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Urban environments are characterized by dense development and paved ground with reduced evapotranspiration rates. These areas store sensible and latent heat, providing the base for typical urban heat island effects. Green roof installations are one possible strategy to reintroduce evaporative surfaces into cities. If green roofs are irrigated, they can contribute to urban water management and evapotranspiration can be enhanced. As part of two research projects, lysimeter measurements were used to determine the real evapotranspiration rates on the research roof of the University of Applied Sciences in Neubrandenburg, Germany. In this paper, we address the results from 2017, a humid and cool summer, and 2018, a century summer with the highest temperatures and dryness over a long period of time, measured in Northeast Germany. The lysimeter measurements varied between the normal green roof layer (variation of extensive green roof constructions) and a special construction with an extra retention layer and damming. The results show that the average daily evapotranspiration rates can be enhanced from 3 to 5 L/m2/day under optimized conditions. A second test on a real green roof with irrigation was used to explain the cooling effects of the surface above a café building in Berlin.

Different plant species can grow on green roofs. Sedum species and their cultivars are dominant on typical extensive green roofs. Simple green cover is preferred for its low maintenance requirements and for its array of connected ecosystem services, such as evaporative cooling, additional building insulation, and rain water management. Nearly all types of garden plants can be planted on roof gardens, with preference given to cultivars having short stature. This chapter presents background about typical plants and their development on green roofs over the years. It also discusses concepts for using green roofs to support more wildlife in cities. The chapter gives planning and management details for increasing biodiverse green roofs in the future by using local native plants.

Two tunnels were driven in the Lower Inn valley in the years 2007 to 2009 using almost identical mixshields (∅ 13.03 m) under difficult geotechnical conditions. The tunnelling works were monitored and recorded permanently in real time, from which information can be gained about the system of shield machine and surrounding ground. The documentation of the ground conditions was undertaken by geologists working for the client. The continuous documentation of tunnelling included reporting on the excavated material as the drive was underway and the documentation of face conditions during compressed air interruptions. The combination of recorded machine data and the geological documentation of the tunnel drive provides an extensive data basis, whose evaluation shows the complex relationships of the various tunnelling parameters. Im Unterinntal wurden in den Jahren 2007 bis 2009 zwei Tunnel mit fast baugleichen Mixschilden (∅ 13, 03 m) unter schwierigen geotechnischen Randbedingungen aufgefahren. Die Vortriebsarbeiten wurden permanent in Echtzeit uberwacht und aufgezeichnet, aus den gesammelten Daten ergaben sich Einblicke in das Systemverhalten Schildmaschine/Baugrund. Die Dokumentation der Baugrundverhaltnisse wurde von Geologen des Bauherrn vorgenommen. Die kontinuierliche Vortriebsdokumentation umfasste die Begutachtung des Ausbruchmaterials wahrend des laufenden Vortriebs sowie die Dokumentation der Ortsbrustverhaltnisse wahrend der Drucklufteinstiege. Die Kombination aus aufgezeichneten Maschinendaten und der geologischen Vortriebsdokumentation ergibt eine umfassende geotechnische Datenbasis, deren Auswertung die komplexen Zusammenhange der verschiedenen Vortriebsparameter aufzeigt.

Between 2007 and 2009 the railway tunnels at Radfeld/Wiesing and Jenbach in the Lower Inn Valley were driven with two Herrenknecht TVM-V4 machines (face with slurry support, D = 13 m). The tunnelling work was monitored according to the principles of the observational method as part of the independent data control. This article describes the experience from the project (contracts H3-4 and H8) and make suggestions how the abstract requirements of the observational method can be implemented efficiently and economically. The results lead to the conclusion that mechanical tunnel drives in loose ground are predestined for the successful application of the observational method. Die Eisenbahntunnel bei Radfeld/Wiesing und Jenbach im Unterinntal wurden zwischen 2007 und 2009 mit zwei Herrenknecht TVM-V4 (Ortsbrust mit Flussigkeitsstutzung, D = 13 m) aufgefahren. Die Vortriebsarbeiten wurden im Rahmen der unabhangigen Datenkontrolle nach den Prinzipien der Beobachtungsmethode uberwacht. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Erfahrungen bei der Projektabwicklung (Lose H3-4 und H8) und gibt Hinweise, wie die abstrakten Anforderungen an die Beobachtungsmethode effizient und wirtschaftlich umgesetzt werden konnen. Als Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass der TVM-Vortrieb im Lockergestein pradestiniert fur eine erfolgreiche Umsetzung der Beobachtungsmethode ist.

