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Intelligence is needed to keep up with the rapid evolution of wireless communications, especially in terms of managing and allocating the scarce, radio spectrum in the highly varying and disparate modern environments. Cognitive radio (CR) systems promise to handle this situation by utilizing intelligent software packages that enrich their transceiver with radio-awareness, adaptability and capability to learn. Its system participates in a continuous process, “the cognition cycle”, during which it adjusts its operating parameters, observes the results and, eventually takes actions, that is to say, decides to operate in a specific radio configuration (i.e., radio access technology, carrier frequency, modulation type, etc.) expecting to move the radio toward some optimized operational state. In such a process, learning mechanisms utilize information from measurements sensed from the environment, gathered experience and stored knowledge and guide in decision making. This paper evaluates learning schemes that are based on adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for predicting the capabilities (e.g. data rate) that can be achieved by a specific radio configuration in cognitive radio. While CR is an intelligent emergent technology, where learning schemes are needed to assist in its functioning. On the other side, ANFIS based scheme is one of the good learning artificial intelligence method, that combines best features of neural network and fuzzy logic. Here proposed method is able to assist a cognitive radio system to help in selecting the best one radio configuration to operate in. Performance metric like root mean square error (RMSE), prediction accuracy of ANFIS learning has been used as performance index.

Introduction:Osteoarthritis is the result of mechanical and biological events that destabilize the normal processes of degradation and synthesis of articular cartilage chondrocytes, extracellular matrix, and subchondral bone. All-polyethylene (AP) tibial components were largely abandoned in favour of metal-backed (MB) components in the 1980s. metal backing is now the predominant design in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The present study aimed to assess and compare the functional outcome, in patient with total knee replacement using all polyethylene and metal backed tibial prosthesis in Primary Total Knee Replacement. Material And Methods:Our is an analytical cross-sectional study in which we have included 36 patients with primary knee osteoarthritis kellgren –lawrence grade III, IV 18 patients in all poly group and 18 patients in metal backed group. In which during follow up X-rays and functional outcome was evaluated using the American Knee Society Score at 1, 3, and 6-month follow-ups for patients of both the groups and compared. Result:In all polyethylene groups the functional score at 1, 3 and 6 months were 51.39 + 8.1, 76.67 + 8.1 and 89.72 + 4.6 respectively. While in metal group, the mean functional scores were 50.28 + 5.8, 77.22 + 5.7 and 988.61 + 4.1 at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months respectively. The most common complication was stiffness in 13.9% of patients of both the groups followed by extension leg (5.6%), infection (2.8%) and proximal tibial fracture (2.8%) in both groups. In present study, 75% of the patient did not have any post operative complications among all study subjects. Conclusion:There is no statistically significant difference in clinical outcome between all polyethylene and metal backed, improved values in terms of functional and clinical scores preferably in both the group metal backed and all polyethylene group. This study is not without limitations. Even though it is prospective study, patients were followed for shorter duration only. Hence, a study with elegant methodology and long follow up period can accurately assess the efficacy of all polyethylene and metal backed prosthesis used in knee replacement surgery.

Introduction:Inelderlywithdisplacedfemoralneckfractures(FNFs),choicebetweenhemiarthroplastyandTHRhasalwaysbeenadifficultone,boththetreatmentmodalitieshavingtheirownproponents.Hemiarthroplastyisalesscomplexsurgeryandhasbeenassociatedwithreducedcomplicationsandlowerinitialcostswhile THRontheotherhandhasbeenassociatedwithbetterpostoperativefunction. MaterialandMethods:ThisstudywasconductedonpatientswithdisplacedFNFswithagemorethan65years,operatedeitherwithTHRorhemiarthroplastyon40patients(20ineachgroup).SouthernMooreapproachwasusedforexposureofthehipjoint.Thefollowupwasdoneat1,3and6monthsduringwhichfunctionalassessmentwasdoneusingHarrisHipScore(HHP)andassociatedcomplicationswerealsoanalyzed. Results:ThemeanHHPwashigherinTHRgroupthroughoutthestudyperiodbutitwasnotstatisticallysignificant.ThecomplicationsinhemiarthroplastyGroupwereInfectionin10%,PulmonaryEmbolismin5%ofpatients.ThecomplicationsinTHRGroupwereInfectionin5%,LLDin15%,Dislocationin5%ofpatients. Conclusion:THRprovestobesuperiorintermsofhigherincreaseinHHP.DislocationratesandLimblengthdiscrepancieswerehigherintheTHRgroupbutcanbepreventedwithadequatemeasureswhiletheother complicationswerecomparableinboththegroups.THRshouldbepreferredmethodofmanagementofdisplacedFNFsinactiveelderlypatientswithacceptableratesofcomplications. &nbsp

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2013–14 to find out dose of sulphur and vermicompost to obtain better growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Sixteen treatment combinations of 4 levels of sulphur (0, 25, 50 and 75 kg S/ha) and 4 levels of vermicompost (0, 2, 4 and 6 t/ha) were tested. Application of 50 kg sulphur and 4.0t vermicompost/ha individually recorded significantly higher plant height, number of leaves per plant, neck thickness of bulb, polar diameter of bulb, equatorial diameter of bulb, number of cloves per bulb, fresh weight of 20 cloves, fresh weight of bulb, dry weight of bulb, bulb yield, TSS, volatile oil content and sulphur content of bulb. This combination significantly increased the bulb yield by 25.7 and 20.69 per cent over their respective control.