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Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV), one of the most frequently transmitted viruses, causes several malignancies, including cervical cancer. Aim: Owing to its unique pathogenicity, the HPV virus can persist in the host organism for a longer duration than other viruses to complete its lifecycle. During its association with the host, HPV causes various pathological conditions affecting the immune system by evading the host's immune mechanisms, thereby leading to the progression of various diseases, including cancer. Method: To date, ~ 150 serotypes have been identified, and certain high-risk HPV types are known to be associated with genital warts and cervical cancer. As of now, two prophylactic vaccines are in use for the treatment of HPV infection; however, no effective antiviral drug is available for HPVassociated disease/infections. Numerous clinical and laboratory studies have been conducted to formulate an effective and specific vaccine against HPV infections and associated diseases. Result: As the immunological basis of HPV infection and associated disease progress persist indistinctly, deeper insights into immune evasion mechanism and molecular biology of disease would aid in developing an effective vaccine. Conclusion: Thus, this systematic review focuses on the immunological aspects of HPV-associated cervical cancer by uncovering immune evasion strategies adapted by HPV.

Tailored separator consisting of graphene–polydopamine coatings on polypropylene to enhance the performance of Li–S batteries by tackling sulfur conductivity, polysulfide shuttling, and lithium dentritic growth issues.

Ultrafast nanostructured SnO2/graphene nanoplatelets (SnO2/GNP) composite material is synthesized by direct microwave irradiation technique. The tetragonal SnO2 phase is confirmed using powder X-ray diffraction pattern and revealed the D-band and G-band in Raman analysis for the presence of graphene nanoplatelets, quantified with 20% mass in thermogravimetric analysis. The measured surface area of SnO2/GNP composite is 50 m2 g−1 and the transmission electron microscopic results shows nanocrystalline SnO2 particles (10 nm), well-decorated on graphene nanoplatelets. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopic analyses confirm that there is no charge storage buildup in Li vs SnO2/GNP lithium cell with additive electrolyte and the cyclic voltammetric analyses reveal highly reversible characteristics of alloying-dealloying mechanism of Sn. The Galvanostatic discharge-charge studies of Li vs SnO2/GNP lithium cells with additive electrolyte are exhibited capacity fade/hysteresis abated stable cycling performance and delivered three-fold higher discharge-charge capacities of 745/738 mAh g−1 than the conventional electrolyte (220/219 mAh g−1) for the 100th cycle at 100 mA g−1. The rate studies are yielded the discharge-charge capacities of 387/383 mAh g−1 at 3000 mA g−1 and 412/410 mAh g−1 for the 500th cycle at 1000 mA g−1, as a superior anode for high-rate lithium-ion batteries.

Antibacterial compounds from aquatic sources have the potential to contribute significantly to the treatment of the ever-increasing drug-resistant infectious diseases. The chitin 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-hexopyranose from the freshwater prawn Caridina gracilirostris showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Two different types of chitin films, (1) chitin and starch, and (2) chitin, starch, and ascorbic acid were tested against S. aureus using in silico molecular docking. The inhibitory action of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-hexopyranose was recorded against the penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a) of S. aureus. The chitin films exhibited their potential as an effective antibacterial agent through binding energy and ligand efficiency. Further, the inhibitory constant also indicated the potent antibacterial nature of the chitin films. The hydrogen bond interaction of chitin with PBP2a was with serine 49 and threonine 413, at 2.2 Å and 3.4 Å, respectively. The druggability of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-hexopyranose showed good oral bioavailability, and pharmacokinetics properties were within a normal range. The chitin did not undergo any metabolism and appeared to be of a nontoxic nature. The 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-hexopyranose could be suggested as a novel drug against S. aureus.

TiO2 nanoparticles decorated nitrogen (N) doped helical carbon nanofiber (CNF)-carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid material is prepared by low-cost electrospinning technique followed by hydrothermal method. Morphological investigations establish helical structure of CNFs with hierarchical growth of CNTs around CNFs. The hybrid material shows a high specific surface area of 295.17 m2 g−1 with nanoporous structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies establish Ti–O–C/Ti–C bond mediated charge transfer channel between TiO2 nanoparticles and carbon structures with the success of N doping in CNFs. The electrospun hybrid material delivered high reversible charge capacities of 316 mAh g−1 (100th cycle) and 244 mAh g−1 (100th cycle) at a current density of 75 mA g−1 and 186 mA g−1 respectively. The charge capacities obtained for different applied current densities are higher than the conventional graphitic microporous microbeads anode. Results indicate that the hybrid material reported here shows high performance compare to graphite for LIBs.