There are currently no recognised prediction models available for the estimation of tool wear in shield tunnelling in soil. This paper describes the current state of knowledge through the interpretation of the available index tests, available correlations and analogies to hard rock. Then follows a discussion of the essential soil properties and the process-related interactions, which can also determine tool wear in soil. Fur den Schildvortrieb im Lockergestein liegen derzeit keine anerkannten Prognosemodelle zur Abschatzung des Werkzeugverschleises vor. Der Artikel beschreibt die aktuellen Erkenntnisse bei Interpretation der existierenden Index-Versuche, bestehende Korrelationen und Analogien zum Festgestein. Im Weiteren wird auf die masgebenden Baugrundeigenschaften und die den Werkzeugverschleis bestimmenden verfahrenstechnischen Interaktionen im Lockergestein eingegangen.

In Germany, the construction of extensive greenroofs has been a tradition for over 100 years. This study picked up older Berlin research conducted in 1960, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1995 and compared it with current findings ( Poll, 2008 ). The older research was made either on the old “Tar-Paper-Greenroofs” (TPG-roofs), established between 1880 and 1930, or on the first systematically vegetated Modern Extensive Greenroofs (MEG-roofs), established in the 1980s. This survey compares both roof types and supplements the chronology of analysis. The research showed that MEG and especially TPG are resilient roof types and can last up to 100 years. About 70 vascular plant species were found on the surveyed roofs ( > 10 % resp. consistency). Regarding the growing media, we could show that total porosity rises over a period of 10 years from 50 to 60%. In the meantime C/N-ratio falls from initially 25 down to 13. While the pH of the slightly acidic TPG-media rose to neutral, the slightly alkaline MEG-media sank down to neutral. With the help of a specially developed vegetation quality index, which incorporates both relative plant coverage and species quantity, we could show that media depth and the grade of sunlight exposition influence floral quality of greenroofs as well as how. According to the specified criteria, the quality of the modern extensive greenroofs is significantly higher than the quality of the 100-year-old ones. Nevertheless, a significant correlation between water holding capacity and vegetation coverage was shown for both roof types.

For the construction of the 4.2 km long Brixlegg tunnel, it was necessary to lower the water table by 50 m inside the mountain. This proved to have a bad effect on the artesian mineral and healing water springs at Bad Mehrn. To protect these, the responsible water authority prescribed a lining of the tunnel waterproof to 6 bar, in order to ensure that the groundwater table could rise again after the completion of tunnelling. After the pressure tight tunnel lining had been successfully completed with the intended grout canopy at the transition from the pressure-tight to the drained sections of the tunnel, the groundwater initially rose quickly, but then stagnated after a few months. Continuous monitoring in the tunnel showed increasing high water pressures of up to 3 bar at the invert of the drained tunnel, despite functioning drainage at the sides. Extensive investigations led to the supposition that this was not large-area seepage of water in the rock mass but rather localised lateral seepage along the old temporary construction drainage, which had been grouted. Targeted additional grouting was therefore carried out in the area of the old drainage and its filter bodies, which was very successful. The ingress of water into the drained section was completely stopped with the result that the water table started to rise again. The artesian flow of mineral water in Bad Mehrn started again on the 18th November 2008 and also has its original mineral content. The additional grouting work led to hydrogeological and geotechnical knowledge, which could also be useful for future projects. In particular, the grouting of a construction drainage with its filter body at water pressures of 5 bar represents a special measure, which needs to be prepared in detail. Later leaks in this area lead to horizontal hydraulic short-circuits in the rock mass, which under some circumstances could considerably impair the intended purpose of a pressure-resistant tunnel lining to protect a water reservoir in the rock mass. Beim Bau des 4,2 km langen Tunnels Brixlegg wurde im Gebirgsinneren eine Absenkung des Bergwasserspiegels um 50 m erforderlich. Es kam dadurch zu einer Beeintrachtigung der artesisch austretenden Mineral- und Heilwasserquellen von Bad Mehrn. Zu ihrem Schutz hatte daher die Wasserrechtsbehorde eine bis 6 bar druckdichte Auskleidung des Tunnels vorgeschrieben, um nach Vortriebsende eine Wiederaufspiegelung des Bergwassers zu gewahrleisten. Nach erfolgreichem druckdichten Tunnelausbau mit den planmasig vorgesehenen Injektionsschirmen am Ubergang vom druckdichten zum dranierten Tunnelbereich stellte sich zunachst eine rasche Bergwasseraufspiegelung ein, die aber nach einigen Monaten stagnierte. Laufende Kontrollen im Tunnel zeigten zunehmende, hohe Wasserdrucke bis zu 3 bar im Sohlbereich des dranierten Tunnels trotz funktionstuchtiger Ulmendranagen. Umfangreiche Untersuchungen liesen vermuten, dass es sich dabei nicht um grosraumige Wasserumlaufigkeiten im Gebirge handelt, sondern um lokale Umlaufigkeiten langs der alten verpressten Bauwasserdranage. Es wurden deshalb gezielte Nachinjektionen im Bereich der alten Baudranage und ihrem Filterkorper durchgefuhrt, die sehr erfolgreich waren. Der Ubertritt von Mineralwasser in den dranierten Bereich wurde vollstandig gestoppt, sodass die Bergwasseraufspiegelung wieder einsetzte. Seit dem 18. November 2008 tritt das Mineralwasser in Bad Mehrn wieder artesisch aus und weist auch die ursprungliche Mineralisation auf. Bei den Nachinjektionen wurden hydrogeologische und geotechnische Erkenntnisse gewonnen, die auch fur kunftige Bauvorhaben hilfreich sein konnen. Insbesondere stellt die Verpressung einer Baudranage mit ihrem Filterkorper bei Wasserdrucken von 5 bar eine Spezialmasnahme dar, die im Detail vorbereitet werden muss. Spatere Undichtigkeiten in diesem Bereich fuhren zu horizontalen hydraulischen Kurzschlussen im Gebirge, die unter Umstanden den angestrebten Schutz eines Bergwasserkorpers mithilfe einer druckdichten Tunnelauskleidung stark beeintrachtigen.

