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The flow of liquids is essential to our understanding of the world. Traditionally, this is done by studying the flow of liquids using wind tunnels in the model. However, the field of computer fluid dynamics has been born over the past century. A program that can model fluid flow is CFD software. Gambit 2.4.6 created a three-dimensional geometry of four reaction blades with a square cascade and studied the secondary losses using FLUENT 6.2. The air is chosen as a working material. Air passes through the turbine cascade at a maximum input speed of 102 m/s. The cascade opens to the atmosphere when exiting. Firstly, the two surfaces of the blade cascade have been smoothed and the secondary losses analyzed. This total flow loss was compared with a roughness applied individually to the suction and pressure surfaces of 250 microns, 750 microns, and 1000 microns in thickness and examined the effect of the thickness on flow loss.

Impact of climate change on various sectors across the globe is quite evident and the dairy sector is no exemption to the threats of changing climate. Most of the activities in dairy farming are performed by women. Dairy farming is a source of sustainable income for the women in rural areas. Women are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change due to their socio-economic position in the society. So, an attempt was made to capture the impacts of climate change on dairy farming from women farmers’ perspective. A total of 360 women farmers were approached for the study. Analytical hierarchy process was used to identify which of the four components and 16 sub-components of dairy farming are most affected due to changing climate. Analysis of farmers’ responses revealed that productive performance was perceived to be the most affected component and average daily milk yield was perceived to be greatly affected due changes in climate.

Object detection and classification in autonomous vehicles are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient navigation through complex environments. This paper addresses the need for robust detection and classification algorithms tailored specifically for Indian roads, which present unique challenges such as diverse traffic patterns, erratic driving behaviors, and varied weather conditions. Despite significant progress in object detection and classification for autonomous vehicles, existing methods often struggle to generalize effectively to the conditions encountered on Indian roads. This paper proposes a novel approach utilizing the YOLOv8 deep learning model, designed to be lightweight, scalable, and efficient for real-time implementation using onboard cameras. Experimental evaluations were conducted using real-life scenarios encompassing diverse weather and traffic conditions. Videos captured in various environments were utilized to assess the model’s performance, with particular emphasis on its accuracy and precision across 35 distinct object classes. The experiments demonstrate a precision of 0.65 for the detection of multiple classes, indicating the model’s efficacy in handling a wide range of objects. Moreover, real-time testing revealed an average accuracy exceeding 70% across all scenarios, with a peak accuracy of 95% achieved in optimal conditions. The parameters considered in the evaluation process encompassed not only traditional metrics but also factors pertinent to Indian road conditions, such as low lighting, occlusions, and unpredictable traffic patterns. The proposed method exhibits superiority over existing approaches by offering a balanced trade-off between model complexity and performance. By leveraging the YOLOv8 architecture, this solution achieved high accuracy while minimizing computational resources, making it well suited for deployment in autonomous vehicles operating on Indian roads.

The management of weather and climate risks in agriculture has become an important issue. Application of weather forecast and related advisories offer a great potential to make better-informed decisions and help farmers in adapting climate change. In the present study, weekly forecast-based crop advisories were prepared and disseminated among the farmers of Jind, Rothak and Hisar districts of Haryana. From each block, three experimental villages i.e., one each village receiving weather based advisory services through either of Whatsapp, Text SMS and Mobile Application and one control village (not receiving weekly advisory services) were chosen and thus resulting in 18 experimental villages and 6 control villages. Difference in Difference (DiD) research design was used to study the impact of advisories on farm operational decision making as well as economic outcome of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and paddy A(Oryza sativa L.) cultivation. Average treatment effect of advisories in both crops was found to be significant in all the farm operational decisions except weed management. Reduced seed rate of 3.47, 3.99 and 3.84 kg/acre, reduction in 14.93, 16.92 and 20.23 kg/acre of fertilizer application and saving 0.25, 0.31, 0.34 number of sprays in wheat crop and similarly reduced seed rate of 1.05, 1.15 and 1.27 kg/acre, reduction in fertilizer usage by 18.52, 20.00 and 20.91 kg/acre, and also saving 0.96, 1.02 and 1.15 number of sprays in paddy crop was observed from Text SMS, WhatsApp and Mobile App treatment groups, respectively. The study has also indicated reduced input cost of ₹943.45, 1026.05 and 1168.33/acre in wheat and similarly ₹1439.98, 1566.86 and 1670.22/acre in paddy from Text SMS, WhatsApp and Mobile App treatment groups, respectively. The provision of seamless weather-based advisories for agriculture need to become a national adaptation priority in adapting to changing climate of today and of the future.

The greater interest of research in the field of bioinformatics and the ample amount of available data across the different domains paved the way for the generation of the dataset with high dimensionality. The number of features in the dataset with high dimensionality are very high and number of rows are less. The significance of the Frequent Colossal Closed Itemsets (FCCI) is high for diverse applications and also for the field of bioinformatics. FCCI are very prominent in the process of the decision making. Amount of information extraction from the dataset with high dimensionality is huge and this extraction is a non-trivial task. The pruning of all the inadmissible features and rows is not performed by the state-of-the-art algorithms. The proposed work articulates the pruning of all the inadmissible features and rows, an efficient pruning strategy to snip the row enumeration mining search space and closure method for checking the closeness of the rowset. An efficient row enumeration algorithm enclosing the rowset closure checking method and pruning strategy is designed to efficiently mine the complete set of FCCI. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of pruning all the inadmissible features and rows.

