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Study was carried out in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to analyse the impact of vegetable nutritional garden on the nutritional intake and socio- economic status of selected beneficiaries of District Moga, Punjab, India. Survey conducted to assess the impact of DST Project from 82 beneficiaries across the two blocks i.e. Village Khosapando and Niddhawala, Village Dagaru and Churchak from November- December, 2019 and again August-September, 2021, through a structured questionnaire developed by the Department of Food and Nutrition. The data pertaining to general profile, dietary habits, socio-economic status of the beneficiaries. The dietary diversity questionnaire include 12 groups of food like Cereals, Pulses, Green leafy vegetables, Roots, Tubers, Fruits, Vegetables, Milk and Milk products, Egg, Fat, Sugar, Meat and Miscellaneous. The information on respondent’s food consumption was collected using (24-hour recall).The results have shown that, there was difference in the nutritional uptake of beneficiaries during the intervention period and before the intervention of project. Under this project, area under vegetable cultivation has increased significantly in all selected villages over period 2019-2022 i.e. area under vegetable production in Village Khosa Pando, Dagru, Chuharchak and Nidhanwala increased by 91.6,100, 93.9, 94.2 percent. Moreover, per capita income of farmers having landholding of 0.5 to 1 acre and 0.1 to 0.5 acre has increased by 180 and 62 percent respectively. Furthermore, the consumption of green and leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, and other vegetables by intervention household increased drastically from 61.4, 48, 54 to 97.6, 95.0 and 88.1 respectively after establishing vegetable nutrition gardens.

Objective This scoping review explores the potential for virtual environments (VE) to evaluate emotional outcomes in clinical communication research. Authors representing multiple disciplines use review results to propose potential research opportunities and considerations. Methods We utilized a structured framework for scoping reviews. We searched four literature databases for relevant articles. We applied multidisciplinary perspectives to synthesize relevant potential opportunities for emotion-focused communications research using VE. Results Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria. They applied different methodological approaches, including a range of VE technologies and diverse emotional outcome measures, such as psychophysiological arousal, emotional valence, or empathy. Major research topics included use of virtual reality to provoke and measure emotional responses, train clinicians in communication skills, and increase clinician empathy. Conclusion Researchers may leverage VE technologies to ethically and systematically examine how characteristics of clinical interactions, environments, and communication impact emotional reactions and responses among patients and clinicians. Variability exists in how VE technologies are employed and reported in published literature, and this may limit the internal and external validity of the research. However, virtual reality can provide a low-cost, low-risk, experimentally controlled, and ecologically valid approach for studying clinician-patient communication. Practice implications Future research should leverage psychophysiological measures to further examine emotional responses during clinical communication scenarios and clearly report virtual environment characteristics to support evaluation of study conclusions, study replicability, and meta-analyses.

Objectives To explore how physicians in neurology, family medicine, internal medicine, and emergency medicine characterize clinical empathy. Methods Physicians (N = 94) were asked to describe up to 10 examples of empathic physician behavior. Data were analyzed using template analysis. Results Physicians’ descriptions of clinical empathy patterned into three themes: Clinical Performance and Professionalism, Interpersonal Communication, and Clinician Orientation. Clinical Performance and Professionalism subthemes included physician competency and accessibility; intersection with institutional resources; and spending/making/taking time with patients. Interpersonal Communication subthemes involved information sharing; verbal and nonverbal approaches; interpersonal sensitivity; physician self-disclosure; and attention to emotion. Clinician Orientation encompassed general physician demeanor and internal thoughts and feelings that might be unobservable by patients. Physicians varied widely in the themes they mentioned in their definition of empathy. Conclusion Physicians hold diverse notions of clinical empathy. These extend beyond traditional affective and cognitive empathy definitions to include structural elements like team-based care and accessibility after hours. Communication behaviors were perceived as important for demonstrating empathy. Some physician descriptions of empathy may not be perceptible to patients. Practice Implications Training physicians to engage in behaviors that both they and patients perceive as empathic may lead to higher patient and physician satisfaction.