Building facades are under permanent environmental influences, such as sun and acid rain, which age and can ultimately destroy them. Living wall systems can protect facades and offer similar benefits to those gained from installing a green roof. A view back in history shows that vegetated facades are not new technology but can offer multiple benefits as a component of current urban design. In the 19th century, in many European and some North American cities, woody climbers were frequently used as a cover for simple facades. In Central Europe in the 1980s a growing interest in environmental issues resulted in the vision to bring nature into cities. In many German cities incentive programmes were developed, including some that supported tenant initiatives for planting and maintaining climbers in their backyards and facades. Since the 1980s, research has been conducted on issues such as the insulating effects of plants on facades, the ability of plants to mitigate dust, plants’ evaporative cooling effects, and habitat creation for urban wildlife, including birds, spiders and beetles. The aim of this paper is to review research activities on the green wall and facade technology with a focus on Germany. The potential of green facades to improve urban microclimate and buildings’ ecological footprint is high, but they have not developed a widespread presence outside of Germany because they are not as well known as green roofs and there is a lack of implementation guidelines and incentive programs in other countries.

Green roofs are still often seen as a pure aesthetical element in architecture, as a spleen of some “greenies”. In fact green roofs already contribute, to some extent, to a better microclimate through evaporation, filtering of dust from the air and a decrease in temperatures at the rooftop. In cities like Berlin and Munich many green roofs have already been realised. Coupled with this microclimate improvement, is the thermal comfort improvement under such roofs by more mass, dry or wet substrate, and shading through the plants. Besides improving the microclimate and the indoor climate, the retention of rainwater is another important advantage. That means an important reduction of the rainwater input in the sewage system during rainfalls, cutting the peak load, avoiding an overload of the system, which might cause flooding and serious health problems. The risk of flooding in cities, which is increasing in many cities due to a ground sealed by buildings, asphalt and concrete, can be diminished. One recent example of the use of green roofs with this purpose is the Potsdamer Platz in the centre of Berlin, where 100 percent of the rainwater has to be evaporated or used for toilet flushing on the building site. Scientific knowledge on green roofs is still limited to temperate climates, due to a development which took place in central Europe. Since 2000 a scientific project in Rio de Janeiro is checking local parameters, like possible vegetation, which can be used and substrate composition. Parallel to this, four prototype roofs, three greened and one blank, are used to measure the retention rate of the rain water and the temperature on the underside of the roofs in order to analyse the possible improvement of the thermal comfort in buildings. This paper will describe the scientific results of Germany and discuss the practicability on a larger scale under tropical conditions.