Abstract Rice is a globally important crop and highly vulnerable to rice blast disease (RBD). We studied the spatial distribution of RBD by considering the 2-year exploratory data from 120 sampling sites over varied rice ecosystems of Karnataka, India. Point pattern and surface interpolation analyses were performed to identify the spatial distribution of RBD. The spatial clusters of RBD were generated by spatial autocorrelation and Ripley’s K function. Further, inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), and indicator kriging (IK) approaches were utilized to generate spatial maps by predicting the values at unvisited locations using neighboring observations. Hierarchical cluster analysis using the average linkage method identified two main clusters of RBD severity. From the Local Moran’s I, most of the districts were clustered together (at I > 0), except the coastal and interior districts (at I 0.05), while Tungabhadra and Kaveri ecosystem districts were clustered together at p

The purpose of this research is to compare the flow and heat transfer properties of water within a straight circular pipe with circular protruded twisted-tape inserts to those inserted by traditional twisted tapes. The investigation was conducted for a laminar flow in a three-dimensional constant heat flux-wall tube. The effects of circular protruded twisted-tape geometries were studied using a twist ratio of y/w = 3. The maximal thermal enhancement factor (TEF) is approximately 1.5 times greater than that provided by traditional twisted tape. Nusselt number and friction factor versus Reynolds number simulation findings for CPTT tube is 15–24% and 12 to 22% higher, respectively, than for PTT tube. The use of the inserts further increased the pressure drop along the pipe. For CPTT tube, an empirical correlation was developed to match numerical data with an 11% variance in the Nusselt number and an 8.5% variation in the friction factor. At lower Reynolds numbers, using a twisted tube combined with a protrusion is viable in terms of energy savings. The current study may optimize energy usage by designing a compact heat exchanger.

PS Rakesh,1 Vijayaprasad Gopichandran,2 Dimple Jamkhandi,1 Krishna Manjunath,1 Kuryan George,1 Jasmin Prasad11Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 2School of Public Health, SRM University, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, IndiaBackground: Even though the problem of anemia during pregnancy has been adequately emphasized, very little attention has been paid to postpartum anemia. The objective of the current study was to estimate the mean change in maternal hemoglobin from 36 weeks' gestation to 6 weeks postpartum and to identify the factors associated with anemia during the postpartum period among women in a rural development block in Tamil Nadu, India.Methods: Ninety-three pregnant women were interviewed using a structured questionnaire at 36 weeks' gestation and then at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Blood samples were collected from the participants at 36 weeks' gestation and at 6 weeks postpartum. Paired t-tests assessing the difference in mean hemoglobin prepartum and postpartum, univariate analysis, and multiple logistic regression to identify factors associated with postpartum anemia were done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 12 for Microsoft Windows software.Results: The proportion of study subjects who were anemic (hemoglobin

In this paper an attempt has been made to optimize ply stacking sequence of single piece E-Glass/Epoxy and Boron /Epoxy composite drive shafts using Particle swarm algorithm (PSA). PSA is a population based evolutionary stochastic optimization technique which is a resent heuristic search method, where mechanics are inspired by swarming or collaborative behavior of biological population. PSA programme is developed to optimize the ply stacking sequence with an objective of weight minimization by considering design constraints as torque transmission capacity, fundamental natural frequency, lateral vibration and torsional buckling strength having number of laminates, ply thickness and stacking sequence as design variables. The weight savings of the E-Glass/epoxy and Boron /Epoxy shaft from PAS were 51% and 85 % of the steel shaft respectively. The optimum results of PSA obtained are compared with results of genetic algorithm (GA) results and found that PSA yields better results than GA.

Objective: Cleidocranial dysostosis (CCD) is a skeletal disorder associated with dental anomalies such as failure or delayed eruption of permanent teeth and multiple impacted supernumerary or permanent teeth. Absence of cellular cementum at the root apex is presumed to be one of the factors for failure or delayed eruption. The aim of this study was to analyze the root cementum of supernumerary(S) and permanent teeth (P) of a CCD patient and to compare the findings with those of normal individuals with special emphasis on delayed eruption. Materials and Methods: Ground sections of 12 extracted teeth (9S + 3P) of a CCD patient and 12 teeth of normal individuals (5S + 7P) were taken for the study. The sections were longitudinal and 50 µm thick. Root characteristics were recorded with the aid of a light microscope. Results: The absence of apical cellular cementum, increased root resorption and increased percentage of the gap type of cemento-enamel (C-E) junctions were significant findings noted both in the supernumerary and permanent teeth of the CCD patient. Conclusion: The presumption of cellular cementum is essential for tooth eruption is not supported by the findings of the present study. Delayed exception could be attributed to various other factors like mechanical obstruction, reduced serum alkaline phosphatase levels etc. Also, the significance of the increased percentage of the gap type of C-E junctions and its role in tooth eruption has to be further evaluated.

