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Background/Objectives: Locating the mandibular foramen (MF) through imaging is clinically important for inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) anesthesia and mandibular ramus osteotomies. Although cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is superior in imaging the mandible, an orthopantomogram (OPG) is preferred for its ease of use and availability. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of digital OPG in localizing the MF, in a subset of the Middle Eastern population. Methods: Radiographic images (OPG and CBCT) of selected patients (adults, dentulous and no mandibular abnormalities) were used to locate the MF through digital measurements (mm) of the anteroposterior distance from the anterior border of the ramus (MF-AP) and the superoinferior position from the mandibular occlusal plane (MF-SI). Measurements were statistically compared between OPG and CBCT for accuracy. Differences in measurements between OPG and CBCT were compared against the anatomic location (right/left), age and biological sex, assuming a p-value < 0.05 as significant. Results: A total of 204 radiographic records (males: 100/females: 104/mean age: 34.65 ± 11.55 years) were evaluated. The measurements for the MF were MF-AP-OPG (right: 13.53 ± 2.44/left: 13.19 ± 2.25), MF-AP-CBCT (right: 13.61 ± 2.39/left: 13.36 ± 2.19), MF-SI-OPG (right: 5.25 ± 1.71/left: 5.41 ± 1.65) and MF-SI-CBCT (right: 5.59 ± 1.66/left: 5.52 ± 1.61). Measurements between OPG and CBCT were not significantly different, except for MF-SI (right) (p = 0.042). While the overall difference between OPG and CBCT (MF-AP/MF-SI) measurements showed a significant association (p < 0.01) with the anatomic location (right/left), a significant association (p < 0.05) with biological sex was observed only for MF-AP. Conclusions: Based on this study's outcomes, digital OPG is an accurate modality to locate the MF based on anteroposterior (MF-AP) and superoinferior (MF-SI) measurements. This would be clinically beneficial for dental and oral surgeons to achieve the optimum IAN block anesthesia based on preoperative panoramic radiographs. Similarly, it would assist maxillofacial surgeons in planning mandibular orthognathic surgeries and ramus osteotomies without complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the positions of the mandibular foramen (MF) and mandibular canal (MC) between different skeletal classes to highlight the implications for bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using cone-beam computed tomography on 90 patients classified into classes I, II and III. Linear measurements were performed on multiplanar reconstructions as follows: from the MF to the edge of the mandibular ramus (1), to the mandibular notch (2), to the ramus width (3) and to the occlusal plane (4); and from the MC to the alveolar crest (A), to the lower border of the mandible (B) and to the mandibular buccal cortical bone (C). Mandibular thickness (D), width (E) and height (F) of the MC were measured. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) checked the reliability. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used to compare measurements and classes. Results: Linear measurements 2 presented a statistically significant difference between classes I and II. There was no statistically significant difference between the classes and measurements B, C, D, E and F. Linear measurements A were shorter in class III than in class II. Conclusions: Although most measurements suggest that the BSSO technique does not need to be modified for each skeletal class, measurements from the MF to the mandibular notch in class II and from the MC to the alveolar crest on distal of the second molars in class III could help surgeons to recognize critical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background The antilingula located on the lateral surface of the mandibular ramus has been served as a surgical landmark for the mandibular foramen on the medial surface for decades. However, whether the antilingula truly represents the lingula which is the bony prominence overlapping the mandibular foramen, or the foramen itself, is still unclear. This study thus aimed to examine the position of the antilingula in relation to three reference points: the lingula, the anterior and the posterior borders of the mandibular foramen, as well as to the reference plane used in the inferior alveolar nerve block, and to the posterior border of the mandible. Methods This observational study was performed in 113 Thai dry mandibles. The antilingula were identified followed by transferring the reference points to the lateral surface. The distances from the antilingula to the reference points, the reference plane and the posterior border of the ramus were then measured. Chi-square test was calculated for side-dependency of the antilingula. Paired t-test was calculated for difference in measurements in left and right sides. Results The antilingula could be identified in 92.48% of the mandibles with 86.67 – 90.00% accuracy and 86.67% reliability. There was no significant difference in the presence of the antilingula on left and right sides (p = 0.801). Only 2.5% and 0.83% of the antilingula correspond to the lingula and the anterior border of the mandibular foramen, respectively. However, 85% of the reference points were located within 11 mm radius. The antilingula was found located 2.80 mm inferior to the reference plane and 16.84 mm from the posterior border of the ramus. Conclusions The antilingula does not concur with the reference points on the medial surface. Our study also suggests that the safe area for vertical osteotomy is 11 mm posterior to the antilingula or at 30% of the length from the posterior border parallel to the occlusal plane. The use of more accurate techniques in localizing the mandibular foramen combined with the antilingula is more recommended than using the antilingula as a sole surgical guide.

