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Indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used in the optoelectronic industry as a transparent conductive oxide owing to its excellent optical and electrical properties. To improve the physical properties of ITO, highly conductive ITO/Ag/ITO multilayer electrodes were prepared using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering at room temperature. Then, laser annealing was performed on the multilayer electrodes with scanning intervals of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 mm. The structural properties of the multilayer electrodes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and their optical and electrical properties were characterized by ultraviolet (UV) visible spectrophotometry and a four-point probe station, respectively. The results demonstrated that the multilayer films had a polycrystalline structure, and ITO (222) and Ag (111) preferred orientations were identified after laser annealing. In addition, the crystalline size of the Ag layers increased slightly, implying that the defect density within the Ag layers was reduced, resulting in a significant increase in its conductivity. A significantly low electrical resistivity of 5.35 [Formula: see text]/sq and high optical transmittance of 85% were achieved. The Haacke index value was [Formula: see text], which was much better than the value of [Formula: see text] before laser annealing.

Microbial infections are a general public health problem worldwide, and their resistance to antibiotics has increased rapidly. The prevention of microbial growth on the surface of cotton fabric is essential to control skin-related infections. In this work, we evaluated A.calamus- zinc oxide nanoparticle (AC-ZnONPs) coated cotton fabrics for antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The formulated AC-ZnONPs were characterized by UV-spectrophotometer, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, and TEM studies. The AC-ZnONPs amalgamation into the cotton fabrics was done by the dipping technique. The antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic activity were executed by standard approaches. The results of UV-spectrophotometer, TEM, and SEM, and EDX proved the formation and existence of AC-ZnONPs on the fabrics' surface. FT-IR results demonstrated the existence of numerous functional groups. AC-ZnONPs efficiently suppressed the growth of the pathogenic microbes with a maximum inhibition at 60 μg of AC-ZnONPs against E.coli and S.aureus. The AC-ZnONPs coated fabrics also prevented microbial growth with maximum inhibition against P.aeruginosa, K.oxytoca, and A.baumanii. In addition, AC-ZnONPs efficiently suppressed the viability of SK-MEL-3 cells. Altogether, our findings disclosed that the AC-ZnONPs coated fabrics displayed excellent antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic microbes and could be utilized in the medical fields in the future.

Concrete is the essential material for building and structural designing developments. Therefore, the concrete assembling area assumes a crucial function in the country’s financial turn of events. Environmental change is considered the major ecological test for the world. Mechanical advance has brought about Cement making organizations having the option to deliver higher volumes contrasted with the past. Nonetheless, the higher creation levels have additionally been generally named as the main source of contamination. The Cement industry is one of the pioneers in the crumbling of climate by exhausting assets and devouring energy or making of waste. Emanations from Cement fabricating are one of the significant benefactors in an Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental change. Cement creation is one of the most energy-concentrated enterprises on the planet which has a high potential for heat recuperation, almost 35%of hotness is fastened from preheater and cooler vent gases. This paper has considered the possibility of the specialized plan of WHRP (Waste Heat Recovery Plant) from steam for electrical power creation. Furthermore, this industry includes air contamination likely the elevated release comprises of sulphur, nitrogen, and particulate matter. It settled down in a close-by environment thus, this paper investigates the residue collection framework, to decrease the relationship of residue. The goal of this exploration is to distinguish the ecological effects of the cement industry to suggest arrangements and improve the manageability of the environment.

Contemporarily, AMR reserve the prestigious menace to sufferer ministrations as it pilots to augmented unwholesomeness and ephemerality, augmented infirmary lingered, and stern remunerative to the sufferer and rustic. The intrusion or chasm or rip up of the unwrinkled and featureless textural executable forum (homeostasis), through rents accords way for morbific distinctive imperceptible life form which doles pyemic pool. Thus fashioned decayed or necrosed or sloughed or putrified or gangrenized samples from SOTs, ICU, CCU, emergency ward, dental ward, post-operative ward and labour ward germproof sixty specimens were amassed 1. swabbing- oral, nasopharyngeal, otitic, fornix, proctitic, swabbing along with post-surgical nonhealing lingering glycemic’s and non-glycemic’s, trophic ulcers, non-healing malleolars pressure point internal or external sore, chemical and thermal ulcers inclusive of bruises by unsoiled wads 2. Materials amassed in germproof labeled conduits for C/S samples such as urine, stools, sputum, and blood from dissimilar infirmaries and laboratories at Madurai which were inoculated in the apposite media and brooded properly, corroborated through gram staining inveterate as gram+ve, gram-ve, aerobic, anaerobic cultures of imperceptible life forms affirmed as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, K. oxytoca, Candida albicans and Clostridium perfringens whose microbic vigor explicitly morbific branded schematically by envisioning the zone of inhibition viz E. coli (20 mm), K. pneumonia (25 mm), P. aeruginosa (22 mm), S. aureus (26 mm) in the post cathartically soiled petri plate as multidrug opposition or sensitized.

