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Owing to the load bearing and the other external environmental factors, the defects in the concrete occur in the form of cracks and flaws which leads to the reduction in the durability characteristics. Generally, the bacteria-based autogenous healing is adopted to restore those cracks. The ureolytic bacteria used urea as a source of nitrogen and convert it to carbonate ions, and then carbonate ions react with calcium ions to induce calcium carbonate in the presence of water. In the present study, binary cement-based concrete containing different concentration of immobilized bacteria is investigated, and its performance is evaluated based on the strength and durability characteristics. The experimentation includes bagasse ash (

The present study was aimed to study HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 alleles and haplotypes of two endogamous groups of South India. PCR-SSP typing of HLA-DRB1, -DQB1 alleles were performed on 63 Mukkuvar, primarily a coastal population and 101 Valayar, a population primarily living on the fringes of forest areas. Genetic distances, neighbor-joining dendrograms and correspondence analysis have been performed. The HLA class II alleles, DRB1*07 (32.5%), DRB1*15 (23.0%), DRB1*13 (11.1%) and DRB1*12 (10.3%) were more frequent among Mukkuvar. Among Valayar, DRB1*12 (18.8%), DRB1*15 (17.3%), DRB1*04 (15.4%), DRB1*07 (13.4%) and DRB1*10 (10.9%) were more frequent. Similarly, DQB1*06 (38.1%), DQB1*02 (26.2%) and DQB1*05 (20.5%) alleles among Mukkuvar and DQB1*06 (40.2%) and DQB1*05 (28.9%) among Valayar were more frequent. We genotyped the two most common South Indian two-locus haplotypes, such as DRB1*15-DQB1*06 and DRB1*07-DQB1*02 for HLA-A, -B and -C alleles to identify the 5-locus extended haplotypes. We identified the presence of a highly unique extended haplotype A*03-B*35-C*12-DRB1*07-DQB1*02 in Valayar (HF: 0.2777) and Mukkuvar (HF: 0.1666) hitherto not reported in any of the world populations. The HLA-DRB1 allele based phylogenetic analysis have demonstrated the unique and distinct phylogenetic relatedness of Mukkuvar and Valayar with other ethnic populations. The coastal population Mukkuvar is more closely related to Hispanic and Guanche populations. However, the Valayar revealed phylogenetic relatedness with Austronesian and Micronesian populations supporting the theory of coastal migrations of Out-of-Africa ancestral founding populations.

Aims South Asia has emerged rapidly as an epicentre of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) specifically diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The prevalence rate, risk factors and aetiology of NCDs in different socio-demographic settings are not clearly understood. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis and their risk factors in urban, sub-urban and rural communities of South India. Methods Three communities [Nallampatti (rural), Thadagam (sub-urban) and Kalapatti (urban)] in South India were selected for participation in the KMCH-NCD Studies. Study volunteers were administered a detailed questionnaire, underwent anthropometric measurements, clinical measurements including blood pressure, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c ), non-fasting lipid profile and serum creatinine. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured using B-mode ultrasound. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to understand the association of risk factors with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Results A total of 2976 native participants, ≥20 years of age were screened. The prevalence of diabetes was 16%, 26% and 23% respectively in the rural, sub-urban and urban study populations. Association of obesity with diabetes was observed in only urban population while hypertension and dyslipidaemia showed association in both urban and semi-urban populations. Association of diabetes with atherosclerosis was observed in urban and semi-urban populations. Hypertension in semi-urban and obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban population showed association with atherosclerosis. Conclusions Diabetes and atherosclerosis burden reported in the three different communities were higher than previous reports, especially in rural and sub-urban regions. No traditional risk factor is identified to be associated with prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis in rural population. These findings suggest an urgent need for investigation into the role of non-traditional risk factors like environmental or occupational exposures may help to better understand the aetiology of diseases in non-urbanized communities.

ObjectiveDiabetes and cardiovascular diseases are growing burdens in rural communities worldwide. We have observed a high prevalence of diabetes among rural farming communities in India and sought to evaluate the association of non-traditional risk factors, such as metals, with diabetes and other cardiometabolic risk factors in this community.MethodsAnthropometric measurements, chemistries and carotid intima-media thickness were determined in 865 participants of the Kovai Medical Center and Hospital-Nallampatti Non-Communicable Disease Study-I (KMCH-NNCD-I, 2015), a cross-sectional study conducted in a farming village in South India. Urinary metal levels were determined by inductively couped plasma-mass spectrometry analysis and corrected to urinary creatinine level. Statistical analyses were performed to study the association between urinary metal levels and clinical parameters.Results82.5% of the study population were involved in farming and high levels of toxic metals were detected in the synthetic fertilisers used in the study village. The prevalence of pre-diabetes, diabetes and atherosclerosis was 43.4%, 16.2% and 10.3%, respectively. On logistic regression analysis, no association of traditional risk factors such as body mass index, blood pressure and total cholesterol with disease conditions was observed, but urinary levels of metals such as arsenic, chromium, aluminium and zinc showed an association with diabetes, while arsenic and zinc showed an association with pre-diabetes and atherosclerosis.ConclusionsOur data suggest a probable role of metals in the aetiology of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in rural communities. Identifying and eliminating the causes of increased levels of these environmental chemicals could have a beneficial impact on the burden of non-communicable diseases in rural population.