The new presented Butterfly-PSO technique (or BF-PSO) is basically originated by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The Butterfly-PSO technique (BF-PSO) appears as a new growing star among all optimization techniques. The proposed ‘Butterfly- Particle Swarm Optimization (Butterfly or BF-PSO)’ is inspired by butterfly natural intelligence, character, behavior, intelligent network and intelligent communication during the nectar search process. The BF-PSO introduces new parameters such as sensitivity of butterfly (s), probability of food (nectar) (p), the degree of the node and the time varying probability coefficient (α). These parameters improve the searching ability, excellent convergence and the overall performance of the Butterfly-PSO effectivly. The BF-PSO optimizations results have been presented for various functions with the multi-dimension problems.

In the past few decades, the demand for electricity has increased substantially. A number of factors affect this rapid rise in electricity demand. With this increased demand the role of transmission network becomes crucial for suitable operation, especially under restructured environment. The different limitations such as stability limit, voltage limit and thermal limits enforce restrictions on power wheeling capability of transmission lines. The major issues associated with power industry especially in the pool-based market are the recovery of transmission costs apportioned between the diverse. Restructuring of the electricity supply industry has taken place around the world. This restructuring consists of various new aspects such as transmission embedded cost allocation, reactive power cost allocation, transmission loss allocation, the impact of power flow regulating devices etc. Many methodologies and algorithms were proposed for addressing these issues. In this paper, FACTS incorporated power flow model is used for the determination of flow of real and reactive power by using the power flow tracing principle, which involves matrix properties for the real and reactive power allocation and cost allocation for different participants. FACTS devices which have the capability of regulating the power flow and voltage support at the buses. Hence UPFC incorporated in the transmission system have been considered in this paper. Comparative results with and without FACT controller are present for the sample 5 bus system and methodology also tested on IEEE 14 bus system.

Global warming is one of the most alarming phenomena facing our planet today. There is a consensus among scientists that human-induced greenhouse gases (GHGs) should be regulated to slow down the heating of the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. Energy consumption and CO2 emissions are continuously increasing in different countries, especially developing ones such as India, whose emerging economy and rapid economic development has caught the attention of the world. CO2 emission trading is executed by the various developed countries to alleviate the affect of GHG emissions. In this work, an optimal bidding strategy for a supplier has been developed, considering rival’s bidding behavior, in an hourly day-ahead pool market. Bidding problem has been formulated as a bi-level multi objective optimization problem (BLMOOP), where in the first level generator submit bid strategically to the ISO and in the next level a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach has been employed for the maximization of social welfare with risk management. It is assumed that each generator should submit bid in sealed auction based on pay-as-bid MCP (market clearing price) mechanism with knowing the rival’s bidding behavior. The practicability of proposed optimization method is examined by an IEEE-30 bus system which consists of six suppliers.

Background Despite large reductions in under-5 lower respiratory infection (LRI) mortality in many locations, the pace of progress for LRIs has generally lagged behind that of other childhood infectious diseases. To better inform programmes and policies focused on preventing and treating LRIs, we assessed the contributions and patterns of risk factor attribution, intervention coverage, and sociodemographic development in 195 countries and territories by drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) LRI estimates. Methods We used four strategies to model LRI burden: the mortality due to LRIs was modelled using vital registration data, demographic surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data in a predictive ensemble modelling tool; the incidence of LRIs was modelled using population representative surveys, health-care utilisation data, and scientific literature in a compartmental meta-regression tool; the attribution of risk factors for LRI mortality was modelled in a counterfactual framework; and trends in LRI mortality were analysed applying changes in exposure to risk factors over time. In GBD, infectious disease mortality, including that due to LRI, is among HIV-negative individuals. We categorised locations based on their burden in 1990 to make comparisons in the changing burden between 1990 and 2017 and evaluate the relative percent change in mortality rate, incidence, and risk factor exposure to explain differences in the health loss associated with LRIs among children younger than 5 years. Findings In 2017, LRIs caused 808 920 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 747 286–873 591) in children younger than 5 years. Since 1990, there has been a substantial decrease in the number of deaths (from 2 337 538 to 808 920 deaths; 65·4% decrease, 61·5–68·5) and in mortality rate (from 362·7 deaths [330·1–392·0] per 100 000 children to 118·9 deaths [109·8–128·3] per 100 000 children; 67·2% decrease, 63·5–70·1). LRI incidence declined globally (32·4% decrease, 27·2–37·5). The percent change in under-5 mortality rate and incidence has varied across locations. Among the risk factors assessed in this study, those responsible for the greatest decrease in under-5 LRI mortality between 1990 and 2017 were increased coverage of vaccination against Haemophilus influenza type b (11·4% decrease, 0·0–24·5), increased pneumococcal vaccine coverage (6·3% decrease, 6·1–6·3), and reductions in household air pollution (8·4%, 6·8–9·2). Interpretation Our findings show that there have been substantial but uneven declines in LRI mortality among countries between 1990 and 2017. Although improvements in indicators of sociodemographic development could explain some of these trends, changes in exposure to modifiable risk factors are related to the rates of decline in LRI mortality. No single intervention would universally accelerate reductions in health loss associated with LRIs in all settings, but emphasising the most dominant risk factors, particularly in countries with high case fatality, can contribute to the reduction of preventable deaths. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) may be an effective approach to prevent HIV among people who are currently incarcerated or who have been recently released from incarceration. However, awareness and interest in PrEP are largely unknown in this population. This study assessed 417 incarcerated men's lifetime HIV risk engagement and gauged their interest and willingness to take PrEP. Twenty percent reported ever injecting drugs and 4% ever having sex with a man without a condom; 88% had never heard of PrEP. More White men had heard of PrEP, but higher percentages of men of color were interested in learning more about PrEP and willing to take PrEP to prevent HIV. Future interventions should focus on PrEP education and uptake among individuals who are incarcerated.