This paper is focused on the review of ergonomic tools and the ergonomic issues that are present now. The main focus on this paper is to identify the ergonomic issues faced by the workers during Manual Material Handling (MMH). The studies show that the workers who had high ergonomic issues like Musculoskeletal Disorder while in Manual Handling such as lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, and any vibration generating activities. The main reason for enhancing the ergonomic issues is due to the improper knowledge of work, less experience, carelessness, and awkward working posture. The studies also show that age-wise and gender-wise have a variation in the rate of ergonomic issues. Here we focused on the general ergonomic tools and software for accessing easily in an industry or workplace to get the ergonomic risk level in their works. The Ergonomic tools like RULA, REBA, NIOSH, SNOOK Table, etc to be classified based on the work task. The categorization of the ergonomic tool will be helpful to select for particular task risk analysis and posture analysis. The project aims to do risk analysis in lifting and lowering the object in different sections of an industry with help of the NIOSH calculator (Ergo Fellow 3.0), and then provide necessary recommendations and instructions.

In this study, a sandwich-structured electrode composed of indium tin oxide (ITO)/metal silver layer/ITO was prepared by the radio frequency magnetron sputtering method. We used the Taguchi method and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) analysis to optimize the geometrical structures of the electrodes and the sputtering power for the silver layer. While the Taguchi method allows us to rapidly optimize the manufacturing parameters, SE analysis enables us to precisely evaluate the thickness of each layer of the electrodes, so that the whole optimization process is more precise and effective. When the silver layers of different samples are sputtered under the same conditions, the difference in their thickness is often [Formula: see text] nm. Thus, it is difficult to understand the influences of the manufacturing parameters on the optoelectronic performance of the electrodes. Experimental results show that the thickness of the silver layer was the main factor affecting the transmittance and sheet resistance of the electrodes. However, the decisive factors for the Haacke index in the visible light range were the thickness of the bottom ITO film. Nonetheless, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios of some factors are quite close. Thus, further analyses are needed to understand this phenomenon. After optimization, the Haacke index is [Formula: see text], which is better than the 19.45 of the best sample, suggesting that this experiment has improved the optoelectronic properties of the electrode.

In this work, considering the various practical concerns during storage, processing, handling and emission of flash powder used for making firecracker, a slight modification was made in chemical composition of flash powder to overcome all the above-mentioned practical concerns. Generally, flash powder chemical composition consists of KNO3-60%, Al-20% and S-20% for making firecrackers. The modification was made by replacing 5% and 10% of sulfur with tamarind seed powder (TSP) in the flash powder composition. In this study, all the chemicals used for making flash powder were of nanometer size. Using this TSP-based flash powder, the bijili crackers were fabricated and tested for noise level. The performance of the noise level by TSP-based flash powder was within the specified limits. The safety aspect of TSP-based flash powder was tested for its impact and friction sensitivity. To understand the thermal behavior of the TSP-based flash powder, TG analysis and DSC were performed and compared with existing flash powder composition. The results showed that TSP could be a perfect substituent for sulfur and could play a vital role in the making of eco-friendly (Green) crackers.

Arsenic remediation from contaminated water has become a serious issue worldwide. Carbon-encapsulated Fe nanoparticle composites (Fe/C CNPs) were created utilizing a one-pot hydrothermal process with ferrocene and no carbon sources. The Fe/C CNPs produced were characterized using a variety of techniques. As(III) and As(IV) (V) were modeled using a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir model described As(III) adsorption on Fe/C CNPs with an extreme adsorption ability of 5.85 mg g