In last few decades, the prevalence of diabetes and vascular diseases has intensified concurrently with increased use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture. This study is aimed to evaluate the association of co-accumulation of arsenic and organophosphate (OP) insecticides with diabetes and atherosclerosis prevalence in a rural Indian population.This study included observations from KMCH-NNCD-I (2015) cross-sectional study (n = 865) from an Indian farming village. The participants had assessment of clinical parameters including HbAOn multivariate regression analyses, total organophosphate level and arsenic accumulation showed association with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Higher odds ratio with significant trends were observed for the sub-quartiles formed by the combination of higher quartiles of arsenic and total organophosphates in association with diabetes and atherosclerosis.We observed evidence of possible synergism between arsenic and OPs in association with prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and atherosclerosis in the study population. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding health effects of mixed exposures and raises vital questions on the role of these agrochemicals in the etiology of diabetes and vascular diseases.

Authors would like to correct the error in the online publication, which is mentioned below.

Background Organophosphates are the most frequently and largely applied insecticide in the world due to their biodegradable nature. Gut microbes were shown to degrade organophosphates and cause intestinal dysfunction. The diabetogenic nature of organophosphates was recently reported but the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. We aimed to understand the role of gut microbiota in organophosphate-induced hyperglycemia and to unravel the molecular mechanism behind this process. Results Here we demonstrate a high prevalence of diabetes among people directly exposed to organophosphates in rural India (n = 3080). Correlation and linear regression analysis reveal a strong association between plasma organophosphate residues and HbA1c but no association with acetylcholine esterase was noticed. Chronic treatment of mice with organophosphate for 180 days confirms the induction of glucose intolerance with no significant change in acetylcholine esterase. Further fecal transplantation and culture transplantation experiments confirm the involvement of gut microbiota in organophosphate-induced glucose intolerance. Intestinal metatranscriptomic and host metabolomic analyses reveal that gut microbial organophosphate degradation produces short chain fatty acids like acetic acid, which induces gluconeogenesis and thereby accounts for glucose intolerance. Plasma organophosphate residues are positively correlated with fecal esterase activity and acetate level of human diabetes. Conclusion Collectively, our results implicate gluconeogenesis as the key mechanism behind organophosphate-induced hyperglycemia, mediated by the organophosphate-degrading potential of gut microbiota. This study reveals the gut microbiome-mediated diabetogenic nature of organophosphates and hence that the usage of these insecticides should be reconsidered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1134-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been implicated in cervical cancer in several populations.To study the predispositions of HLA alleles/haplotypes with cervical cancer.Clinically diagnosed and PAP smear confirmed cervical cancer patients (n 48) and age matched controls (n 47) were genotyped for HLA-A,-B,-DRB1* and DQB1* alleles by PCR-SSP methods.The frequencies of alleles DRB1*04 (OR=2.57), DRB1*15 (OR=2.04), DQB1*0301 (OR=4.91), DQB1*0601 (OR=2.21), B*15 (OR=13.03) and B*07 (OR=6.23) were higher in cervical cancer patients than in the controls. The frequencies of alleles DRB1*10 (OR=0.22) and B*35 (OR=0.19) were decreased. Strong disease associations were observed for haplotypes DRB1*15-DQB1*0601 (OR=6.56;3.5.10-4), DRB1*14-DQB1*0501 (OR=6.51;0.039) and A*11-B*07 (OR=3.95;0.005). The reduced frequencies of haplotypes DRB1*10-DQB1*0501 (OR=0.45), A*03-B*35 (OR=0.25) and A*11-B*35 (OR= 0.06) among patients suggested a protective association. HLA-C* typing of 8 patients who possessed a unique three locus haplotype 'A*11-B*07-DRB1*04' (8/48; 16.66%; OR=6.51;0.039) revealed the presence of a four locus haplotype 'A*11-B*07-C*01-DRB1*04' in patients (4/8; 50%). Amino acid variation analysis of susceptible allele DQB1*0601 suggested 'tyrosine' at positions β9 and β37 and tyrosine-non-tyrosine genotype combination increased the risk of cervical cancer.Strong susceptible associations were documented for HLA alleles B*15, B*07, DRB1*04, DRB1*15, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0601 and haplotypes DRB1*15-DQB1*0601 and DRB1*14-DQB1*0501. Further, protective associations were evidenced for alleles B*35 and DRB1*10 and haplotypes A*11-B*35 and DRB1*10-DQB1*0501 with cervical cancer in South India.