Background/Aims: Most patients receive conscious sedation for gastroscopy. However, the benefit of the most often used combination of low-dose intravenous midazolam and topical lidocaine on patient tolerance remains poorly defined and has not been shown to outweigh cardiorespiratory risks. To respond to these issues, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study was performed. Methods: Two hundred outpatients undergoing diagnostic gastroscopy were assigned to receive either (1) midazolam (35 μg/kg) and lidocaine spray (100 mg), (2) midazolam and placebo lidocaine, (3) placebo midazolam and lidocaine, or (4) placebo midazolam and placebo lidocaine. Results: Tolerance (visual analogue scale, 0–100 points; 0, excellent; 100, unbearable) improved as compared with placebo midazolam and placebo lidocaine by 23 points (95% confidence interval, 15–32) in group 1, 15 points (95% confidence interval, 7–24) in group 2, and 10 points (95% confidence interval, 2–18) in group 3. Increasing age ( P P P

Arsenic resistant strains of bacteria and fungi were isolated from soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents. Until now, no metabolic products of microbial attack against the phenyl residues of the model substrate triphenylarsine (TP) were found if it was incubated together with these strains in liquid culture assays. However, one of the isolated fungi, Trichoderma harzianum As 11, was found to oxidize TP to triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). The yeast Trichosporon mucoides SBUG 801 and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium were also able to oxidize the As(III) in TP. In addition, P. chrysosporium transformed phenylarsineoxide (PAO) to phenylarsonic acid (PAA) under O2-atmosphere. By means of a respirometer system, the oxidation of TP by T. harzianum As 11 was confirmed by a significantly higher consumption of oxygen in the presence of these compounds. HPLC analysis of the oxidation products TPO and PAA in the medium of the assays provided evidence for the transfer reaction of As(III) to As(V) in organic bonds. The oxidation products TPO and PAA are more hydrophilic than TP and PAO. Therefore, it was concluded that particular fungi contribute to the mobilization of arsenic in soil contaminated by chemical warfare agents.

The objective of this paper was to investigate possible participation of microorganisms in the release of soluble arsenical compounds from organoarsenic warfare agents in contaminated soil. A number of bacterial strains were isolated with high resistance against As3+ and As5+ ions which are able to degrade the water insoluble compounds triphenylarsine (TP) and triphenylarsineoxide (TPO). These strains belong to different genera of bacteria. Release of arsenic ions and soluble organoarsenic compounds from soil by the activity of autochthonic soil bacteria and a mixture of the isolated pure cultures was demonstrated by percolation experiments with undisturbed soil samples (core drills) from the contaminated site. This release increased after addition of nutrients (mineral nitrogen and phosphorus, sodium acetate and ethanol) and is nearly independent of the percolation temperature (5 degrees C and 22 degrees C). These results show that bacteria play an important role in the release of arsenical compounds from organoarsenic warfare agent contaminated soil. This release is limited by shortage of water and, above all, of nutrients for the microorganisms in the sandy forest soil. These results are important both for the management and security and possibly for bioremediation of military waste sites containing similar contaminations. Furthermore, this is the first report on bacterial degradation of organoarsenic warfare compounds.

Background: Colonoscopy is generally performed with the patient sedated and receiving analgesics. However, the benefit of the most often used combination of intravenous midazolam and pethidine on patient tolerance and pain and its cardiorespiratory risk have not been fully defined. Methods: In this double-blind prospective study, 150 outpatients undergoing routine colonoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either (1) low-dose midazolam (35 μg/kg) and pethidine (700 μg/kg in 48 patients, 500 μg/kg in 102 patients), (2) midazolam and placebo pethidine, or (3) pethidine and placebo midazolam. Results: Tolerance (visual analog scale, 0 to 100 points: 0=excellent; 100=unbearable) did not improve significantly more in group 1 compared with group 2 (7 points; 95% confidence interval [-2-17]) and group 3 (2 points; 95% confidence interval [-7-12]). Similarly, pain was not significantly improved in group 1 as compared with the other groups. Male gender ( p p = 0.004), but not amnesia, were associated with better patient tolerance and less pain. Patient satisfaction was similar in all groups. Oxygen desaturation and hypotension occurred in 33% and 11%, respectively, with a similar frequency in all three groups. Conclusions: In this study, the combination of low-dose midazolam and pethidine does not improve patient tolerance and lessen pain during colonoscopy as compared with either drug given alone. When applying low-dose midazolam, oxygen desaturation and hypotension do not occur more often after combined use of both drugs. For the individual patient, sedation and analgesia should be based on the endoscopist's clinical judgement. (Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:1-9.)

The infrared spectra in the region of fundamental C=O stretching vibrations in tetrachloromethane and chloroform were measured for 59 maleinimide derivatives. A linear correlation between the wavenumbers of symmetric and antisymmetric C=O stretching vibrations was found for a series of 102 experimental data obtained in both solvents. The slope of the νs(C=O) vs νas(C=O) dependence as well as the degree of the vibrational coupling in imide system were discussed and compared with those for analogical five-membered cyclic 1,3-diketones.