BACKGROUND: Brain and CNS cancers (collectively referred to as CNS cancers) are a source of mortality and morbidity for which diagnosis and treatment require extensive resource allocation and sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic technology. Previous epidemiological studies are limited to specific geographical regions or time periods, making them difficult to compare on a global scale. In this analysis, we aimed to provide a comparable and comprehensive estimation of the global burden of brain cancer between 1990 and 2016. METHODS: We report means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) estimates for CNS cancers (according to the International Classification of Diseases tenth revision: malignant neoplasm of meninges, malignant neoplasm of brain, and malignant neoplasm of spinal cord, cranial nerves, and other parts of CNS) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016. Data sources include vital registration and cancer registry data. Mortality was modelled using an ensemble model approach. Incidence was estimated by dividing the final mortality estimates by mortality to incidence ratios. DALYs were estimated by summing years of life lost and years lived with disability. Locations were grouped into quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: In 2016, there were 330 000 (95% UI 299 000 to 349 000) incident cases of CNS cancer and 227 000 (205 000 to 241 000) deaths globally, and age-standardised incidence rates of CNS cancer increased globally by 17·3% (95% UI 11·4 to 26·9) between 1990 and 2016 (2016 age-standardised incidence rate 4·63 per 100 000 person-years [4·17 to 4·90]). The highest age-standardised incidence rate was in the highest quintile of SDI (6·91 [5·71 to 7·53]). Age-standardised incidence rates increased with each SDI quintile. East Asia was the region with the most incident cases of CNS cancer for both sexes in 2016 (108 000 [95% UI 98 000 to 122 000]), followed by western Europe (49 000 [37 000 to 54 000]), and south Asia (31 000 [29 000 to 37 000]). The top three countries with the highest number of incident cases were China, the USA, and India. CNS cancer was responsible for 7·7 million (95% UI 6·9 to 8·3) DALYs globally, a non-significant change in age-standardised DALY rate of -10·0% (-16·4 to 2·6) between 1990 and 2016. The age-standardised DALY rate decreased in the high SDI quintile (-10·0% [-27·1 to -0·1]) and high-middle SDI quintile (-10·5% [-18·4 to -1·4]) over time but increased in the low SDI quintile (22·5% [11·2 to 50·5]). INTERPRETATION: CNS cancer is responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide, and incidence increased between 1990 and 2016. Significant geographical and regional variation in the incidence of CNS cancer might be reflective of differences in diagnoses and reporting practices or unknown environmental and genetic risk factors. Future efforts are needed to analyse CNS cancer burden by subtype. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sí

