures were elevation of a depressed skull fracture in the low HDI tier (69 [45%]), evacuation of a supratentorial extradural haematoma in the medium HDI tier (189 [31%]) and high HDI tier (173 [32%]), and evacuation of a supratentorial acute subdural haematoma in the very high HDI tier (155 [47%]). Median time from injury to surgery was 13 h (IQR 6–32). Overall mortality was 18% (299 of 1635). After adjustment for casemix, the odds of mortality were greater in the medium HDI tier (odds ratio [OR] 2·84, 95% CI 1·55–5·2) and high HDI tier (2·26, 1·23–4·15), but not the low HDI tier (1·66, 0·61–4·46), relative to the very high HDI tier. There was significant between-hospital variation in mortality (median OR 2·04, 95% CI 1·17–2·49). Interpretation: Patients receiving emergency neurosurgery for TBI differed considerably in their admission characteristics and management across human development settings. Level of human development was associated with mortality. Substantial opportunities to improve care globally were identified, including reducing delays to surgery. Between-hospital variation in mortality suggests changes at an institutional level could influence outcome and comparative effectiveness research could identify best practices. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Group.

SummarySeed deterioration during storage results in poor germination, reduced seed vigor, and non-uniform seedling emergence. The rate of aging depends on storage conditions (RH, temperature, and oxygen) and genetic factors. This study aims to identify these genetic factors determining the longevity of rice seeds stored under experimental aging conditions mimicking long-term dry storage. Genetic variation for tolerance to aging was studied in 300Indicarice accessions and storing dry seeds under elevated partial pressure of oxygen (EPPO) condition, using a genome-wide association study. The association analysis yielded eleven unique regions across the genome for all measured germination parameters after aging. These genomic regions differed from regions previously identified in rice under humid experimental aging conditions. The significant single nucleotide polymorphism in the most prominent region was located within theRcgene, encoding a bHLH transcription factor. Storage experiments using isogenic rice lines (SD7-1D(Rc) andSD7-1d(rc)) with the same allelic variation confirmed the functional role of theRcgene, conferring a stronger tolerance to dry EPPO aging. A functionalRcgene results in the accumulation of pro-anthocyanidins in the pericarp of rice seeds, an important sub-class of flavonoids having strong antioxidant activity, which may explain why genotypes with an allelic variation for this gene show variation in seed tolerance to dry EPPO aging.

BackgroundCauda equina syndrome (CES) results from nerve root compression in the lumbosacral spine, usually due to a prolapsed intervertebral disc. Evidence for management of CES is limited by its infrequent occurrence and lack of standardised clinical definitions and outcome measures.MethodsThis is a prospective multi-centre observational cohort study of adults with CES in the UK. We assessed presentation, investigation, management, and all Core Outcome Set domains up to one year post-operatively using clinician and participant reporting. Univariable and multivariable associations with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and urinary outcomes were investigated.FindingsIn 621 participants with CES, catheterisation for urinary retention was required pre-operatively in 31% (191/615). At discharge, only 13% (78/616) required a catheter. Median time to surgery from symptom onset was 3 days (IQR:1–8) with 32% (175/545) undergoing surgery within 48 h. Earlier surgery was associated with catheterisation (OR:2.2, 95%CI:1.5–3.3) but not with admission ODI or radiological compression. In multivariable analyses catheter requirement at discharge was associated with pre-operative catheterisation (OR:10.6, 95%CI:5.8–20.4) and one-year ODI was associated with presentation ODI (r = 0.3, 95%CI:0.2–0.4), but neither outcome was associated with time to surgery or radiological compression. Additional healthcare services were required by 65% (320/490) during one year follow up.InterpretationPost-operative functional improvement occurred even in those presenting with urinary retention. There was no association between outcomes and time to surgery in this observational study. Significant healthcare needs remained post-operatively.FundingDCN Endowment Fund funded study administration. Castor EDC provided database use. No other study funding was received.