The mandibular foramen and its canal are one of the most important structures in the skull, as they solely supply the mandible through their associated nerves and vessels. Many anatomical variations have been reported in the literature until now, and this case report represents a clear-cut appearance of its shape in a panoramic radiograph, which is not mostly seen in normal panoramic radiographs. These factors are of utmost importance when it comes to performing various surgeries and preventing complications due to their varied anatomy, which will allow dentists to create a better treatment plan and provide better treatments without any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of panoramic radiographs (PAN) with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in locating the position of the mandibular foramen (MF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients who underwent CBCT and panoramic imaging were included in the study. The location of the MF was evaluated anterior-posteriorly and superior-inferiorly on both CBCT and panoramic radiographs. Measurements were taken by two examiners, reviewed by a radiologist, and intra-examiner variability was assessed. A comparison of statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, independent and paired t-test. A p-value =0.05 was deemed significant. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 35.03 years, with 51% females and 49% males. CBCT and panoramic radiographs showed comparable accuracy in locating the left (p=0.937) and right (p=0.371) MF anterior-posteriorly. In the superior-inferior dimension, the accuracy of CBCT and panoramic radiographs were comparable in locating the right (p=0.292) and left (p=0.640) MF. The gender-based accuracy of PAN and CBCT radiographs in locating the right (p=0.353) and left (p=0.985) MF was comparable. CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that panoramic radiographs showed comparable accuracy in effectively locating MF in comparison to CBCT. The influence of gender and anatomic location (right and left sides of MF) on MF identification with panoramic radiographs was insignificant. Digital panoramic radiographs are an effective tool in accurately identifying MF location in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A local anaesthetic block performed in cranial and mandibular foramina contributes towards analgesia and the reduction of systemic anaesthesia in procedures in the oral cavity. However, anatomical differences between in wild animals may require adaptations to the anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres of the head used in domestic animals. With that in mind, we aimed to describe the topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramina in Bradypus variegatus, to support perineural anaesthetic approaches in the cranio‐mandibular region of this species. We demonstrated that in B. variegatus there is no significant variability in the morphometric data, allowing access to the studied foramina to occur in a similar way in adult individuals. Finally, we understand that the techniques for the infraorbital and mandibular foramen needed to be adapted due to the anatomical singularities of the species, which culminated in new reference points for more assertive needle positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty-five mandibles (90 cases) used in education at the Anatomy Departments of Bezmialem Vakıf University, Hitit University and Marmara University Faculty of Medicine were examined macroscopically and the incidence of mylohyoid bridge was investigated. In some cases, the proximal part of the mylohyoid groove (sulcus mylohyoideus) may appear as a canal through a bony bridge (mylohyoid arc = mylohyoid bridge). Knowledge the frequency of mylohyoid bridge variations will contribute to the literature studies on this subject and will guide the practice of oral surgery and dentistry. Investigating anatomical variations, as well as collecting anthropometric data, is important to draw attention to clinical practices and guide clinicians.

Background: Non-metric methods are used to differentiate sex, age, and race with the help of the mandible in cases of aircraft crashes, warfare, and earthquakes. The earliest approach in forensic cases of sex determination is the examination of bone morphology. Aim: To evaluate the mandibular morphology using various parameters. Materials and methods: The present study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. This study was an observational study. This study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Index Medical College, Malwanchal University. Results: The most common lingula was triangular (48%). Males were more likely to have this condition (36%). The Truncated type (10%) was the least common. Triangular ligulae were discovered bilaterally in 132 mandibles, unilaterally in 29 bones on the right side, and in 27 bones on the left side. Only 14 mandibles on both sides and 15 bones on the right and left sides were truncated. The most common type of genial tubercle was Type II (49%), whereas the least common type was Type IV (3%). Conclusion: This study examined several qualitative and nonmetrical features of the mandible. Mandible sexing makes effective use of the lingula, a sexually dimorphic feature of the mandible. The form of the male mandible is typically triangular. The triangular process accounts for the vast majority of coronoid processes. In order to accurately identify racial differences, a large number of bones should have their genial tubercle patterns carefully analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) is an orthognathic surgery for patients with jaw deformity. To avoid complications associated with IVRO, understanding the position of the mandibular foramen and shape of the mandibular ramus in patients with mandibular prognathism is important, which only few studies have reported. Most studies have been performed with dry skulls of older people without jaw deformity. This study aimed to examine the position and shape of the mandibular foramen and ramus, respectively, using computed tomography in patients with mandibular prognathism. Methods: The study was performed on 50 Japanese patients who underwent IVRO. We examined the position of the mandibular foramen against the occlusal plane, distance between the posterior border of the mandible and mandibular foramen, and thickness of the mandibular ramus. Results: The mandibular foramen was vertically located above the occlusal plane at a distance of 2.6 ± 5.1 and 1.2 ± 5.1 mm in men and women, respectively. The distances between the mandibular ramus and foramen, measured with the posterior border line of the mandibular ramus as a criterion, were 15.9 ± 2.2 and 14.4 ± 2.1 mm in men and women, respectively. The thickest parts of the mandibular ramus were 6.8 ± 1.6 and 6.9 ± 0.9 mm in men and women, respectively. Conclusion: Knowledge of the accurate position of the mandibular foramen is important for a safe IVRO. Mandibular ramus osteotomy line should be within 10 mm from the posterior border of the mandibular ramus, to avoid inferior alveolar nerve damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The study aims to evaluate the location of mandibular foramen (MF) with respect to the occlusal plane (OP) and its location on the ramus using Anatolian dry mandibles. Materials and Methods A total of 115 dry mandibles with mandibular molars were analyzed. The distance between the MF and the OP was examined with a flat metal plate. Group A was above the OP; group L was at level, and group B was below the OP. The distances between the MF and anterior border (A-MF), sigmoid notch (U-MF), posterior border (P-MF), and lower border (L-MF) were measured. The symmetry between the two sides was examined. Pearson chi-square and Student's t-test were performed for statistical analysis. Results According to the analysis, 50.23% of MF was located below the OP (p<0.05). The mean distances of Groups A and B were 3.45 and 4.78 mm, respectively. There was no difference between the left and right in groups (p>0.05). The distance A-MF was 14.71 mm. There was no statistical difference between the distances A-MF and P-MF or U-MF and L-MF. Conclusion Half of the MF (50.23%) was located below the occlusal plane with a mean distance of 4.78 mm. It may be helpful to place the needle 3-4 mm above the OP and 1.5-2 mm back of the anterior border to obtain a successful inferior alveolar nerve block. The MF was located at the center of the medial surface of the ramus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mandibular osteotomies in facial asymmetry are complicated by the abnormal position and course of inferior alveolar nerve. This manuscript aims to evaluate the possible variations in the preoperative positions of mandibular canal and mandibular foramen in patients with mandibular asymmetry due to condylar hyperplasia or condylar hypoplasia. Materials & Methods: This study included 15 patients with mandibular asymmetry due to condylar hyperplasia or condylar hypoplasia for which bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) was performed as a corrective procedure. The presence/absence and extent of postoperative neurosensory deficiency was recorded subjectively and objectively. The measurements were done using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) of three-dimensional radiographic imaging and were compared to normal subjects. Discussion: The results revealed that the mandibular canal was closer to the buccal cortex on the affected side and the inferior border on both sides in the region of second molar in condylar hyperplasia. In condylar hypoplasia, the canal was nearer to the inferior border and the alveolar crest in relation to second and third molars respectively on the affected and contralateral sides.The mandibular foramen was also more superior to the occlusal plane on both sides in both condylar hyperplasia and hypoplasia. Conclusion: Based on the study outcomes, the authors propose that assessment of the positions of mandibular canal and mandibular foramen is crucial to avoid postoperative neurosensory deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Precise knowledge of the mandibular foramen's location is essential for clinical and surgical procedures, especially the inferior alveolar nerve block. Variability in its position concerning different bony landmarks can significantly impact clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This study examined 30 Adult dry human mandibles to determine the mandibular foramen's positions in relation to specific bony landmarks: the occlusal plane, posterior border of the ramus, and lingula. Measurements were obtained using a calibrated digital caliper, and statistical analysis was performed. Results: The study revealed significant variations in the position of the mandibular foramen. In relation to the occlusal plane, the mandibular foramen was found at an average height of approximately 15.2 mm (±2.1 mm). Regarding the posterior border of the ramus, it was situated at an average distance of about 18.5 mm (±3.4 mm). In relation to the lingula, the average distance was approximately 21.8 mm (±4.0 mm). These results underscore the considerable individual differences and anatomical variations in the mandibular foramen's location among the studied specimens. Conclusion: The observed variations in the position of the mandibular foramen emphasize the need for clinicians and surgeons to be cognizant of these differences when performing procedures involving the inferior alveolar nerve block. Understanding these anatomical variations is crucial for enhancing clinical precision, reducing complications, and ensuring optimal outcomes.