Despite the multiple phase transitions that occur during Na+ ion intercalation and deintercalation, an enhanced charge–discharge rate and a long cycle life are achieved with a hexagonal shaped P2-type NaCoO2 cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The hysteresis abated crystalline phase was obtained by tuning the calcination temperature/time factors for the citric acid assisted sol–gel technique precursor. Powder X-ray diffraction data confirmed that the studied material belongs to a hexagonal crystal system and that, among the materials, the material synthesized at 750 °C/28 h in an air atmosphere in particular showed pure phase formation with an ordered structure. Furthermore, the local atomic arrangement of the synthesized NaCoO2 cathodes was monitored using a Raman spectroscopy technique, revealing five active vibration modes of E1g(O), E2g(O), 2 E2g (Na), and A1g(O), in NaCoO2 to confirm the existence of the hexagonal crystal structure. The surface morphology of the designed materials exhibited a hexagonal shape with a size of 2–5 μm. By tuning the calcination temperature/time factors, the optimized critical parameters of the P2-type NaCoO2 cathode were 750 °C and 28 h, resulting in a well-ordered structure, which enhances Na+ ion storage capacity at a high-rate. Thus, a hysteresis abated P2-type NaCoO2 cathode demonstrated high-rate, stable charge–discharge cycles with 79 mA h g−1 capacity at a rate of 1C with a retention of 99% coulombic efficiency for the 100th cycle.

Thermal safety is of prime importance for any energy-storage system. For lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), numerous safety incidences have been roadblocks on the path toward realizing high-energy-densi...

A conductive network of waste-tire derived carbon (WTC) was used to produce homogeneous Sb/WTC and Sb2O3/WTC composite materials via ball milling as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Highly reversible redox peaks at 0.81/0.71, 0.25 V for Sb/WTC and 0.80/0.76, 0.21/0.26 V for Sb2O3/WTC anodes have been observed related to Na+ intercalation and deintercalation in carbon and Na–Sb and Na3Sb as plausible conversion/alloy reactions. Sodium half-cells delivered reversible discharge capacities of 206 mA h g−1 and 207 mA h g−1 at a current density of 37 mA g−1 for the composite Sb/WTC and Sb2O3/WTC materials, respectively. Both the Sb/WTC and Sb2O3/WTC composite materials showed impressive capacity retention with 85% and 88%, respectively after 100 cycles. Rate capability studies at 60 °C yielded an enhanced capacity of 240 mA h g−1 for Sb/WTC and 300 mA h g−1 for Sb2O3/WTC at 37 mA g−1.

Background: Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is a relatively rare, potentially fatal neurological condition that can be frequently overlooked due to the vague nature of its clinical and radiological presentation. A literature search on PubMed using the keyword “Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis” was performed. We searched for the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of CSVT. All full-text articles in the last 10 years, in adults (>18 years), and the English language were included. We aim to give a comprehensive review of CSVT, with a primary focus on the management of the disease. Summary: The literature search revealed 404 articles that met our criteria. CSVT is a relatively rare condition that accounts for approximately 1% of all forms of stroke. They can be subdivided into acute, subacute, and chronic forms based on the time of onset of clinical symptoms. It is a multifactorial disease, and the major forms of clinical presentation include isolated intracranial hypertension syndrome, focal neurological deficits, and cavernous sinus syndrome. MRI with magnetic resonance venogram (MRV) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Anticoagulation with heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin is the mainstay of treatment. Endovascular management is indicated for those cases with severe symptoms or worsening of symptoms despite anticoagulation therapy. Favorable outcomes have been reported in patients who receive early diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: CSVT is a potentially fatal neurological condition that is often under-diagnosed due to its nonspecific presentation. Timely diagnosis and treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality, remarkably improving the outcome in affected individuals.

A sol-gel process followed by heat treatment derived a layered P2-type NaCoO2 cathode, which depicted unit cell parameters values of a = 2.8389 A, c = 10.9899 A, and V = 76.71 A3 in powder X-ray diffraction pattern. The synthesized cathode exhibited hexagonal, 2D platelets with an ∼300 nm thickness. During the anodic and cathodic sweeps, the cyclic voltammograms revealed multiple redox peaks with the same current densities, shapes, and peak positions, associated with the highly reversible phase transition mechanism of the layered P2-type NaCoO2 cathode. The sodium cells yielded the capacities of 93/92 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C and 87/87 mAh g-1 at 1 C for the 50th charge-discharge cycles. The in situ multimode calorimetry (MMC) studies of sodium cells demonstrated a thermal explosion event, which occurred by sodium melting, short-circuit, electrode decomposition reaction, gas generation, exothermic reaction, released heat energy ,and cell gasket melting. Ultimately, the calculated released total heat energies of ∼550/740 J g-1 for in situ MMC studies and ∼312/594 J g-1 for ex situ DSC analyses (charge state at 4 V and discharge state at 2 V) show that the discharged state of sodiated layered P2-type NaCoO2 cathode material is more unsafe than the charge state. Furthermore, the ex situ differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) spectrum of a discharge state at 2 V of layered P2-type NaCoO2 revealed a decreased onset temperature (DOT) at 141 °C with two pronounced exothermic peaks at 197 and 266 °C with a released higher total heat energy of 594 J g-1 than the charge state heat energy at 312 J g-1, attributed to the higher charge onset temperature (COT) at 191 °C. Thus, the observed higher heat energy and decreased onset temperature for the discharge state at 2 V is associated with the higher Na+ ion in the discharge state of the layered P2-type NaxCoO2 cathode than that of the pristine cathode, showcasing that the layered P2-type NaCoO2 cathode is unsafe at the discharged condition for sodium-ion batteries.