This study investigated the chromium (Cr) detoxification mechanism-induced changes in growth and antioxidant defence enzyme activities in Chrysopogon zizanioides. Plant growth decreased by 36.8% and 45.0% in the shoots and roots, respectively, in the 50 mg/L Cr treatment. Cr accumulation was higher in root (9807 μg/g DW) than in shoots (8730 μg/g DW). Photosynthetic pigments and malondialdehyde content increased up to the 30 mg/L Cr treatment, whereas they declined at higher doses. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) were increased significantly with increasing of Cr dose but slightly declined at higher doses. Isozyme banding patterns revealed the expression of multiple bands for SOD, CAT and POX enzymes, and the band intensity decreased at high doses of Cr exposure. These results indicate that higher Cr doses increased the oxidative stress by over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vetiver that had potential tolerance mechanism to Cr as evidenced by enhanced level of antioxidative enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, MDA contents. Therefore, vetiver has evolved a mechanism for detoxification and accumulates higher concentration of toxic Cr. This study provides a better understanding of how vetiver detoxifies Cr.

Cadmium contamination in paddy soils has aroused increasing concern around the world, and biochar has many positive properties, such as large specific surface areas, micro porous structure for the heavy metal immobilization in soils. However there are few studies on sulfur-iron modified biochar as well as its microbiology effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Cd immobilization effects of sulfur or sulfur-iron modified biochar and its related microbial community changes in Cd-contaminated soils. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed that sulfur and iron were loaded on the raw biochar successfully. Sulfur-modified biochar (S-BC) and sulfur-iron modified biochar (SF-BC) addition increased pH value and the content of soil organic matter, and also decreased DTPA-extractable Cd. There was a negative significant correlation between organic matter content and the available Cd (P 0.05). During a 45-d incubation period, the fractions of Cd are mainly with the exchangeable (25.16-35.79%) and carbonate (22.01-25.10%) fractions. Compared with the control, the concentrations of exchangeable Cd in soil were significantly (P 0.05) decreased by 12.54%, 29.71%, 18.53% under the treatments of BC, S-BC, SF-BC respectively. The S-BC and SF-BC treatments significantly (P 0.05) increased Chao1, observed, Shannon and Simpson diversity indices compared with the control and biochar treatments. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria increased, whereas the abundance of Acidobacteria and Germmatimonadetes decreased. Capsule: Sulfur-modified and sulfur-iron modified biochar applications decreased the available Cd and changed the microbial community.

In the firecracker industry, the employees are exposed to various health and safety issues in their workplace due to the handling of different chemical powders. Normally prepare the firecracker it needs potassium nitrate (60%), sulfur (20%), and aluminium (20%). Among this firecracker chemical mixture, aluminium is a highly hazardous material because of its sensitivity and reactivity. The fire and explosion easily occur in the workplace during the handling of chemical mixtures and during the bursting of firecrackers, the environment also will be getting affected. In this work, with consideration of the aforementioned issues, a new firecracker is prepared by reducing nano aluminum powder at different compositions like 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, it is even handed by Tamarind Seed Powder (TSP). The performance characteristic like noise level, sensitivity tests like impact and friction sensitiveness are measured for both existing and modified crackers chemical mixture. The modified chemical mixture does not have frictional sensitivity. The performance like the sound level of the modified cracker is increased slightly and the value is 116 dB (AI). The sound level of the normal firecracker is 107.9 dB (AI). So, this new cracker chemical composition promotes workplace safety and creates a safe working environment in the workplace.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Identification of microorganisms in kefir based on a BLAST comparison in the One Codex data platform for applied microbial genomics. Table S2. Distribution counts of the microorganism population as analyzed by Imagestream® flow cytometry. Figure S1. The effect of tryptophol acetate on bacterial growth. a Vibrio harveyi b Agrobacterium tumefaciens c Vibrio cholerae. Growth curves were recorded without and with tryptophol acetate extracted from the kefir mixture. d Vibrio cholerae grown in the presence of synthesized tryptophol acetate (200μM). Figure S2. Effect of tryptophol acetate (in concentration of 200μM) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial growth. Figure S3. Characterization of tryptophol acetate. (A) GC-MS chromatogram of the molecule showing the retention time spectra and (B) the characteristic m/z spectra showing the fragmentation mass of 144.1 kDa. (C) 1H NMR spectrum: δ 2.05 (3H, s), 3.08 (2H, t, J = 5.2 Hz), 4.40 (2H, t, J = 5.2 Hz), 6.93-7.12 (2H, 6.98 (ddd, J = 8.0, 7.8, 1.2 Hz), 7.07 (ddd, J = 8.0, 7.8, 1.6 Hz)), 7.30-7.36 (2H, 7.33 (dddd, J = 8.0, 1.2, 0.5, 0.5 Hz), 7.32 (t, J = 0.5 Hz)), 7.62 (1H, dddd, J = 8.0, 1.6, 0.5, 0.5 Hz). (D) 13C NMR spectrum: (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ 171.6, 136.4, 127.5, 122.37, 122.1, 119.5, 118.8, 111.8, 111.4, 64.9, 24.9, 21.2. Figure S4. Schemes depicting V. cholerae quorum sensing regulation of virulence and biofilm formation in high and low cell densities, respectively.