Background: Precise knowledge of the mandibular foramen's location is essential for clinical and surgical procedures, especially the inferior alveolar nerve block. Variability in its position concerning different bony landmarks can significantly impact clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: This study examined 30 Adult dry human mandibles to determine the mandibular foramen's positions in relation to specific bony landmarks: the occlusal plane, posterior border of the ramus, and lingula. Measurements were obtained using a calibrated digital caliper, and statistical analysis was performed. Results: The study revealed significant variations in the position of the mandibular foramen. In relation to the occlusal plane, the mandibular foramen was found at an average height of approximately 15.2 mm (±2.1 mm). Regarding the posterior border of the ramus, it was situated at an average distance of about 18.5 mm (±3.4 mm). In relation to the lingula, the average distance was approximately 21.8 mm (±4.0 mm). These results underscore the considerable individual differences and anatomical variations in the mandibular foramen's location among the studied specimens. Conclusion: The observed variations in the position of the mandibular foramen emphasize the need for clinicians and surgeons to be cognizant of these differences when performing procedures involving the inferior alveolar nerve block. Understanding these anatomical variations is crucial for enhancing clinical precision, reducing complications, and ensuring optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was carried out to identify differences in the parameters for locating mandibular foramen (MF) in the central Indian population and the recommended guidelines for the administration of inferior alveolar nerve block (IAN) as mentioned in the dental literature. Methods: Eighty high-resolution full volumes cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were randomly selected from the radiology database and the scans were rendered, viewed, and measured using the on-demand volumetric imaging software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA). The parameters used in locating the MF/IAN complex were the horizontal distance from the mandibular notch to the midpoint of MF (H); vertical distance from the level of the mandibular occlusal plane to the center of MF (V) and the angle from the contralateral premolar contact area to the MF. Results: Paired t-test was applied. The mean horizontal distance from the mandibular notch to MF was 22.36 ± 2.60 mm in males and 21.05 ± 3.57 mm in females. The mean vertical distance to the occlusal plane was 10.23 ± 4.57 mm in males and 7.42 ± 4.96 mm in females, with a significant difference between the genders (P < 0.05). The mean value for the angulation for the occlusal plane was 39.28° ±5.23° and 37.35° ±3.72° in males and females, respectively. Conclusion: Ethnicity and gender influence the location of the MF/IAN complex. The utilization of long needles, orienting the syringe barrel at an angulation slightly

Aim: This study was carried out to identify differences in the parameters for locating mandibular foramen (MF) in the central Indian population and the recommended guidelines for the administration of inferior alveolar nerve block (IAN) as mentioned in the dental literature. Methods: Eighty high-resolution full volumes cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were randomly selected from the radiology database and the scans were rendered, viewed, and measured using the on-demand volumetric imaging software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA). The parameters used in locating the MF/IAN complex were the horizontal distance from the mandibular notch to the midpoint of MF (H); vertical distance from the level of the mandibular occlusal plane to the center of MF (V) and the angle from the contralateral premolar contact area to the MF. Results: Paired t-test was applied. The mean horizontal distance from the mandibular notch to MF was 22.36 ± 2.60 mm in males and 21.05 ± 3.57 mm in females. The mean vertical distance to the occlusal plane was 10.23 ± 4.57 mm in males and 7.42 ± 4.96 mm in females, with a significant difference between the genders (P < 0.05). The mean value for the angulation for the occlusal plane was 39.28° ±5.23° and 37.35° ±3.72° in males and females, respectively. Conclusion: Ethnicity and gender influence the location of the MF/IAN complex. The utilization of long needles, orienting the syringe barrel at an angulation slightly <45° and approximately 10 mm above the mandibular occlusal plane can aid in successfully administering the IAN block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The nerve to mylohyoid is a branch of inferior alveolar nerve which arises just above the mandibular foramen. There is occasionally communicating branch between nerve to mylohyoid and lingual nerve. Knowledge of such variations has significance during oral and submandibular surgery. Aim: To detect and describe the existence and occurrence of anatomical variations in the innervation pattern of the nerve to mylohyoid by using the dissection technique. Materials and Methods: An observational study was carried out from January 2022 to April 2022 in a total of 15 embalmed and formalin-fixed cadavers in the Laboratory of Anatomy of SMBT Medical College, Nashik, Maharashtra. The nerve to the mylohyoid and lingual nerve were cleared and observed for any unusual communication between the two, if any. Results: In 13 (86.67%) cadavers, classical (normal) anatomical presentation of the nerve to mylohyoid was observed, whereas, in two male (13.33%) cadavers, the presence of communicating branch between the nerve to mylohyoid and lingual nerve was observed. In both the cadavers, the communicating branch was unilateral, in one cadaver on the right-side, and in the second cadaver same variation was noted on the left-side. Conclusion: The existence of communication between the nerve to mylohyoid and the lingual nerve is thought to be responsible for inadequate mandibular anesthesia. Through this study, surgeons will be aware of this variance, to explain unexpected findings in nerve injury following oral procedures.