[Purpose] We have previously shown inversion therapy to be effective in a small prospective randomised controlled trial of patients with lumbar disc protrusions. Our purpose now was to measure symptoms and to compare the surgery rate following inversion for 85 participants with the surgery rate in 3 control groups. [Participants and Methods] Each of the 85 inverted participants acted as their own control for the "symptomatic" part of the study. In the "Need for surgery" part of the study, one control group was made up of similar patients with leg pain and sciatica who were referred to the same clinic in the same year. Two additional control groups were examined: the original control group from the pilot trial and the lumbar disc surgery waiting list patients. [Results] Inversion therapy relieved symptoms: there were improvements in the Visual Analogue Score, Roland Morris and Oswestry Disease indices and Health Utility Score compared with their pre-treatment status. Also, the 2 year surgery rate in the inversion participants in the registry (21%) was significantly lower than in the matched control group (39% at two years and 43% at four years). It was also lower than the surgery rate in the other 2 control groups. [Conclusion] Inversion therapy relieved symptoms and avoided surgery.

The impact of Covid-19 on surgical patients worldwide has been substantial. In the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (RoI), the first wave of the pandemic occurred in March 2020. The aims of this study were to: (1) evaluate the volume of neurosurgical operative activity levels, Covid-19 infection rate and mortality rate in April 2020 with a retrospective cross-sectional cohort study conducted across 16 UK and RoI neurosurgical centres, and (2) compare patient outcomes in a single institution in April-June 2020 with a comparative cohort in 2019. Across the UK and RoI, 818 patients were included. There were 594 emergency and 224 elective operations. The incidence rate of Covid-19 infection was 2.6% (21/818). The overall mortality rate in patients with a Covid-19 infection was 28.6% (6/21). In the single centre cohort analysis, an overall reduction in neurosurgical operative activity by 65% was observed between 2020 (n = 304) and 2019 (n = 868). The current and future impact on UK neurosurgical operative activity has implications for service delivery and neurosurgical training.

Introduction: External manual carotid compression (EMCC) is a treatment option for indirect cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CS-DAVF). The exact mechanism of how this works is unclear ...

We report a case of refractory post-operative cerebrospinal fluid leak from a posterior fossa operative site secondary to superior vena cava construction. The patient developed the leak after a posterior fossa craniotomy and resection of a cerebellar lung metastasis. The leak persisted despite conservative measures and lumbar drain insertion. Suspicion of superior vena cava obstruction was raised following clinical examination. She was managed with stenting of the superior vena cava, with cessation of leak.

Objective: We report a 63 years old female who presented with confusion, urinary retention and gait disturbances.Method: CT head shows communicating hydrocephalus. Spinal MRI demonstrated an L5- S1...

A business company especially into telecom operation, suffers from high acquisition cost on new customer rather retaining the in-house customers. As a consequence larger business groups are now spending on retaining those customer who are at the verge of moving out of the service. Even retention activity also accounts for larger portion of the expenditure. In response to these issue, this paper oriented towards finding the ways and means to deriving higher accuracy model along with precision and recall measure of actual inactivity individuals with help of derived KPI's (feature engineering). Various Churn model techniques have been evolved in recent past for the above requirements. The focus of this paper is to manifesting new techniques on feature deriving to unearth hidden pattern on customer behavior, which in-turn helps to determine the Inactive/Churn customer at the higher precision rate.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are still frequently described as congenital lesions in medical texts despite little evidence existing for their congenital nature. Increasing numbers of case reports of de novo AVMs add weight to the notion that they are dynamic lesions and that they can form postnatally. A thorough review of all reported cases of de novo AVM formation and a review of articles relating to AVM pathogenesis was planned to summarise current research on AVM pathogenesis and provide insight into the future implications for AVM research and treatment.MEDLINE was searched to find 29 cases of de novo AVM formation with prior MRI imaging, nine of which also had prior digital subtraction angiography. A discussion of AVM pathogenesis is undertaken through a review of articles relating to AVM embryology, postnatal angiogenesis, syndromic forms of AVMs and studies of AVM molecular biology and genetics in human and animal models.There is little evidence for an embryological origin through dysregulated vasculogenesis, whereas there is a raft of evidence to support dysregulated angiogenesis in childhood or even adulthood. Translational implications include risk stratification by biomarkers for predicting haemorrhage and novel therapeutic approaches to suppress AVM proliferation and initiate reversal.

