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Biodiversity monitoring plays an essential role in tracking changes in ecosystems, species distributions and abundances across the globe. Data collected through both structured and unstructured biodiversity recording can inform conservation measures designed to reduce, prevent, and reverse declines in valued biodiversity of many types. However, given that resources for biodiversity monitoring are limited, it is important that funding bodies prioritise investments relative to the requirements in any given region. We addressed this prioritisation requirement for a biodiverse Mediterranean island (Cyprus) using a three-stage process of expert-elicitation. This resulted in a structured list of twenty biodiversity monitoring needs; specifically, a hierarchy of three groups of these needs was created using a consensus approach. The most highly prioritised biodiversity monitoring needs were those related to the development of robust survey methodologies, and those ensuring that sufficiently skilled citizens are available to contribute. We discuss ways that the results of our expert-elicitation process could be used to support current and future biodiversity monitoring in Cyprus.

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is a highly significant grapevine disease causing severe yield losses and affecting wine quality. Disease control mainly relies on use of copper and synthetic fungicides. Today there is a growing interest in developing microbial biopesticides for downy mildew control in integrated and organic viticulture. Here, the bacterial biocontrol agent Lysobacter capsici AZ78 (AZ78) was tested following a holistic approach including in planta efficacy test (large-scale trial) combined with bioassays aiming to assess potential adverse effects on non-target organisms: beneficial arthropods (Aphidius rhopalosiphi and Typhlodromus pyri), the crustacean Daphnia magna, the algae Selenastrum capricornutum and soil organisms [earthworm Eisenia (Ei.) fetida and worm Enchytraeid (En.) albidus]. Moreover, side effects of AZ78 treatments on grape quality and wine-making process were assessed. The results showed that AZ78 was equally effective to reference fungicide (Kocide®2000) in controlling downy mildew on leaves and bunches. AZ78 had no significant effect on the mortality of the indicator arthropod species at a Limit test Rate, which was equal to four times the recommended field rate. Additionally, no significant effects (mortality, growth rate or reproduction) were observed on D. magna, Ei. albidus, En. fetida and S. capricornutum, indicating AZ78 low toxicity on non-target organisms. Likewise, the yeast population dynamics in fermenting musts was not affected, without compromising the fermentation processes and wine quality. Overall, this study provides new insights into the characterisation of the biocontrol agent AZ78 showing that this bacterium has the potential to be further developed as a commercial biopesticide.

Biodiversity monitoring plays an essential role in tracking changes in ecosystems, species distributions and abundances across the globe. Data collected through both structured and unstructured biodiversity recording can inform conservation measures designed to reduce, prevent, and reverse declines in valued biodiversity of many types. However, resources for biodiversity monitoring are limited, it is therefore important that funding bodies prioritise actions relative to the requirements in any given region. We addressed this prioritisation requirement through a three-stage process of expert-elicitation, resulting in a prioritised list of twenty biodiversity monitoring needs for Cyprus. Equal priority was assigned to the twenty monitoring needs within three categories: a top nine, a middle five, and a bottom six. The most highly prioritised biodiversity monitoring needs were those related to the development of robust methodologies, and those ensuring a geographic spread of sufficiently skilled and informed contributors. We suggest ways that the results of our expert-elicitation process could be used to support current and future biodiversity monitoring in Cyprus.

Biodiversity monitoring plays an essential role in tracking changes in ecosystems, species distributions and abundances across the globe. Data collected through both structured and unstructured biodiversity recording can inform conservation measures designed to reduce, prevent, and reverse declines in valued biodiversity of many types. However, given that resources for biodiversity monitoring are limited, it is important that funding bodies prioritise investments relative to the requirements in any given region. We addressed this prioritisation requirement for a biodiverse Mediterranean island (Cyprus) using a three-stage process of expert-elicitation. This resulted in a structured list of twenty biodiversity monitoring needs; specifically, a hierarchy of three groups of these needs was created using a consensus approach. The most highly prioritised biodiversity monitoring needs were those related to the development of robust survey methodologies, and those ensuring that sufficiently skilled citizens are available to contribute. We discuss ways that the results of our expert-elicitation process could be used to support current and future biodiversity monitoring in Cyprus.

We present for the first time the environmental footprint (EF) of grapes following the methodology proposed by the EU and life cycle assessment (LCA). We used data from three different production systems, conventional high- or low-input and organic from vineyards on the Mediterranean island of Cyprus. The life cycle inventory (LCI) data were retrieved from the recently released AGRIBALYSE database, and the EF was determined with the Open LCA software. The system boundary was from &ldquo, cradle to winery door&rdquo, and the functional unit was 1 ton of grapes delivered to the winery. Organic grape production had the lowest values for most of the 16 EF impact categories. Machinery, fuel, and sulfur production and use were identified as EF hotspots for organic grapes. Fertilizer production and use were identified as EF hotspots for high-input grape production. The EF impact category values for low-input grapes showed similarities with organic production. Future research needs to enrich the LCI databases with data more applicable to the methods and inputs applied in Mediterranean agriculture.