Forty-five mandibles (90 cases) used in education at the Anatomy Departments of Bezmialem Vakıf University, Hitit University and Marmara University Faculty of Medicine were examined macroscopically and the incidence of mylohyoid bridge was investigated. In some cases, the proximal part of the mylohyoid groove (sulcus mylohyoideus) may appear as a canal through a bony bridge (mylohyoid arc = mylohyoid bridge). Knowledge the frequency of mylohyoid bridge variations will contribute to the literature studies on this subject and will guide the practice of oral surgery and dentistry. Investigating anatomical variations, as well as collecting anthropometric data, is important to draw attention to clinical practices and guide clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In terms of generating good mandibular nerve blocks and preventing damage to the neurovascular bundles, the mandibular foramen (MF) is an anatomical feature of great relevance in local anesthetic and surgical operations. Objective: This research study aimed to find out the exact position of the mandibular foramen in dry adult human mandibles from North Indian population. Measures were taken between the left and right sides of the mandibles using different landmarks. Method: The location, size, form, and number of mandibular foramen in 125 dry adult human mandibles of undetermined age were noted. All the anatomical parameters were measured using a sliding digital vernier caliper, based on the location of the right and left mandibular foramina from the distinctive landmarks. Continuous data was expressed in mean ± SD while categorical data was measured in median ± IQR. For analyzing any association between study variables, Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 was used. Results: In the study mean distance of mandibular foramen (MF) to anterior border of ramus was found to be 16.12mm on the right side and 16.83mm on the left side while the distance of MF from posterior border of ramus was 10.85mm on the right side and 11.26mm on the left side. The width of the ramus (AB-PB) as ascertained by measuring horizontal distance from the anterior border (AB) of the ramus to the posterior border (PB) of the ramus across the foramen was 31.95mm on the left and 31.41mm on the right side. On conducting a paired t-test, a statistically significant difference between the measurement of means on left and right side was found, in parameters of AB-MF and PB-MF while no statistical difference was found in AB-PB. Conclusions: The result indicates significant differences in the location of mandibular foramen. The study showed that the mandibular foramen was located more posterior and at inferior aspect of the mandibular ramus along the vertical and horizontal axis. This study provides useful information for successful local anesthesia during various dental and other surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The patterns of the lingula and antilingula are crucial surgical reference points for ramus osteotomy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional images, and patient radiation dose is significantly lower for CBCT than for medical CT. The morphology of the mandibular lingula and antilingula of ninety patients (180 sides) were investigated using CBCT. The lingula were classified as having triangular, truncated, nodular, and assimilated shapes. The antilingula were classified as having hill, ridge, plateau, and plain shapes. The patients' sex, skeletal patterns (Classes I, II, and III), and right and left sides were recorded. The most to least common lingula shapes were nodular (37.8%), followed by truncated (32.8%), triangular (24.4%), and assimilated (5%). The most to least common antilingulae were hill (62.8%), plain (18.9%), plateau (13.9%), and ridge (4.4%) patterns, respectively. The lingula and antilingula had identical patterns on both sides in 47 (52.2%) and 46 patients (51.1%), respectively. Sex and skeletal pattern were not significantly correlated to lingula and antilingula shapes. No significant correlation was observed between lingula and antilingula shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to review the literature on adult mandibular lingula (ML) locations and related distances determined using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). A search was conducted for studies on CBCT using the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The search results were limited to studies published between 1970 and 2021. The inclusion criteria were the investigation of ML location, CBCT, and participants aged ≥18 years. Eligible studies were examined for the distances from the lingual tip to the anterior ramus border, posterior ramus border, sigmoid notch, inferior ramus border, and occlusal plane. Eight studies on CBCT qualified for inclusion in the study. The mean distances from the ML to the anterior ramus border were 15.57 to 20 mm. In most of these, the ML was located above the occlusal plane. No significant differences were observed in the location and related distances for the ML among patients of different sexes, ethnicities, or skeletal patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the mandibular foramen (MF) is an irregular opening in the internal surface of the mandibular ramus. The inferior alveolar nerve and vessels penetrate this foramen and extend through the mandibular canal to the mentual foramen. Variations in MF position are responsible for errors in anesthetic blocks of the inferior alveolar nerve and other surgical interventions on the mandibular ramus. Objectives: to analyze morphometrically the MF of both edentulous and dentate mandibles in Northeastern Brazil. Methodology: the sample consisted of 172 adult human mandibles (106 partially dentate and 66 edentulous) of undetermined age and gender from Northeastern Brazil. Linear measurements were performed bilaterally of the MF to the anterior and posterior margin of the mandibular ramus, the mandibular incisure, the mandibular angle and the mandibular condyle. Laterality and dentition were considered in the analysis. Results: difference was observed between dentate and edentulous mandibles in the distance MF-A (p=0.004), MF-D (p<0.001) and D-E (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in the distance MF-B (p=0.642) and FM-C (p=0.116) between partially dentate and edentulous mandibles. Regarding the comparison between the right and left sides, both in partially dentate and edentulous groups, no differences were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: the morphometric analysis of the MF presented some differences between partially dentate and edentulous mandibles, but not between antimers. These differences may be related to greater bone wear and other factors. Caution must be exercised regarding bone deterioration in mandibles, especially considering that the dentition is a determining factor for the location of the MF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The variable relation and clinical significance of mandibular foramen (MF) and Lingula with inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle (IANB) is important for dental surgeons. Knowing the landmarks on the ramus of the mandible is of paramount importance to perform the surgery without causing damage to the neurovascular bundle. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 85 dry adult mandibles of unknown sex and age. The distances were measured from the anatomical reference points(anti‑Lingula, Lingula and MF) using digital callipers. Results: The distance from the anti-Lingula to the anterior border of the ramus (A) was significantly longer on the right side (14.91 mm) than on the left side (14.5 mm). There was a significant difference in mean distances between the anti‑Lingula and MF of both the sides (P ≤ 0.005). No significant difference was noted in the distances between the Lingula and the Anti-Lingula, observed for the posterior (B, P = 0.75) and the inferior margin of the mandible (D, P = 0.54). However we found correlation of vertical distances of anti‑Lingula with Lingula and MF exhibited moderate positive correlation. Discussion: The IANB is prone to damage during mandibular surgery. Using anti-Lingula alone as a reference point is not guaranteed, but it is still an important anatomical landmark for the surgeon to operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To report radiographic characteristics of a case of a patient with neurofibromatosis involving the maxillomandibular complex and to point out other dental radiographic characteristics that are found in the scientific literature to help the dentist when faced with a case of neurofibromatosis. Short communication: Male, 31 years old, referred for radiographic examination. During anamnesis and physical examination, lesions were noted, which were papules and café-au-lait patches larger than 1 cm on the trunk and upper limbs, further to Lisch nodules (brown spots on the iris) and axillary and inguinal ephelides. When investigating the history of the disease, the patient reported the presence of such skin atlterations since birth and mentioned that his mother had been diagnosed with neurofibromatosis. During radiographic evaluation, a significant increase in the caliber of the mandibular canal and mental foramen was observed, bilaterally. Conclusion: Completing the combination of skin characteristics present in the patient, anamnesis data and current history of the disease with interpretation of radiographic alterations, it was possible to arrive at the diagnostic hypothesis of Neurofibromatosis type 1 and correct clinical management. Therefore, it is extremely important for the dentist to be aware of the clinical, physical and radiographic characteristics that this condition presents for the correct management and success of dental treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determining the exact location of mandibular foramen is an important factor prior to Inferior Alveolar Nerve (IAN) block injection. The aim of this study is to assess the position of Mandibular Foramen (MF) and its variations using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: This study was conducted on CBCT images of 80 females and 80 males (18 to 68 years). The distance between the MF and the anterior border of ramus (A), inferior border of mandible (B), superior border of mandible (C), and occlusal plane was measured. Data were analyzed by the student t-test, bivariate correlation analysis, paired sample t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The mean amount of A, B and C distances, and the mean distance from the occlusal plane to the center of MF were 13.76, 24.24, 12.32, and 7.59 mm, respectively, with no significant difference between the right and left sides (p>0.05). The mean B and C distances were significantly smaller in females than males (p<0.05). The mean size of the measured angle was 43.2°. Significant correlations were noted between aging and decreased A distance, and reduction in the angle between the contralateral premolars and MF (p<0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge about the position of MF can enhance the surgical procedures in this region. Using a 21-25 mm needle would be associated with lower risk of needle fracture during IAN block injection. Also, needle insertion angle <45-degrees is optimal for the samples assessed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In face anatomy and surgery, variation in the presence, number, location, and size of the mental foramen is discussed. Knowledge of the location of the mental foramen canal, which may led due to the possibility of accidental injury of the neurovascular bundle passing through this canal may lead to anesthesia. This study aimed to present selected anatomical features of human mandibles, focusing on the morphology of the mandibular canal and its neurovascular bundle exit in populations with different socio-economic status. Material and methods: Selected well preserved and unharmed human skulls (N= 169) (50.3% males, 49.7% females) from two populations (rural and outskirts) from Poland were used. Populations differed in socioeconomic statuses. Results: Obvious dimorphic differences in each analyzed population were stated and inter-population differences were observed as well. In an outskirt population sexual dimorphism was more evident. Those differences should be considered when approaching the mandibular canal during anesthetic, surgical and forensic procedures. Discussion: The occurrence of the mental foramen is relatively constant, but location is variable, and thus, each individual may exhibit a different arrangement of bundle exits. Both the position and the direction of the exit of the neurovascular bundle were similar to other European population. However, differences in localization between those two investigated populations were observed. This may suggest that not only genetic but also environmental factors, such as living conditions and diet (which affects developmental stability), may influence the morphology of the mandibular features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This split-mouth observational study was conducted to assess the reliability and safety of using the coronoid notch and occlusal plane as landmarks to aid surgeons during bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO)., Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with class II and class III mandibular skeletal malocclusion requiring BSSO, were randomly selected and assigned to each of the study and control groups. A split-mouth study was chosen to conduct this research. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging was conducted before the surgery to evaluate the anatomical structure, and three predefined points were marked at the superiormost point of the mandibular foramen, the inferiormost point of the mandibular foramen, and the deepest point of the sigmoid notch. A conventional sagittal split osteotomy was carried out in the control group. Preoperative values were obtained in the study group using the CBCT imaging technique by drawing an imaginary line from the inferiormost part of the mandibular foramen to the line corresponding to the occlusal plane that extended beyond the last molar. The lingual flap reflection was restricted to the internal oblique ridge. The posterior border of the mandible was not reflected. The measurements acquired via CBCT imaging were accurately transferred to the intraoperative surgical site using a vernier caliper. This facilitated the precise completion of the horizontal osteotomy, ascending ramus cuts, and vertical osteotomies. BSSO was performed, the mandibular setback or advancement was done with intermaxillary fixation, and the procedure was completed by rigid fixation. Types of lingual splits, types of lateral bone cut ends (LBCEs), any unfavorable split, and the time taken for the surgery (in minutes) were assessed., Results: The surgery time in the control group (20.1538 ± 2.85325 min) was found to be higher than that in the study group (17.6154 ± 3.59487 min), with a p-value of 0.02. No significant differences were observed when assessing the presence of unfavorable splits in both groups (p = 0.500). Buccal LBCEs were the most prevalent, followed by inferior types. Type I lingual split was the most common in the study group (70%)., Conclusion: This technique offers a dependable anatomical reference and significantly reduces surgical time for beginners. Additionally, the patterns of the lingual split were correlated with the types of lateral bone cut ends., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Dental College and Hospital issued approval SRMDC/IRB/2021/MDS/NO.403. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Saikrishna Yalagala et al.)