Background The COVID-19 infections and deaths have largely been uneven within and between countries. With 17% of the world’s population, India has so far had 13% of global COVID-19 infections and 8.5% of deaths. Maharashtra accounting for 9% of India’s population, is the worst affected state, with 19% of infections and 33% of total deaths in the country until 23rd December 2020. Though a number of studies have examined the vulnerability to and spread of COVID-19 and its effect on mortality, no attempt has been made to understand its impact on mortality in the states of India. Method Using data from multiple sources and under the assumption that COVID-19 deaths are additional deaths in the population, this paper examined the impact of the disease on premature mortality, loss of life expectancy, years of potential life lost (YPLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) in Maharashtra. Descriptive statistics, a set of abridged life tables, YPLL, and DALY were used in the analysis. Estimates of mortality indices were compared pre- and during COVID-19. Result COVID-19 attributable deaths account for 5.3% of total deaths in the state and have reduced the life expectancy at birth by 0.8 years, from 73.2 years in the pre-COVID-19 period to 72.4 years by the end of 2020. If COVID-19 attributable deaths increase to 10% of total deaths, life expectancy at birth will likely reduce by 1.4 years. The probability of death in 20–64 years of age (the prime working-age group) has increased from 0.15 to 0.16 due to COVID-19. There has been 1.06 million additional loss of years (YPLL) in the state, and DALY due to COVID-19 has been estimated to be 6 per thousand. Conclusion COVID-19 has increased premature mortality, YPLL, and DALY and has reduced life expectancy at every age in Maharashtra.

Ponzi Schemes is not a very complex form of thievery, in fact, they are quite simple. The only job is to dupe the unassuming investors into handing over their money under the guise that it would be placed into some form of investment. Given that it’s a scam, the money is never really invested, yet the “returns” do in turn happen. The question as to how the swindler manages to return the investment is answered in this paper. Furthermore, mushrooming of the Ponzi scheme in India is a common occurrence in the contemporary times, the root cause for such scams could be found in the failure of the formal financial institutions in catering to the felt needs of the people for a savings and thrift schemes by expanding their geographical coverage to all parts of India and a general lack of awareness amongst masses of the distinction between legal and permitted financial products and illegal and unsafe schemes. The article further analyses various Indian cases and assesses the viability of the Laws in force in India and the newly introduced the Unregulated Deposits Schemes (Banning) Act, 2019 and the Unregulated Deposits Schemes Rules, 2020.

The prevalence of location-based social networks (LBSNs) has eased the understanding of human mobility patterns. Knowledge of human dynamics can aid in various ways like urban planning, managing traffic congestion, personalized recommendation etc. These dynamics are influenced by factors like social impact, periodicity in mobility, spatial proximity, influence among users and semantic categories etc., which makes location modelling a critical task. However, categories which act as semantic characterization of the location, might be missing for some check-ins and can adversely affect modelling the mobility dynamics of users. At the same time, mobility patterns provide a cue on the missing semantic category. In this paper, we simultaneously address the problem of semantic annotation of locations and location adoption dynamics of users. We propose our model HAP-SAP, a latent spatio-temporal multivariate Hawkes process, which considers latent semantic category influences, and temporal and spatial mobility patterns of users. The model parameters and latent semantic categories are inferred using expectation-maximization algorithm, which uses Gibbs sampling to obtain posterior distribution over latent semantic categories. The inferred semantic categories can supplement our model on predicting the next check-in events by users. Our experiments on real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model for the semantic annotation and location adoption modelling tasks., 11 pages

In a short span of four months, the COVID-19 pandemic has added over 0.4 million deaths worldwide, which are untimely, premature and unwarranted. The USA, Italy, Germany and Sweden are four worst affected countries, accounting to over 40% of COVID-19 deaths globally. The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of COVID-19 attributable deaths on longevity, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) in USA, Italy, Germany and Sweden. Data from United Nation Population Projection, Statista and centre for disease control and prevention were used in the analyses. Life expectancy, YPLL and DALY were estimated under four scenarios; no COVID-19 deaths, actual number of COVID-19 death as of 22ndMay, 2020 and anticipating COVID-19 death share of 6% and 10% respectively. The COVID-19 attributable deaths have lowered the life expectancy by 0.4 years each in USA and Sweden, 0.5 years in Italy and 0.1 years in Germany. The loss of YPLL was 1.5, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.5 million in USA, Italy, Germany and Sweden respectively. The DALY (per 1000 population) due to COVID-19 was 4 in USA, 6 in Italy, 1 each in Germany and Sweden. Compression in life expectancy and increase in YPLL and DALY may intensify further if death continues to soar. COVID-19 has a marked impact on mortality. Reduction in longevity premature mortality and loss of DALY is higher among elderly.