Data sets are growing day by day as they are being captured by information sensing devices such as mobiles, computers, wireless sensor networks, cameras, software logs, weblogs, remote sensing in various fields such as medical, engineering, science and many more. These large data sets are now called Big Data. Working with Big Data is not a common task. As this large data set has information hidden within them, researchers cannot and they have not ignored the large data set. Data mining is an interdisciplinary field in Computer Science which extracts information or the hidden patterns from data. Association rule mining and frequent itemset mining are popular data mining techniques that requires entire data to be in main memory. But large datasets does not fit into main memory. To handle this drawback, Hadoop MapReduce approach is used which has scalability and robustness features to handle large datasets. Apriori, Eclat and FP Growth are well known Frequent Itemset Mining algorithms. These algorithms are revised to work with Big Data using Hadoop MapReduce. But MapReduce framework has problems such as it stores the intermediate data in local disk. So the data needs to be accessed from the local disk which results in high latency problem. To address this issue Spark follows a general execution model that helps in in-memory computing and optimization of arbitrary operator graphs so that querying data becomes much faster when compared to the disk based engines like MapReduce. Thus the paper focuses on enhancing the performance of Frequent Itemset Mining using Apache Spark architecture and study the performance of this Revamped Market Basket Analysis based on FP-Growth by comparing it with Hadoop MapReduce implementation of Frequent Itemset Mining task, BigFIM and also with different datasets.

Fluorescence microscopic investigation was made to understand the interaction between developing pistils and pollen of protogynous (Pg) plants and between protogynous and non-protogynous, and cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) plants following pollination in Brassica juncea. The pollen viability of protogynous plants was confirmed by staining with carmine acetic acid (CAA) and fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The entire process of intra-specific Pg × non-Pg post pollination events, starting from pollen deposition on the surface of the stigma and culminating with the entry of the pollen tube into the embryo sac, was rapid and completed within two days of pollination. Intra-specific crosses of Pg × Pg did not show a single pollen germination on the stigmatic surface and, consequently, no pollen tube growth was observed up to six days after pollination. The pattern of pollen tube growth in crosses between CMS × Pg was essentially similar to that for Pg × non-Pg pollination.

Understanding the relationship between floral and reproductive traits are critical to understand the evolution of plant species in brassica and need for selecting lines as parental lines in hybrid seed prodcution. The protogyny nature of Brassica species are characterized based on the variations in floral morphology, protogyny interval, stigma receptivity, pollen biology, compatibility and seeds set. The variation in stigma morphology features (stigma exsertion prior to anthesis) and protogyny interval (ranged from 8 to 10 days) formed phenotypically distinct. Studies on stigma receptivity and pollen viability revealed significant variability and found to be at its peak up to 3 days after anthesis and reduced drastically thereafter. Compatibility crosses and post pollination events such as pollen deposition on the surface of the stigma and culminating with the entry of the pollen tube into the embryo sac, was rapid and completed within 2 days after pollination, whereas in in-compatible cross not even single pollen was germinated on stigmatic surface and consequently no pollen tube growth even after sixth day of pollination. In compatible crosses average seed set ranged from 3 to 8 seeds per pod from cross pollination and no seed set in self. The investigation revealed that variation exists for protogyny interval, stigma receptivity and compatibility in the protogynous lines of Indian mustard and this can be exploited for the production of hybrids without emasculation.

OBJECTIVESymptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) will become an increasingly common presentation in neurosurgical practice as the population ages, but quality evidence is still lacking to guide the optimal management for these patients. The British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative (BNTRC) was established by neurosurgical trainees in 2012 to improve research by combining the efforts of trainees in each of the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland's neurosurgical units (NSUs). The authors present the first study by the BNTRC that describes current management and outcomes for patients with CSDH throughout the UK and Ireland. This provides a resource both for current clinical practice and future clinical research on CSDH.METHODSData on management and outcomes for patients with CSDH referred to UK and Ireland NSUs were collected prospectively over an 8-month period and audited against criteria predefined from the literature: NSU mortality < 5%, NSU morbidity < 10%, symptomatic recurrence within 60 days requiring repeat surgery < 20%, and unfavorable functional status (modified Rankin Scale score of 4–6) at NSU discharge < 30%.RESULTSData from 1205 patients in 26 NSUs were collected. Bur-hole craniostomy was the most common procedure (89%), and symptomatic recurrence requiring repeat surgery within 60 days was observed in 9% of patients. Criteria on mortality (2%), rate of recurrence (9%), and unfavorable functional outcome (22%) were met, but morbidity was greater than expected (14%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that failure to insert a drain intraoperatively independently predicted recurrence and unfavorable functional outcome (p = 0.011 and p = 0.048, respectively). Increasing patient age (p < 0.00001), postoperative bed rest (p = 0.019), and use of a single bur hole (p = 0.020) independently predicted unfavorable functional outcomes, but prescription of high-flow oxygen or preoperative use of antiplatelet medications did not.CONCLUSIONSThis is the largest prospective CSDH study and helps establish national standards. It has confirmed in a real-world setting the effectiveness of placing a subdural drain. This study identified a number of modifiable prognostic factors but questions the necessity of some common aspects of CSDH management, such as enforced postoperative bed rest. Future studies should seek to establish how practitioners can optimize perioperative care of patients with CSDH to reduce morbidity as well as minimize CSDH recurrence. The BNTRC is unique worldwide, conducting multicenter trainee-led research and audits. This study demonstrates that collaborative research networks are powerful tools to interrogate clinical research questions.

Never events are defined as ‘serious, largely preventable, patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented by healthcare providers’.1–3 T...

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a neurological syndrome presenting with non-specific symptoms and signs that often leads to diagnostic confusion and delay. Acute onset CES is a surgical emergency. The common aetiology is a prolapsed lumbar disc. If the diagnosis is missed, it can have devastating consequences for the patient and a high financial cost to healthcare providers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of clinical assessment in clinching the diagnosis. Eighty patients who underwent urgent clinical assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for suspected CES over a 1-year period (from January 1st 2008 to 31 December 2008) were included in the study. Fifteen of these patients had a CES and underwent urgent lumbar discectomy and decompression. Medical notes and MRI scans of all these patients were reviewed. The presenting symptoms and signs were analysed against a positive MRI scan. Chi-square test with Yates correction was used to test association of each clinical symptom and sign for a positive MRI. In this study, only 18.8% of assessed patients had a CES producing compression seen on the MRI. Presence of saddle sensory deficit was the only clinical feature with a statistically significant association with MRI positive CES (p = 0.03). This series shows that saddle sensory deficit has a higher predictive value than other clinical features in diagnosing a CES. However, as there is no symptom or sign which has an absolute predictive value in establishing the diagnosis of CES, any patient in whom a reasonable suspicion of CES arises must undergo urgent MRI to exclude this diagnosis.

The management of vestibular schwannomata is controversial. Surveillance remains an acceptable option for elderly patients or those with small lesions. Stereoradiosurgery is also an option, while surgery is often preferred in younger patients with larger lesions. In elderly patients with lesions causing brainstem compression, craniotomy is a major undertaking. We report two cases of cystic cerebellopontine angle tumours in patients with co-morbidity, who were managed successfully with image-guided insertion of a cystoperitoneal shunt.

Background Neurologic complications occur in about 30% of renal transplant patients, infections being the most common. We encountered three such patients and present our experience in the management of such cases. Clinical material Three cases of brain abscess in renal transplant recipients are reported. These patients presented from 9-60 months after the transplant. One patient had a pyogenic abscess; in the second the organism identified was Nocardia asteroides; in the third, a fungal infection was responsible. In two patients excision of the abscess was done, while in one repeated aspirations with intracavitary antibiotics were used. All received systemic antimicrobial therapy. Conclusions Central nervous system (CNS) complications, specifically infections, are quite common in renal transplant recipients, but reports of brain abscesses in these patients are very rare. The treatment options for such patients are discussed.