Knowing the correct location of the mandibular foramen (MF) is a significant factor in the success of inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). The primary clinical guide for this anesthesia in children with continued growth and development may be the location of MF. The present study was carried out retrospectively on panoramic radiographs of children aged 5-14 years. Three linear measurements were performed on panoramic radiographs to evaluate the distance of the MF to the occlusal plane (OP), anterior border of the ramus (ABR), and mandibular base (MB). The participants' ages were divided into five groups: (G1) 5-6 years, (G2) 7-8 years, (G3) 9-10 years, (G4) 11-12 years, and (G5) 13-14 years. The results revealed a statistically significant increase in the mean values from G2 to G4 in all measurements. However, it was determined that there were no statistically significant differences between G1 and G2 and between G4 and G5 by the mean measurement values, respectively. Besides, the results of the measurements did not significantly differ by sex. Overall, it was concluded that MF was slightly below OP under 8 years of age and moves in the poster superior direction until the permanent dentition period. This result may guide clinicians in IANB in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to review the literature on the shape of the mandibular lingula. Methods: English articles published from 1970 to 2021 in databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were selected. Articles meeting the search strategy were evaluated based on the eligibility criteria (participants aged 18 years and over). Dry mandibles and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used as research materials. The shapes of mandibular lingula were classified as triangular, truncated, nodular, and assimilated. Results: Based on the eligibility criteria, 10 articles (six with dry mandibles and four with CBCT images) were selected for full-text reading and detailed examination. In the dry mandible group, triangular, truncated, nodular, and assimilated lingula were observed on 446, 398, 232, and 69 sides, respectively. In the CBCT group, nodular, truncated, triangular, and assimilated lingula were observed on 892, 517, 267, and 88 sides, respectively. Therefore, the most common lingula types in the dry mandible and CBCT groups were different. The assimilated type was the least common in both groups. Conclusion: In the dry mandible group, the most common lingula type was triangular, followed by truncated, nodular, and assimilated types. In the CBCT group, the most common lingula type was nodular, followed by truncated, triangular, and assimilated types. There were no significant differences in lingula types between the left and right sides of the mandible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inferior alveolar nerve block is a usual practice by a dental practitioner. Panoramic radiography is a widely used technique in dentistry to get a clear and comprehensive view before planning any treatment. The study aimed to compare the morphometric localization of mandibular foramen (MF) on dry bones and orthopantomogram. The study was designed in two phases: a morphometric study on dry human mandibles (phase I) and orthopantomograms of the same dry human mandibles (phase II). The study materials were 200 dry north Indian human mandibles belonging to unknown sex obtained from the Department of Anatomy. Descriptive statistics, including range, mean±standard deviation, paired t-test to compare dry bones and orthopantomogram, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and measurement error, were used. T-test was applied separately to compare the right and left sides of dry bones. The distance of mandibular foramen from the posterior border and lower border is shorter on the right side than on the left. Its distance from the anterior border and the mandibular notch was greater on the right side. On panoramic radiographs, the distance of MF from nearby anatomical landmarks on the mandible was highly unreliable except for the mandibular notch. Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant difference between distances on dry bone and OPG but no statistically significant difference between MF-notch on both sides and MF-AB on the right side. As a result, a surgeon can rely upon a mandibular notch to locate mandibular foramen during clinical procedures. Magnification is an inbuilt property of OPG; for precise localization of MF, it is advisable to proceed with advanced three-dimensional techniques to protect viable anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to derive a series of biometric measurements using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) from a cross sectional group of population to help the surgeon accurately locate the mandibular foramen and the mental foramen during mandibular osteotomies. Methods: CBCT images of 800 subjects were evaluated. Various measurements were noted and compared between the two sides of the mandible in and between the sexes. Result: Statistically significant values were noted between the right and left sides of Line X to Point A in female subjects, Line Z & Line B only in male subjects and Line X' in both male and female subjects. However, Line Y was found to be significant when comparing both sides in both males and females and also on correlation between the genders. Conclusion: Although the identification of the mandibular lingula and anatomical landmarks is an important step during mandibular osteotomies, the position of one side, however, cannot be blindly extrapolated to the contra lateral side. Also, pre operative CBCT is a useful tool to derive measurements which when transferred clinically during the surgery gives an accurate and safe approach for localisation of lingula, thus reducing the incidence of post operative neurologic morbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sex determination from unidentified skeletal remains a daunting task in forensic odontology. The mandible is the strongest and most durable of bones available for post-mortem profiling and its morphometric characteristics have been investigated. Less explored is the location of the mandibular canal which in a few populations has shown gender dimorphism. Aim: The present cross-sectional study explores sexual dimorphism in an eastern Indian population of Odisha from an analysis of cone-beam CT system (CBCT) images for the relative position of the mandibular canal and its foramina. Method and Materials: A total of 120 CBCT images from either gender (1:1 ratio) of adult dentate individuals aged 18–60 years were analysed for the relative position of the mandibular canal. Ten measurements (8- coronal and 2- from axial slices) concerning the mandibular canal; at the level of the mandibular foramen, mandibular first molar and mental foramen were performed. Unpaired Student's t-test was employed to compare variables between the sexes at P < 0.05 level of significance. Results: The results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the genders in most of the variables (8/10), with higher mean values in males compared to females except in the distance between mandibular foramen and anterior border of the ramus (2.648 ± 0.67 mm in females, 2.527 ± 0.75 mm in males) and in the distance between the canal and lingual cortical plate in the region of the first molar (14.515 ± 1.33 mm in females, 14.288 ± 2.01 mm in males). Conclusion: The relative position of the mandibular canal and its associated foramina show sexual dimorphism in an adult eastern Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Most common nerve block used in children is the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) for anesthetizing mandibular teeth. Therefore, knowledge of the location of the mandibular foramen is necessary for a successful IANB anesthesia. Aim: The study aimed to correlate the position of mandibular foramen in relation to the mandibular occlusal plane and the deepest point of the coronoid notch as a clinical guide for IANB injection in 4–9-year-old children. Materials and Methods: One-hundred orthopantamographs were analyzed and divided into two groups; Group 1 (4–6 years) and Group 2 (7–9 years). The orthopantamographs were traced on the acetate paper using a radiograph viewer and measurements were taken from mandibular lingula (ML) to the occlusal plane and to the deepest point of the coronoid notch. Results: Statistical analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant difference in mean distance between the two groups on both sides by measuring the position of ML to the mandibular occlusal plane and to the deepest point of the coronoid notch. Intergroup comparison of the distance from ML to the deepest point of the coronoid notch on the right and left sides shows a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant difference in both the distance and position of mandibular foramen in the considered age groups.