Objectives To explore what undergraduates, community members, oncology patients, and physicians consider empathic behavior in a physician. Methods 150 undergraduates, 152 community members, 95 physicians, and 89 oncology patients rated 49 hypothetical physician behaviors for how well they fit their personal definition of physician empathy. Dimensions of empathy were explored and compared across groups. Results Three dimensions of empathy were Conscientious and Reassuring, Relationship Oriented, and Emotionally Involved. Relationship Oriented was the most strongly endorsed, followed by Emotionally Involved, with Conscientious and Reassuring coming in last. There were no group differences for Conscientious and Reassuring, but the Relationship Oriented factor was more endorsed by the clinical groups (physicians and patients) than the non-clinical groups. The Emotionally Involved factor was endorsed by physicians notably more than by patients. Conclusion What is considered clinical empathy is not the same across individuals and stakeholder groups. Practice Implications Physicians and patients differ in how much they include the physicians’ emotionality and emotion-related actions in their definition of empathy. Communication training for physicians that emphasizes behaviors associated with empathy (listening, understanding a person’s feelings and perspectives, and showing interest in and concern for the whole person) may enhance patients’ perception of clinical empathy.

BackgroundIndia is vulnerable to community infection of COVID-19 due to crowded and poor living condition, high density, slums in urban areas and poor health care system. The number of COVID 19 infection has crossed 300,000 with over 7,500 deaths despite a prolonged period of lock down and restrictions in public spaces. Given the likely scale and magnitude of this pandemic, it is important to understand its impact on the age pattern of mortality under varying scenarios.ObjectiveThe main objective of this paper is to understand the age pattern of mortality under varying scenarios of community infection.Data and MethodsData from the Sample Registration System (SRS), covidi19india.org and country specific data from worldmeter is used in the analyses. Descriptive statistics, case-fatality ratio, case fatality ratio with 14 days delay, abridged life table,years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) is used.ResultsThe case fatality ratio (CFR) with 14 days delay for India is at least twice higher (8.0) than CFR of 3.4. Considering 8% mortality rate and varying scenario of community infection by 0.5%, 1% and 2%, India’s life expectancy will reduce by 0.8, 1.5 and 3.0 years and potential life years lost by 12.1 million, 24.3 million and 48.6 million years respectively. A community infection of 0.5% may result in DALY by 6.2 per 1000 population. Major share of PYLL and DALY is accounted by the working ages.ConclusionCOVID-19 has a visible impact on mortality with loss of productive life years in working ages. Sustained effort at containing the transmission at each administrative unit is recommended to arrest mortality owing to COVID-19 pandemic.What is known?The case fatality rate associated with COVID-19 is low in India compared to many other countries. The mortality level is higher among elderly and people with co-morbidity.ContributionThe case fatality ratio is illusive in the sense that the same with 14 days delay for India is at least twice higher (8.0). The COVID-19 attributable mortality has the potential to reduce the longevity of the population. Unlike developed countries, about half of the COVID-19 attributable mortality would be in the working age group of 45-64 years. With any level of community infection, the years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) world be highest in the working age group (45-64 years).