The Middle East, the cradle of viticulture and wine production, is gradually but steadily becoming hotter and drier because of climate change (CC). In the current study, we evaluated the effect of tillage and irrigation on yield and quality characteristics of the heat-resistant, indigenous red-grape variety Maratheftiko for one year. Yield increased (two-fold) in vines with irrigation and tillage compared to tillage with no irrigation. The absence of tillage buffered the negative effect of the lack of irrigation on yield. At the veraison stage, leaf stomatal conductance decreased in non-irrigated vines, independently of the application of tillage or not. At veraison, tillage increased (up to 27.5%) phenolics when compared to no tillage in non-irrigated vines. Vines accumulated more N, P, and K and less Mg during the flowering stage compared to veraison. At veraison, irrigation decreased K content in vines subjected to tillage and decreased Mg content in vines subjected to no tillage. Total soluble solids and anthocyanins of berries increased with the absence of irrigation and tillage. Total phenolics increased with tillage in both irrigated and non-irrigated plants. Our results indicate that no tillage systems may be viable as an adaptation strategy in the context of CC.

Τα υγρά παραπροϊόντα των ελαιοτριβείων (Olive Mill Wastewater, OMW) ή αλλιώς ο κατσίγαρος αποτελούν το κύριο παραπροϊόν της παραγωγικής διαδικασίας του ελαιόλαδου. Αποτελούν έναν από τους σημαντικότερους παράγοντες περιβαλλοντικής ρύπανσης, όπου οι τεράστιες επιπτώσεις τους οφείλονται κυρίως στα φυσικοχημικά τους χαρακτηριστικά. Αν και η απόρριψη ή η ενσωμάτωση των υγρών παραπροϊόντων στο έδαφος αποτελεί μια εναλλακτική μέθοδο επεξεργασίας και αξιοποίησης τους, εντούτοις οι αντιμικροβιακές και φυτοτοξικές ιδιότητες τους δυσχεραίνουν την υλοποίηση της. Παράλληλα όμως η εκμετάλλευση ορισμένων ιδιοτήτων τους συντελεί στη διερεύνηση πρωτότυπων, εναλλακτικών και οικολογικών τρόπων καταπολέμησης διαφόρων φυτοπαθογόνων μικροοργανισμών. Σύμφωνα με την πλειονότητα των βιβλιογραφικών αναφορών τα παραπροϊόντα αυτά είναι πλούσια σε οργανικά και ανόργανα συστατικά ενώ η βασική αιτία της τοξικής τους δράσης είναι η μεγάλη περιεκτικότητα τους σε φαινολικές ενώσεις. Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή έγινε προσπάθεια εκτίμησης της δράσης τους ενάντια στο φυτοπαθογόνο μύκητα Sphaerotheca fusca με απώτερο σκοπό να διερευνηθεί η όποια φυτοπροστατευτική τους δράση σε φυτά αγγουριού και η συγκέντρωση η οποία θα παρουσίαζε τη μεγαλύτερη αποτελεσματικότητα χωρίς ταυτόχρονα να προκαλεί φυτοτοξικές αντιδράσεις. Συγκεκριμένα πραγματοποιήθηκε μια σειρά in vitro βιοδοκιμών για τον έλεγχο της φυτοτοξικότητας των υγρών παραπροϊόντων στη βλάστηση σπερμάτων αγγουριού και της εξέλιξης της βλάστησης των κονιδίων του μύκητα, ενώ παράλληλα διεξήχθησαν in vivo και in planta πειράματα για τη μελέτη της εκλεκτικότητας των διαφόρων συγκεντρώσεων των παραπροϊόντων και της ελάχιστης αποτελεσματικής δόσης τους υπό συνθήκες αγρού. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα του ελέγχου φυτοτοξικότητας, τα υγρά παραπροϊόντα των ελαιοτριβείων παρουσίασαν έντονη φυτοτοξικότητα ως πυκνό διάλυμα, ενώ η δράση τους περιορίστηκε κυρίως στην επιμήκυνση και τη ζωτικότητα του ριζιδίου. Συγχρόνως προκάλεσαν μια καθυστέρηση τεσσάρων περίπου ημερών στη βλάστηση των σπερμάτων ενώ όσον αφορά τις διάφορες αραιώσεις που δοκιμάστηκαν, διαπιστώθηκε ότι δεν είχαν καμία φυτοτοξική επίδραση ή αντιθέτως η επίδραση τους υπήρξε θετική, προάγοντας την επιμήκυνση του ριζιδίου. Μικροσκοπικές παρατηρήσεις έδειξαν ότι το πυκνό διάλυμα των υγρών παραπροϊόντων παρεμπόδισε την ανάπτυξη του μύκητα για μια περίοδο περίπου μιας εβδομάδας, όταν εφαρμόστηκε μια μέρα πριν την τεχνητή μόλυνση και κάτω από συνθήκες υψηλής πίεσης μολύσματος. Η μείωση του ποσοστού των βλαστημένων κονιδίων και της ανάπτυξης των πρωτογενών και δευτερογενών υφών των κονιδίων και του μυκηλίου αποτελούν προκαταρτικές αποδείξεις της μυκητοστατικής δράσης των υγρών παραπροϊόντων. Τα αποτελέσματα των in vivo και in planta πειραμάτων, τα οποία συνάδουν με αυτά των in vitro βιοδοκιμών που αφορούν την εξέλιξη της βλάστησης των κονιδίων του μύκητα, έδειξαν ότι η προληπτική εφαρμογή των υγρών παραπροϊόντων προκάλεσε την μείωση στην ένταση της ασθένειας όπως επίσης την καθυστέρηση στην έναρξη της, εμφανίζοντας είτε άμεση δράση στα κονίδια του μύκητα είτε έμμεση μέσω του ξενιστή ενεργοποιώντας μηχανισμούς ανοχής των φυτών σε παθογόνα. Συγκρίνοντας τη δράση τους με αυτή του μάρτυρα, αποδείχθηκε ότι η εφαρμογή τους δεν είχε καμία επίδραση στο ρυθμό ανάπτυξης της ασθένειας. Μεγαλύτερη αποτελεσματικότητα εμφάνισε το πυκνό διάλυμα των υγρών παραπροϊόντων και ειδικότερα μετά από την εφαρμογή εβδομαδιαίων επεμβάσεων. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί ότι η δράση του, κάτω από συνθήκες μειωμένης έντασης μολύσματος, ήταν παρόμοια με αυτήν του θειούχου μυκητοκτόνου Thiovit®. Στα πλαίσια λοιπόν της συγκεκριμένης μεταπτυχιακής διατριβής αποδεικνύεται η προστατευτική δράση των υγρών παραπροϊόντων σε φυτά αγγουριού έναντι του μύκητα Sphaerotheca fusca, η οποία μάλιστα συνοδεύεται από μη φυτοτοξικές επιδράσεις στα υπέργεια όργανα των φυτών. Παρ’όλα αυτά για τη διερεύνηση του ακριβή μηχανισμού ή μηχανισμών δράσης των υγρών παραπροϊόντων, όπως επίσης την εξακρίβωση της εμπλοκής και του ρόλου των φαινολικών ουσιών στη δράση τους, κρίνεται αναγκαία περαιτέρω έρευνα Olive mill wastewaters (OMW) are the main by-products of olive oil production. Due to their physicochemical characteristics, these wastes constitute one of the major environmental problems. The disposal and the application of OMW to the soil is an alternative method of waste process and utilization. The phytotoxic and antimicrobial properties of OMW, however, prevent the implementation of this method. At the same time, some of the OMW properties contribute to the development of novel and alternative disease-control strategies, with an ecological basis. According to the scientific literature, these wastes contain organic, inorganic and toxic compounds, such as phenolics. The current study aims at the evaluation of olive OMW antifungal activity against Sphaerotheca fusca. The overarching purpose is to investigate the efficacy of OMW in protecting cucumber against powdery mildew, in relation to their concentration and phytotoxicity. Particularly, in vitro bioassays were carried out in order to examine OMW phytotoxicity on cucumber seed germination and their effect on germination progress of S. fusca conidia. In vivo and in planta testings were carried out both to investigate the selectivity of OMW concentrations, and the minimal effective dose in field conditions. OMW showed strong phytotoxicity as undiluted solution. Their activity was restricted to the elongation and growth of the root. OMW caused delay in seed germination by four days, whereas no phytotoxicity reaction occurred at any of the dilutions. In contrast, their activity in a certain dilution was positive, inducing root elongation. Microscopic observations showed that pretreatment of cucumber plants with undiluted OMW, followed by artificial inoculation and under low levels of inoculums, inhibited fungal growth for a week. Both the reduction in conidial germinated rate and the reduction in primary, secondary hyphae and mycelium growth, constitute preliminary evidence of OMW fungistatic activity. The results of in vivo and in planta treatments, which are in accordance with these microscopic observations, indicate that a prophylactic application of OMW reduced the disease severity and caused a delay in disease onset. OMW exerted either a direct effect on the fungal conidia, or acted indirectly, by activating mechanisms of plant tolerance. Despite the delay in disease onset, the rate of disease development was similar compared to the control. OMW were more effective when applied without any prior dilution and especially after a 7-day interval between applications. It is noteworthy that OMW were nearly as effective as sulphur (Thiovit®), under low levels of inoculums. The current study has demonstrated the protective action of OMW against cucumber powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fusca), followed by the lack of phytotoxic effects on upper plant organs. Further research would be useful to identify the exact mechanism(s) of OMW activity, as well as the role of phenolic compounds in the process.