We report 13 cases of ophthalmic complications resulting from dengue infection in Singapore. We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 13 patients with dengue fever who had visual impairment. Investigations included Humphrey automated visual field analyzer, Amsler charting, fundus fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Twenty-two eyes of 13 patients were affected. The mean age of patients was 31.7 years. Visual acuity varied from 20/25 to counting fingers only. Twelve patients (92.3%) noted central vision impairment. Onset of visual impairment coincided with the nadir of serum thrombocytopenia. Ophthalmologic findings include macular edema and blot hemorrhages (10), cotton wool spots (1), retinal vasculitis (4), exudative retinal detachment (2), and anterior uveitis (1). All patients recovered visual acuity to 20/30 or better with residual central scotoma by 12 weeks. These new complications suggest a widening spectrum of ophthalmic complications in dengue infection.

Background: It has become important to know the exact origin and course of the vertebral artery as well as the percentage of the abnormalities of these variations from the point of view of surgery, angiography and in all non-invasive procedures. In decompressive procedures and for subsequent stabilization procedures of the cervical spine, thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the vertebral artery is mandatory to avoid a potentially catastrophic injury to the vertebral artery. Aims of the Study: The present study was aimed at investigating the frequency of occurrence of the variations of the pre-transverse segment of the vertebral artery especially concerning the level of its entry into the foramen transversarium, tortuosity and size in formalin fixed adult cadavers and fetuses with the view of keeping the surgeons alert regarding the frequency of occurrence of these variations in the local subjects. Materials and Methods: The pre-transverse segment of the vertebral artery (V1 segment) was studied in 19 formalin fixed cadavers (6 females and 13 males) and ten formalin fixed newborn fetuses. The total length and the diameter of the V1 segment of the vertebral artery were measured in adult cadavers to the nearest millimeter using a sliding caliper. Variations in the level of entry of the vertebral artery in to the foramen transversarium and also tortuosity of the artery were noted down. Results: The vertebral artery measured a mean length of 4.9 ± 1.24 cms and a mean diameter of 3.58 ±1.59 mms. In over 71% of the cases the vertebral artery entered the foramen transversarium at the level of C6. The next highest frequency was C7 (18.42%) and in small percentage of the cases at C5 (5.3%), C4 (2.6%) and C3 (2.6%). The vertebral artery was found to be tortuous in nine cases (23.7%). Conclusions: Data derived from gross anatomical studies serve as an indicator of prevalence of variations within a population group. But it would be safest for the surgeon to investigate each case by a computed tomographic scan before the cervical surgery.

In this paper an attempt has been made to optimize ply stacking sequence of single piece E-Glass/Epoxy, HM Carbon/Epoxy and Boron/Epoxy composite drive shafts using particle swarm optimization (PSOA). PSOA programme is developed using MATLAB V 7 to optimize the ply stacking sequence with an objective of weight minimization. The weight savings of the E-Glass/Epoxy, HM Carbon/Epoxy and Boron/Epoxy shaft are 51%, 87% and 85% of the steel shaft respectively. The optimum results of PSOA obtained are compared with results of genetic algorithm (GA) and found that PSOA yields better results than GA.

Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus in oil-rich seed and grain crops and are a serious problem in agriculture, with aflatoxin B₁ being the most carcinogenic natural compound known. Sexual reproduction in these species occurs between individuals belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). We examined natural genetic variation in 758 isolates of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes sampled from single peanut fields in the United States (Georgia), Africa (Benin), Argentina (Córdoba), Australia (Queensland) and India (Karnataka). Analysis of DNA sequence variation across multiple intergenic regions in the aflatoxin gene clusters of A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes revealed significant linkage disequilibrium (LD) organized into distinct blocks that are conserved across different localities, suggesting that genetic recombination is nonrandom and a global occurrence. To assess the contributions of asexual and sexual reproduction to fixation and maintenance of toxin chemotype diversity in populations from each locality/species, we tested the null hypothesis of an equal number of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating-type individuals, which is indicative of a sexually recombining population. All samples were clone-corrected using multi-locus sequence typing which associates closely with VCG. For both A. flavus and A. parasiticus, when the proportions of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were significantly different, there was more extensive LD in the aflatoxin cluster and populations were fixed for specific toxin chemotype classes, either the non-aflatoxigenic class in A. flavus or the B₁-dominant and G₁-dominant classes in A. parasiticus. A mating type ratio close to 1∶1 in A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. minisclerotigenes was associated with higher recombination rates in the aflatoxin cluster and less pronounced chemotype differences in populations. This work shows that the reproductive nature of the population (more sexual versus more asexual) is predictive of aflatoxin chemotype diversity in these agriculturally important fungi.

Rhinosporidiosis is a benign chronic granulomatous infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi. Rhinosporidiosis is endemic in south Asia, notably in southern India and Sri Lanka. Majority of the cases have been reported to occur in upper respiratory sites, notably anterior nares, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx and soft palate. Only two rare cases of involvement of parotid duct, have been reported in literature. Hence, this case will probably be the third to be reported.