Background: Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods: We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings: The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation: By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). S Aljunid reports additional funding from the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project outside of the study. A Awasthi is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through the INSPIRE Faculty Program outside of the study. A Badawi reports additional funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada outside of the study. A Barac reports additional funding from the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (no III45005) outside of the study. T Bärnighausen reports additional funding by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research outside of the study. F Carvalho and E Fernandez report additional funding from the Portuguese national funds (UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019) outside of the study. V M Costa reports additional funding from Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for her grant (SFRH/BPD/110001/2015), which was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitória – DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 outside of the study. J De Neve reports additional funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation outside of the study. K Deribe reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 201900) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship outside of the study. D Endalew and M Moradi report additional funding from Wolkite University. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana report additional funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI (project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084) outside of the study. C Herteliu reports additional funding from the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness (Project ID P_40_382) and the European Fund for Regional Development, through InterReg Romania-Hungary (project code EMS ROHU 217) outside of the study. P Hoogar reports additional funding from the Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalaghatagi and The Department of Studies in Anthropology, Karnatak University, D S Islam reports additional funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University outside of the study. A Khatony reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah outside of the study. J Khubchandani reports additional funding from Merck Research Laboratories outside of the study. K Krishan reports additional funding from the UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India outside of the study. M Kumar reports additional funding from the Fogarty Foundation/NIH through a K43 award (TW010716-01A1) outside of the study. B Lacey reports additional funding from the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK) outside of the study. A M Samy reports additional funding from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program (EFMP) outside of the study. S Seyedmousavi reports additional funding from the Intramural Program of National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA outside of the study. M Shey reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust Kenji Shibuya reports additional funding from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology outside of the study. M Sobhiyeh reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences outside of the study. J Soriano reports additional funding from Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain outside of the study. N Taveira reports additional funding from the LIFE study (RIA2016MC-1615) of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) program supported by the European Union outside of the study. B Unnikrishnan reports additional funding from the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India outside of the study. T Wijeratne reports additional funding from the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka outside of the study. C S Wiysonge reports additional funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa outside of the study.

This research especially focus on Railway Traction System of Electrical Multiple Units (EMUs) and illustrate the approaching of an Asymmetric Cascaded H-bridge (ACHB) 9-level MLI controlled by the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) to enhance the quality of output by sinking the harmonic contents in the output result. As in the railway, traction system desires high power and voltage for its operation. So it is proficient to utilize recent introduced Multilevel Inverter (MLI) instead of Conventional Inverter. MLI which is discussed here uses two H-bridge modules with unequal DC sources and it is competent to generate multilevel results at output side. Here proposed MLI uses limited semiconductor switches and voltage source. Therefore expenditure and dimensions of the system is condensed. Thus the system effectiveness will enhance. Simulation has done by MATLAB software to authenticate the performance and functional study of proposed MLI. The simulated output shows very favourable result. Comparison has been made between the two (Conventional and Multilevel) power circuit configurations.

Late blight (LB) (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary) is a highly destructive disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) worldwide and attacks all the aerial parts of the plant including leaves, stems and immature green fruits causing 100% yield loss under congenial environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers associated with Ph-2 and Ph-3 gene conferring LB resistance in tomato. Two co-dominant markers (TG422 and TG328) were associated with Ph-2 and Ph-3, which were cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) type. The tomato line PAU IND 2372 was crossed with the late blight resistant line LBR 21 to develop F2 population. A total of 540 plants were screened for the target loci and tagged. From 540 F2 plants, 112 were resistant for Ph-2 and 106 for Ph-3 gene and 281 plants were positive for both Ph-2 and Ph-3 gene. The pattern of segregation of susceptibility or resistance was investigated using the chi-square (χ2) test.

Background Since the dawn of civilization, disabilities have existed in various dimensions of human life. World Health Organization (WHO) defines disability as an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Globally, approximately 1 billion people have some form of disability, and approximately 20% have significant functioning impairments. Objective This study aims to estimate the level, trends and prospects of disability in 640 districts of India. Data for the present study has been taken from Census of India, 2001 and 2011. Methods A Disability Index was calculated at the district level, and state level indexing was done using the Disability Deprivation Index. The population for the year 2021 was projected using the exponential growth rate method. The Disability Deprivation Index was calculated using child labor, adult unemployment, illiteracy, and the ratio of beggars in the disabled population. Results The study reveals that the proportion of the disabled population in India was 2.10% in 2001, which increased to 2.21% in 2011. According to the Disability Deprivation Index, Maharashtra was the best-performing state in 2011. There were 4.90 million new cases of disability in India during 2001–11, out of which 1.52 million cases belonged to non-congenital disability. Conclusions There is a rise in the disabled population in India, which needs special attention. The working status of the disabled is gloomy. The majority of the disabled people are non-working and need adequate rehabilitation measures that would facilitate employment.