Wild relatives play an important role in the genetic improvement of cultivated crops. Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars is one of the important wild species, which possess several desirable traits. Investigations on 67 accessions of C. scarabaeoides and 3 cultivated varieties for total soluble seed protein profiles using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Poly Acryl amide Gel Electrophoresis resolved the protein bands ranged from 4–11. Based on the presence or absence of bands, similarity values were calculated and dendrogram was constructed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean analysis. The dendrogram formed two main clusters. The first main cluster consisted of three cultivated varieties and 55 accessions of C. scarabaeoides and the second main cluster comprised of remaining 12 accessions of C. scarabaeoides. Similarity percentage ranged from 38.5 to 100. ICP15728 is the lone genotype which is distinctly different from remaining genotypes formed separate sub-cluster in the second main cluster with 38.5% similarity. Thirty eight accessions of C. scarabaeoides were screened against Fusarium wilt under glass house conditions. Of the 38 accessions screened seven accessions (ICP12707, ICP15689, ICP15692, ICP15732, ICP15744, ICP15748 and ICP15754) showed resistance to Fusarium wilt. Therefore, these accessions could be utilized in breeding programmes to increase the levels of resistance to Fusarium wilt in the pigeonpea cultivars, after further testing.

Objective Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a procedure performed by both vascular surgeons and neurosurgeons in the UK. We present a single neurosurgeon's experience of 728 CEAs over 25 years, performed under both general and local anesthesia, and discuss the results in this context. Our objective was to report on the efficacy of CEA in the hands of a neurosurgeon. Methods Prospective outcome data were collected for all patients who underwent CEA performed by the senior author (A.D.M.) from 1987 to 2011. Data evaluated included patient age, sex, surgical indication, preoperative characteristics, diagnostic modalities used, shunt usage, operative time, any neurological deterioration during or after surgery, and early postoperative problems. Outcome measures used were 30-day death and 30-day disabling stroke. The results were tabulated and analyzed using JMP 8.0.2 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC). Results The 30-day death rate was 0.8% and the 30-day disabling stroke rate was 1.7% in our series. The mean operative time was 135 minutes (±38.1), and the mean clamp time was 28.4 minutes (±8.5). In the subset of patients who had the operation performed under local anesthesia (n = 616), the disabling stroke rate was 1.6% and the death rate was 0.6%. In the subset of asymptomatic patients (n = 194), the 30-day death and 30-day disabling stroke rates were each 1%. Postoperative complications were uncommon. Conclusions According to our data, CEA under local anesthesia is safe procedure in the hands of a neurosurgeon and would be recommended according to the clinical presentation and local guidelines.

A 48 year old man presented to our outpatient department with the history of absolute dysphagia, and fever for two days. On examination patient was febrile with drooling of saliva. Oropharynx was minimally congested. Indirect laryngoscopy revealed odematous epiglottis with pus pointing over the lingual surface. Radiography of soft tissue, neck lateral view, showed the thumb sign which suggested epiglottitis. Incision and drainage was performed under general anaesthesia after haematological investigations. Patient was extubated the next day, and was discharged after two days, also oral antibiotics, and analgesics were prescribed. Patient was reviewed after 2 weeks, and indirect laryngoscopy revealed a normal epiglottis.Although pharyngitis is the most common cause of sore throat in adults, acute epiglottitis must be considered in differential diagnosis when there is unrelenting throat pain, and minimal objective signs of pharyngitis. Epiglottic abscess formation is more common in adults than children. They most commonly occur as a complication of acute pharyngitis or with abscess of lingual tonsil .The abscess most frequently comes to a point on or near the lingual surface of the epiglottis. Streptococcus was isolated more frequently. Other organisms reported were Haemophilus influenzae, E.coli, Pseudomonas, Micro- coccus catarrhalis, Pneumococci. In our case, there were no preceding symptoms of acute pharyngitis. Risk factors include adult age at onset, diabetes mellitus, trauma, presence of a foreign body, and immune- compromised state. This case is unusual because of the absence of above risk factors. Incision and drainage under general anaesthesia is the treatment of choice. To the author’s knowledge, very few cases of acute epiglottic abscesses have been reported in the literature. This case is unusual because there are no preceding symptoms of pharyngitis or tonsillitis, and no association of risk factors like diabetes mellitus, trauma, foreign body or immunocompromised state.