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Green synthesis of NPs has gained extensive acceptance as they are reliable, eco-friendly, sustainable, and stable. Chemically synthesized NPs cause lung inflammation, heart problems, liver dysfunction, immune suppression, organ accumulation, and altered metabolism, leading to organ-specific toxicity. NPs synthesized from plants and microbes are biologically safe and cost-effective. These microbes and plant sources can consume and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their adjacent niches, thus synthesizing extracellular and intracellular NPs. These inherent characteristics of biological cells to process and modify inorganic metal ions into NPs have helped explore an area of biochemical analysis. Biological entities or their extracts used in NPs include algae, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, yeasts, and plants, with varying capabilities through the bioreduction of metallic NPs. These biosynthesized NPs have a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, such as tissue engineering, detection of pathogens or proteins, antimicrobial agents, anticancer mediators, vehicles for drug delivery, formulations for functional foods, and identification of pathogens, which can contribute to translational research in medical applications. NPs have various applications in the food and drug packaging industry, agriculture, and environmental remediation.

Abstract The delivery of safe and effective radical cure for Plasmodium vivax is one of the greatest challenges for achieving malaria elimination from the Asia–Pacific by 2030. During the annual meeting of the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network Vivax Working Group in October 2016, a round table discussion was held to discuss the programmatic issues hindering the widespread use of primaquine (PQ) radical cure. Participants included 73 representatives from 16 partner countries and 33 institutional partners and other research institutes. In this meeting report, the key discussion points are presented and grouped into five themes: (i) current barriers for glucose-6-phosphate deficiency (G6PD) testing prior to PQ radical cure, (ii) necessary properties of G6PD tests for wide scale deployment, (iii) the promotion of G6PD testing, (iv) improving adherence to PQ regimens and (v) the challenges for future tafenoquine (TQ) roll out. Robust point of care (PoC) G6PD tests are needed, which are suitable and cost-effective for clinical settings with limited infrastructure. An affordable and competitive test price is needed, accompanied by sustainable funding for the product with appropriate training of healthcare staff, and robust quality control and assurance processes. In the absence of quantitative PoC G6PD tests, G6PD status can be gauged with qualitative diagnostics, however none of the available tests is currently sensitive enough to guide TQ treatment. TQ introduction will require overcoming additional challenges including the management of severely and intermediately G6PD deficient individuals. Robust strategies are needed to ensure that effective treatment practices can be deployed widely, and these should ensure that the caveats are outweighed by the benefits of radical cure for both the patients and the community. Widespread access to quality controlled G6PD testing will be critical.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae possess a new problem to health care professionals worldwide, which complicates and limits therapeutic options. It is one of the leading nosocomial bacterial pathogens, and the present study aims to determine the prevalence of ESβL producing K. pneumoniae isolates with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in urine samples of the pregnant women with UTI. Materials and Methods: Using standard isolation and identification procedures a total of 41 isolates were obtained from 417 midstream urine samples of pregnant women with suspected UTI in Karnataka. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and ESβL production by standard phenotypic method. Results: Isolation rate of K. pneumoniae in pregnant women was 19.9% and overall incidence rate was 9.8%. Among the 41 K. pneumoniae isolates, 26 (63.4%) were ESβL producers and all were found to be Multi Drug Resistance (MDR). The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) for the isolates revealed that the highest number of K. pneumoniae were resistant to ampicillin (75.6%) followed by, nitrofurontoin and cefuroxime (73.1%) and least to chloramphenicol (12.1%). ESβL producers were highly resistance to nitrofurontoin (69.2%) and cotrimonazole (65.2%) and lower resistance was (7.6%) to amaikacin, observed. A higher resistance pattern to these two antibiotics was observed against ESβL non producing K. pneumonia but lowest to polymyxin B (13.3%) instead of amikacin (26.6%). All the isolates were found to be susceptible to imipenem. Conclusion: Present investigation revealed high prevalence of MDR- ESβL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, which indicates dire need for effective ESβL surveillance in the community by using cost effective antimicrobials agents.