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a diagnostic imaging modality for implant and surgical procedures in anterior and posterior mandibular area. It provides adequate information concerning maxillofacial regions, optimum image quality, excellent geometric accuracy, and low radiation dose. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate prevalence and anatomical variations in Mandible (Mandibular Incisive canal, Lingual Foramen, Mental Foramen, and Mandibular canal) in CBCT scans of the maxillofacial region. Methodology: All CBCT cross-sectional images of 40 study participants was analyzed for the presence of anatomical landmarks. All the anatomical parameters were compared with respect to age groups, dentition, gender, and right and left side and their respective distances from the inferior border of mandible and alveolar crest were measured using CS 3D imaging software (Kodak). Results: Lingual Foramen, Mental Foramen, and Mandibular Foramen were seen in all (100%) study samples, incisive foramen 83% and anterior loop in 25% of study samples. On statistical analysis, the difference of the mean distance of incisive foramen, mental foramen, anterior loop and mandibular foramen from lower border of mandible and alveolar crest was significant with relation to gender (P = 0.006) and with relation to dentate, partially dentate, and edentulous were found to be significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Careful assessment of the anatomical landmarks is essential to avoid neurosensory and bleeding complications using CBCT.

Objectives: This study evaluated the position of the mandibular foramen (MF) with regard to the occlusal plane (OP) and the anterior border (AB) of the mandibular ramus (AB) in a sample of 7–12-year-old Saudi children using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, observational study, 155 CBCT scans were selected and analyzed for positional changes in the MF. Reconstructed panoramic and axial sections were used to measure the MF-OP and MF-AB distances, respectively, on both the right and left sides of the mandible. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc tests where applicable, at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The mean distance of MF from the AB of the ramus was 14.68 mm, with no significant differences between the genders (P > 0.05). The MF moved upward from a position below the OP to above it, according to age in both males and females, and the difference between the age groups was significant (P < 0.05). No significant differences (P < 0.05) in the mean values of distances between the right and left sides of the mandible were seen. Conclusions: The location of the MF varies with respect to age and should be considered while administering inferior alveolar nerve block in children to achieve a more effective anesthesia.

Introduction: The present study was designed to explore the sexual dimorphism existing in vertical measurements of mental and mandibular foramina on panoramic image to aid in gender determination in different age groups. METHOD:The study group comprised a total of images 100 panoramic radiographs of randomly selected dentulous patients (50males and 50 females) attending the outpatient clinics of the Karnavati School of Dentistry, obtained for endodontic, periodontic and orthodontic purposes. The study population was divided into five age groups; 20-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years, and 60-69 years. Four measurements (D1, D2, D3and D4) were taken (in cm) for localisation of mental and mandibular foramina in relation to lower border of mandible on both sides of mandible. Statistical analysis of the recorded data was carried out. RESULT:The present study population consisted of total 100 patients, 50 males and 50 females and divided into 5 age groups (20-29yrs, 30-39yrs, 40-49yrs, 50-59yrs, 60-69yrs). When comparison of mean values between male and female patients was done, the overall values of mean for D1, D2, D3, and, D4 was statistically significantly higher in males as compared to females in all the age groups. While comparing the mean values of all the parameters right and left sides of mandible the results revealed that there was no significant difference. Age wise analysis didn't reveal any significant corelation between the age and all the parameters in the present study. CONCLUSION:Results of study revealed difference in the distances from mental and mandibular foramina to the lower border of mandible in between the gender so there is existence of definite sexual dimorphism. This method is applicable in mass disaster where mandibular fragments are available in forensic dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Mandibular anestezi için inferior alveoler sinir blokajı (İASB) en yaygın kullanılan anestezi tekniğidir. Mandibular foramen (MF) pozisyonunun çocuğun büyüme periyodu boyunca değiştiği bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de yaşayan 6-13 yaş arası çocuklardan alınan panoramik radyograflarda MF pozisyonunun araştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada, kliniğimizin arşivinden elde edilen 6-13 yaş aralığındaki toplam 150 panoramik radyograf retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Radyograflarda MF’in konumunu tespit etmek için farklı yaş gruplarında yapılan 3 lineer ölçüm karşılaştırılmıştır. Parametrik test varsayımları sağlandığında bağımsız grup farklılıklarının karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız gruplarda t testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Parametrik test varsayımları sağlanmadığında ise bağımsız grup farklılıklarının karşılaştırılmasında Mann Whitney U testi ve Kruskal Wallis Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Tüm ölçümlerin, Hellman sınıflamasına göre grup IIC'den, grup IVA'ya kadar ortalama değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış gösterdiği görülmüştür (p

The patterns of the lingula and antilingula are crucial surgical reference points for ramus osteotomy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional images, and patient radiation dose is significantly lower for CBCT than for medical CT. The morphology of the mandibular lingula and antilingula of ninety patients (180 sides) were investigated using CBCT. The lingula were classified as having triangular, truncated, nodular, and assimilated shapes. The antilingula were classified as having hill, ridge, plateau, and plain shapes. The patients’ sex, skeletal patterns (Classes I, II, and III), and right and left sides were recorded. The most to least common lingula shapes were nodular (37.8%), followed by truncated (32.8%), triangular (24.4%), and assimilated (5%). The most to least common antilingulae were hill (62.8%), plain (18.9%), plateau (13.9%), and ridge (4.4%) patterns, respectively. The lingula and antilingula had identical patterns on both sides in 47 (52.2%) and 46 patients (51.1%), respectively. Sex and skeletal pattern were not significantly correlated to lingula and antilingula shapes. No significant correlation was observed between lingula and antilingula shapes.