In this chapter, an attempt is made to change the chemical composition of the ground-level pyrotechnics (firecracker) to reduce the environmental pollution during bursting, without affecting the performance of the firecracker. The small percentage of tamarind seed powder (TSP) is used as a substitute for sulfur powder. The performance of tamarind-based firecracker (TBFC) is measured in terms of noise level produced as per the standards, and it is compared with a normal firecracker. The emission rate of normal and TSP-based firecracker is also compared. The experiment result reveals that the addition of the TSP along with normal firecracker (NFC) reduces the 20% of the sulfur content and 16% of nitrate content in the air. A sound level of NFC is 98.3, and 120.8 dBC is obtained with the addition of TSP along with normal firecracker composition. The noise level produced during the bursting of TBFC is 98 and 119.5 dBC. The TBFC achieved the standard noise level prescribed in the Government of India Regulation and also produced less atmospheric pollutants like CO, SO2, and NO3 by complete combustion toward making a green environment.

A great deal of manganese and associated heavy metals (such as Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, etc.) was produced in manganese mining, smelting, and other processes and weathering and leaching of waste slag, which entered rainwater runoff by different means under the action of rainfall runoff. It caused heavy metal pollution in water environment to surrounding areas, and then environmental and human health risks were becoming increasingly serious. In the Xiangtan manganese mine, we studied the characteristics of nutritional pollutants and heavy metals by using the method of bounded runoff plots on the manganese tailing wasteland after carrying out some site treatments using three different approaches, such as (1) exposed tailings, the control treatment (ET), (2) external-soil amelioration and colonization of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. turf (EC), and (3) external-soil amelioration and seedling seeding propagation of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. (ES). The research showed that the maximum runoff occurred in 20,140,712 rainfall events, and the basic law of runoff was EC area > ET area > ES area in the same rainfall event. The concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of three ecological restoration areas adopted the following rule: ET area > EC area > ES area. Nitrogen (N) existed mainly in the form of water soluble while phosphorus (P) was particulate. The highest concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 11.57 ± 2.99 mg/L in the EC area and 1.42 ± 0.56 mg/L in the ET area, respectively. Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cu in surface runoff from three restoration types all exceeded the class V level of the environmental quality standard for surface water except Cu in EC and ES areas. Pollution levels of heavy metals in surface runoff from three restoration areas are shown as follows: ET area > EC area > ES area. There was a significant positive correlation between TSS and runoff, COD, and TP. And this correlation was significant between total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), TN, total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), and TP. The six heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Mn, and Cr) in surface runoff of different ecological restoration areas were strongly related to each other, and were significantly related to the TSS.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soils has aroused global concern. Sulfur modified biochar (BC) could combine the benefits of BC and S for Cd remediation. However, no information is available on the impact of sulfur modified biochar on Cd phytoavailability in paddy soils. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sulfur modified biochar (S-BC) and sulfur and iron (Fe) modified biochar (S-Fe BC) on Cd mobility and Cd transfer in the soil-rice system. The application of S-BC and S-Fe BC effectively reduced pore water Cd in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere pore water throughout the rice growth stages. S-BC and S-Fe BC addition increased the total chlorophyll content, as well as the root, shoot and grain biomasses of rice. Furthermore, S-BC and S-Fe BC amendments greatly increase the formation of Fe plaque on rice root surface, thus decreasing Cd accumulation in different rice tissues. In particular, S-Fe BC supplementation significantly reduced the Cd concentration in rice grains to 0.018 mg kg−1 in Cd-contaminated soil, which was lower than the China National standard for food contamination limit (0.2 mg kg−1 Cd). Sequential extraction results showed that S-BC and S-Fe BC can promote the transfer of exchangeable Cd to Fe-Mn oxide, organic and residual bound forms which reduce Cd in paddy soils. Thus, the amendment of S-Fe BC to Cd-contaminated paddy soil is an effective strategy to decrease Cd accumulation in rice grains and thereby protect public health.