The present research was conducted during the year 2020-21 in Dharwad district of North Karnataka. The expost facto research design was used in this study. Considering more number of Gowli families, six villages of Dharwad taluk were selected and from each village 20 respondents were selected randomly, constituting 120 samples for the study. The results indicated that 69.17 per cent of Gowlis belonged to the low adoption category. Cent percent (100%) of the Gowlis possessed local and crossbreed cow and upgraded buffaloes for milch purpose and 95.83 per cent had full adoption to keep watch on heat symptoms of cow/buffalo. In feeding practices, 98.30 and 63.34 per cent of them had partially adopted feeding 12 kg green fodder and 5 kg dry fodder per day per animal and feeding 1 kg of concentrates per every 2 kg milk yield, respectively. More than onetenth of Gowlis had fully adopted management practices for Haemorrhagic septicaemia (11.67%) and Black quarter (10.83%). Construction of dairy shed at a higher elevation was fully adopted by only 12.50 per cent of Gowlis and filtering of milk with a sieve or muslin cloth after milking was fully adopted by 76.67 per cent. Cent percent (100%) of Gowlis perceived these constraints as greater extent i.e., non-availability of green fodder, non-availability of emergency veterinary services and low milk yield, whereas, constraints perceived as lesser extent were lack of insurance of dairy animals (99.17 %). Variables such as Cosmopoliteness and Economic motivation had a positive and significant relationship with Adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is mainly a rabi season crop of India grown in diverse agroclimatic conditions under various cropping systems and a major pulse crop in Karnataka state. JG-11 and JAKI-9218 are two prominent chickpea varieties cultivated by farmers in Dharwad district along with Annigeri-1 (local variety). The study throws light on differences between the above chickpea varieties in terms of spread, productivity and income. The study was conducted in Dharwad, Navalgund and Kundagol taluks of Dharwad district of Karnataka state during 2020-21 with a sample of 135 chickpea farmers. A distinctive pattern of spread of the two varieties viz., JG-11 and JAKI-9218 was noticed. Initially, in the year 2018-19, the area under JAKI-9218 was greater than JG-11, but in the subsequent years area under JG-11 became greater than JAKI-9218, mainly due to farmers preference to JG-11 variety for its better resistance to fusarium wilt. The study found that the productivity and income of JG-11 and JAKI-9218 varieties had a narrow difference, but showed significant difference when compared with Annigeri-1 (local variety). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karnataka Milk Federation (KMF) provides Dairy Animal Management (DAM) training to the members of milk co-operative societies to provide knowledge on improved dairy management practices. The present research was conducted during 2020-21 in Dharwad district of Karnataka, where a branch of KMF is located and conducting the training programmes to its members regularly on improved dairy management practices. The present study was aimed to know the impact of DAM training on trainees, who were trained during 2017 and 2018, using a proportionate sampling method. A total of 120 respondents were selected from five taluks namely Dharwad, Kalghatgi, Navalgund, Kundgol and Hubballi. The results indicated that more than two-fifth (46.67%) of DAM trainees had high knowledge on improved dairy management practices, whereas cent percent of them had knowledge on specific aspects of management practices viz., dairy breeds, dairy housing, feeding, reproduction management. The variables viz., education, occupation, economic motivation, innovative proneness, social participation and mass media exposure were positively and significantly related to the knowledge level of trainees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research was conducted during the year 2020-21 in Dharwad district of North Karnataka taking into consideration more number Gowli families. Traditionally Gowlis are buffalo keepers. They are involved in dairy farming and animal husbandry from generations for their livelihood. Using the Ex-post facto research design, information was collected in six villages of Dharwad taluk at the rate of 20 respondents from each village, constituting 120 samples for the study. The results indicated that the majority of the Gowlis maintained the herd size of 9 to 26 livestock which were aged more than two and half years buffaloes (93.33%) and cows (64.16%) that were in the peak of economic milk yielding age and even in the herd composition majority (55.00%) had cows + buffaloes combination. Gowlis had a medium level of awareness on Improved Dairy Management Practices. They were well aware of breeds of cows and buffaloes. A majority (99.17%) of them were aware of heat symptoms like bellowing and mounting on other animals each followed by 97.50 per cent of Gowlis were aware of foot and mouth disease, whereas, 95.00 per cent were aware of colostrum feeding and 90.83 per cent of them were aware of filtering the milk with a sieve after milking. Variables such as Herd size, Herd composition, Cosmopoliteness and Economic motivation had a positive and significant relationship with Awareness of Gowlis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper attempted to study the performance of the Sthree Shakti Groups (SSG) in Dharwad district of north Karnataka. Twelve SSGs were identified from four taluks of Dharwad district in consultation with Child Development Project (CDP) Officers. The primary data about the groups were collected from group representatives and respected group members by using the schedule developed for the study. The results indicated that the majority (69.17%) of the respondents belonged to middle age, 37.50 per cent were illiterate and more than one third (35.00%) were practicing Agriculture + Dairy as their family occupation. More than two-fifth (42.50%) had medium annual income, 63.33 per cent had medium social participation. More than two-fifth (41.66%) of the SSGs belonged to the low organizational capacity category. More than twofifth (41.67%) of the SSGs were medium saving and credit category. Half of the group (50.00%) SSGs were found in the medium financial management category, followed by 50.00 per cent of SSGs were found in the medium microenterprise development category and 50.00 per cent were in high category of network and linkage. The majority (83.34%) of the SSGs were categorized into the high empowerment and influence category. More than 50.00 per cent (58.33%) of the SSGs belonged to the medium performance category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]