Synthesis and Reaction Behaviour of 2-Aryl-3-chloro-maleimides 2-Aryl-3-chloro-maleimides 2 are prepared by the chlorination of aryl-maleicanhydrides and aminolysis of the resulting 1-aryl-2-chloro-maleicanhydrides 1. The imide 2a is reacted with N, S, O and Cnucleophiles and inorganic salts to give 2, 3-disubstituted maleimides 3–6, 9, 10, 12, condensed heterocycles 7 and maleimide dimeres 8, 13, 14.

Reactions of 2-Cyano-3-methoxy-maleinimide with Methylene Active Compounds and Enamines The vinylogous ester 1 gives with methylenactive compounds 2 carbamoylmaleinimides 3, which cyclize to pyridonimides 4. Reactions of 1 with enamines form cyanomaleinimides 6-8 and aminopyridines 11.

Zusammenfassung C-Substituierte Maleinimide 2,4,6 werden mit dem Reagens 1 in Toluen oder Xylen geschwefelt. Die Monoschwefelung an den nichtequivalenten Carbonylgruppen verlauft in regio-spezifischer Weise. Maleinimide 2,4 mit 4-Methyl-phenyl-oder Dialkylaminogruppen werden an der vom C-Substituenten entferten Carbonylfunktion angegriffen und geben die Monothioverbindungen 3 und 5. Die Schwefelung von Maleinimiden 6a-6c mit NH-Gruppen an der Doppelbindung erfolgt dagegen primar an der benachbarten Carbonylgruppe. 7a und 7b reagieren weiter zn den violetten Dithi-omaleinimiden 8. 6d ergibt die Monothioverbindung 9 mit einer exocylischen CS-Gruppe.

Zusammenfassung Chinoxalin- und Indol-2,3-dicarbonsaureimide 7, 8 werden durch Umsetzung halogenaktiver Maleinimide 1, 2 mit Natriumazid hergestellt. Weitere Derivate dieser heterocyclischen Reihen sind durch Folgereaktionen der Imide zuganglich.

Electrophilic Reactions on the Maleimide Double Bond The aminosubstituted maleimides 1 are deprotonated to the anions 2, which are reacted with various electrophiles. By this way with heterocumulenes, acid chlorides and vinylogous acid chlorides the new acylated maleimides 3–6, 9, 10 are isolated. This reaction presents a method of direct acylation on the maleimide double bond.

Die Akkumulation von Lactat im Blut gilt im allgemeinen als Merkmal einer inadaquaten arteriellen Durchblutung. Mangel oder Fehlen von Sauerstoff im Hirnkreislauf induziert eine Steigerung der glykolytischen Kapazitat (Lowry et al., 1964; Meyer et al., 1968; Siesjo et al., 1968; Kaasik et al., 1970; Fujishima, 1971; Siesjo, Plum, 1971; Yashon et al., 1972). Neuere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, das beim Schadel-Hirn-Trauma (Crockard et al., 1972; Seitz et al., 1972) bei akuten (Schnaberth, 1971) und chronischen (Ruscak, Hager, 1971) zerebralen Durchblutungsstorungen Lactat im erhohten Mas im Liquor cerebrospinalis nachgewiesen werden kann. Die Intensitat des anoxydativen Gehirnstoffwechsels scheint durch die Lactatkonzentration in der zerebrospinalen Flussigkeit erkennbar.

Summary A magnetotactic spirillum (strain MSR-1) was isolated from the mud of the eutrophic river Ryck near Greifswald. Its morphological, ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics were compared with those of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum. A cell suspension of strain MSR-1 was used to amplify in vitro 16S rRNA genes (rDNA). The amplified 16S rDNA was cloned and sequenced. For comparison 16S rDNA was also directly amplified from a stock culture of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum DSM 3856T. It was cloned, sequenced and compared with the 16S rDNA sequences of strain MSR-1 and other bacteria. An oligonucleotide probe complementary to a 16S rRNA region unique to the two magnetic spirilla was synthesized. Specific hybridization of the fluorescent oligonucleotide to whole cells of both strains demonstrated that the 16S rDNA clones originated from strain MSR-1 and A. magnetotacticum. Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum and strain MSR-1 are related and belong to the alpha subclass of Proteobacteria, whereas Aquaspirillum serpens, the type species of the genus Aquaspirillum, is a member of the beta subclass of Proteobacteria. A new genus Magnetospirillum sp. gen. with the type species Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense sp. nov., and the transfer of A. magnetotacticum to Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum comb. nov. are proposed. The type strain of M. gryphiswaldense is DSM 6361.