Çalışmamızın amacı pediatrik populasyonda canlı kişilerde üç boyutlu bilgisayarlı tomografi kullanarak foraman mandibulae’nın lokalizasyonunu yaş, cinsiyet ve yerleşimine (sağ/sol) göre değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmaya herhangi bir nedenle kraniyal bilgisayarlı tomografisi çekilmiş 102 pediatrik hasta dahil edildi. İncelenen parametrelerin ortalamaları ve standart sapmaları belirlendi. Elde edilen verilerin cinsiyet (kız/erkek) ve bölge (sağ/sol) karşılaştırması istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi ve parametrelerin yaşa bağlı korelasyonuna bakıldı. Çalışmamızda foramen mandibulae ile incisura mandibula arasındaki uzaklık ortalama 13,4±2,2 mm olarak, mandibulanın alt kenarı ile incisura mandibula arasındaki uzaklık 34,8±4,4 mm, foramen mandibulae ile ramus’un arka kenarına olan transvers mesafe 9,1±1,8 mm, mandibulanın anteroposterior çapı 24±2,4 mm bulundu. Kız – erkek ve sağ-sol karşılaştırmasında anlamlı bir fark yoktu. Yaş ile ölçümler arasında pozitif yönde korelasyon bulundu. Çalışmamızda elde edilen bilgileri literatür bilgisi ile karşılaştırdığımızda birçok bulgunun birbirine benzer olduğu ancak bazı ölçümlerde farklılıklar olduğu gözlemlenmektedir. Bu farklılıklar, diğer çalışmaların kuru kemiklerde ve panoramik radyografilerde yapılmış olması, farklı yaş gruplarında çalışılmış olunması, ölçüm yöntemlerinin farklı olmasından ve canlı üzerinde bilgisayarlı tomografi ile yapılan çalışmaların az olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Foramen mandibulae’da yaşla ilgili belirli değişiklikler vardır ve bu farklılıkları doğrulamak için daha çok anatomik çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Pediatrik populasyonda foramen mandibulae lokalizasyonun tam olarak bilinmesi yapılacak olan mandibular anestezilerde anestezik komplikasyonların azaltılması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir.

Objectives: This study evaluated the position of the mandibular foramen (MF) with regard to the occlusal plane (OP) and the anterior border (AB) of the mandibular ramus (AB) in a sample of 7–12-year-old Saudi children using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive, observational study, 155 CBCT scans were selected and analyzed for positional changes in the MF. Reconstructed panoramic and axial sections were used to measure the MF-OP and MF-AB distances, respectively, on both the right and left sides of the mandible. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc tests where applicable, at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: The mean distance of MF from the AB of the ramus was 14.68 mm, with no significant differences between the genders (P > 0.05). The MF moved upward from a position below the OP to above it, according to age in both males and females, and the difference between the age groups was significant (P < 0.05). No significant differences (P < 0.05) in the mean values of distances between the right and left sides of the mandible were seen. Conclusions: The location of the MF varies with respect to age and should be considered while administering inferior alveolar nerve block in children to achieve a more effective anesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) is an orthognathic procedure that is used to correct dentofacial abnormalities, and is performed by approaching the lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus. This approach, however, precludes visualisation of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) on the medial side, thereby placing it at risk of iatrogenic damage. The antilingula, a bony prominence on the lateral mandibular ramus, has been proposed as a landmark for prediction of the IAN's location during IVRO. The current study aimed to evaluate the variation in incidence and position of the antilingula, and therefore to determine its suitability as a surgical landmark during IVRO. The study included 480 dry hemimandibles from eight geographical populations from the Duckworth Collection in Cambridge. Skulls were sexed by visual analysis of dimorphic traits. Positional relations were determined through the digitisation of nine anatomical landmarks. The antilingula was identified in all specimens. No significant difference was identified in the positional relation between the antilingula and mandibular foramen between sexes, but multiple differences were identified in this relation between geographical populations. Our data showed that, irrespective of geographical variation, an osteotomy performed 8 mm posterior to the antilingula would avoid the mandibular foramen in 98.8% of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Forensic Odontology is a rapidly evolving branch of dentistry which deals with the identification of an individual. In instances of deceased individual, establishing identity may still pose difficulties depending upon the time that has elapsed since death. The oral structures can reliably be used for establishing identity of the deceased as they are preserved for long after death. The mandibular foramen is amongst the core structures & has been used for age estimation with reliable degree of accuracy using radiographs which is a non-invasive and easily reproducible technique. Hence we decided to assess its importance in establishing gender. Methods: Digital Orthopantomograph (OPG) were used for the study as they are taken for all dental procedures and can be preserved as records and may facilitate comparison of ante-mortem and post-mortem records. Various dimensions from the mandibular foramen were recorded. Conclusion: We found statistically significant correlation of Anteroposterior and Posteroanterior dimensions in position of mandibular foramen to gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block is the most commonly used mandibular injection method for local anesthesia in restorative and surgical procedures. Ultrasound images can provide more accurate information about the location of the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the ultrasound images of patients to determine the location of the mandibular foramen (MF) relative to the adjacent landmarks. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 50 patients were subjected to intra-oral ultrasonography of the right and left sides of the mandible. An Alpinion ultrasound system (Seoul, South Korea) was used for detecting the MF, as well as its distance from different landmarks. Results: In all patients, the MF was found using color Doppler ultrasonography. The probability of detecting MF in conventional ultrasonography was estimated at 36% and 18% for the right and left sides of the mandible without using the Doppler technique, respectively. The mean MF distance from the anterior border of the ramus was 14.6-2.1 and 16.1-2.1mmon the right and left sides, respectively. Also, the vertical distance of MF from the occlusal plane was 7.5-1.1mmon the right side and 8.7-1.2mmon the left side of the mandible. In all studied patients, the MF was above the occlusal plane. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ultrasonography is not only a suitable option for intra-oral imaging due to its non-ionizing beams, but is also appropriate for localization of the MF and its related landmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]