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Julija is a high-yielding, medium-early, quality variety of winter wheat, created by the method of hybridization of two genetically divergent parents, homozygous lines Sery 13/2, and BL 24/38. In the genetic structure of this variety, the genes responsible for high genetic potential of fertility, very good technological quality, early maturity, low winter hardiness, excellent resistance to lodging, low temperatures and diseases have been successfully combined. It was recognized and registered by the Commission for the Recognition of Varieties of the Republic of Serbia in 2020. It has wide adaptability and yield stability, which allows successful cultivation in different climatic and soil conditions and at different levels of cultural practices. The cultivar Julija achieved an average yield of 8.38 t ha-1 in both years of testing and in all localities, and the cultivar Standard Ranesansa yielded 7.83 tha-1 and the cultivar standard Ns 40-S 8.19 tha-1. It has a high level of drought tolerance. Based on the indicators of technological quality, it is classified in the I technological group.

Climate change and occasional seed deficit of the spring oats indicates the need to dispose of with facultative varieties, which can be sowed during autumn and early spring. In order to determine the impact of sowing time in autumn and spring on yield and yield components during 2015/16 and 2016/17, four facultative lines and the facultative variety oats Sana in the agro-ecological conditions of the Banja Luka region were tested. These lines and variety Sana have been selected by the PI Agriculture Institute of the Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka. The sowing was carried out in autumn and in the spring, with commonly applied technology for cultivation of spring oats. The yield per unit area, the length of the tassel, the mass of the tassel, the number of grain and the weight of the grain per tassel had higher values in all lines and varieties of Sana in autumn than in the spring sowing. In autumn, the yield was 7.00-8.20 t ha-1, and in the spring sowing 6.04-6.88 t ha-1. The maximum yield is achieved in the rate of the 500 emergence grains m-2. The line of facultative oats BL-2 has achieved the highest average two-year yield in autumn (8.20 t ha-1) and in the spring (6.88 t ha-1) sowing. Variety Sana in autumn sowing achieved the average yield of 8.10 t ha-1. The results of this research indicate the importance of creating facultative varieties of the spring grain, which will solve the occasional seed deficit of spring varieties, which are otherwise less grown.

In addition to the winter wheat breeding in PI Agricultural institute Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, barley breeding (spring and winter) take a significant role and it is directed towards the creation of a new barley varieties that will have great genetic potential for stable yield and possibly good other qualities, as well as higher tolerance toward biotic and abiotic factors. Result of long term experiment, during 2018 is confirmed by the recognition one of the spring barley one varieties, which, according to basic technological parameters, is classified in a group of beer barley, under the commercial name Royal. In the two-year trails under the Commission for recognition of Varieties of Republic of Serbia during 2017 and 2018, it was found that the variety previously named BL55-16 manifested different, uniform and stable characteristics of a single variety and that, on average, for all sites and years of testing, it achieved the yield at the level of standard. But regarding technological characteristics, the variety previously named BL55-16 was better than standard. The newly recognized variety commercially named Royal at the same time was the first recognized variety of spring beer barley in PI Agricultural institute Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka. It is characterized by high genetic yield potential over 8.5 t ha-1, high quality, primarily a smaller protein content, greater extract content, slightly larger grain and a higher hectoliter mass compared to the standard. During two year trails in all localities, variety Royal has achieved an average yield of 5.780 kg ha-1 and variety NS Marko (standard) 5.602 kg ha-1. Among several localities, locality of Novi Sad was standing out as the most favourable environment for the cultivation of this barley in 2017. In the most favourable environment, variety Royal has achieved a yield of 8974 kg ha-1 and variety NS Marko 8.780 kg ha-1. However, the highest average yield during both years of trails has been achieved in the locality of Pančevo (7.434 kg ha-1).

Barley is a small grain cereal, tolerant to high temperatures and drought. Due to this characteristic, it can be regarded as a promising crop for production in dry conditions. Research on five spring landraces of two-rowed barley lasted two experimental years (2011 and 2012) in agro-ecological conditions of Banja Luka. In the experiment, the standard cropping practices were applied, without irrigation. The experiment was set as a complete randomized design with four replications. All measurements were performed in 10 plants per replication. Morphological characteristics included plant height (cm), spike length (cm), grain number per spike and grain weight per spike (g). Obtained data were subjected to two-way analysis of variance with landrace and growing season as main factors. Significant treatment or interaction effects were further analysed by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test, often utilized for pairwise comparisons among arithmetic means. In all tested traits the maximum average values were obtained in barley landrace AM2, i.e. the plant height (86.89 cm), the spike length (8.90 cm), the grain number per spike (24.74) and the grain weight per spike (1.17 g). Due to these facts, two-rowed barley landrace AM2 can be marked as the most productive in this research, bearing a potential for different crop breeding practices.

In this paper, we will present the results of our survey on economic freedom and entrepreneurial activity. We have conducted our analysis on EU 11countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom) for the time period 2000- 2014. To measure the entrepreneurial activity we have used data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, and to measure economic freedom, we have used data from Fraiser Institute. Our results suggest strong positive and statistically significant, long term impact of economic freedom on entrepreneurial activity.

We are witnessing that the labor market indicators of the Republic of Srpska have been deteriorating for years. Unemployment rates are up to three times higher than the already high European average, with no prospect of changing the situation in the near future. Deterioration in the labor market with respect to people younger than 30 years of age bears particular significance. There is a notable gap between the reduction of unemployment rate and the increase of employed people from this population group. The question is: Where (and whether) are the young (educated) people disappearing from the labor market of the Republic of Srpska? The authors provide an analysis of the main indicators of the Republic of Srpska’slabor market, with the aim of recognizing the main tendencies and problems existing at the market, as well as the need to define adequate measures for their resolution.

This paperwork presents the three-year research results on impacts of different agricultural practices on the growth and development of winter wheat (Triticumaestivum L.), on meliorated deposol in the process of reclamationin Stanari mine. The aim of the research is to determine the impacts of different doses of fertilizers and varieties to yieldand quality of wheat.Fieldthree-factor experiment was set up according to the randomized block design with four replications. The first factor (A) is year. The second factor(M) is variety. The third factor (K) representsagromeliorative measures fertilizations. Measurement and statistically analysis of plant height, seed yield and 1000 grain weight has been performed. The maximum measured height of wheat plants was 82 cm and average height was 66,2 cm. Maximum seed yield was 6,28 t/ha, with the average 2,66 t/ha. The average value of 1000 grain is 35 g and the maximum value of 44 g. The highest meanvaluesof plant height and seed yield weremeasured at doses of fertilizers N60+40P60K60. The highest mean values of mass of 1000 grain were measured at doses of fertilizers N60+90P60K60. Achieved results show that the winter wheat can be grown on meliorated deposol of Stanari mine overburden disposal.

This paperwork summarizes the three-year research results on the effects that different agricultural measures had on the growth and development of rye (Secale cereale L.). These researches were conducted within the phase of biological reclamation of deposol in the Stanari mine. The significance of rye growing is reflected in grain production of grain and total biomass production. The aim of the research is to determine the effects of different doses of fertilizers and other agromeliorative measures to yield, seed quality and other quantitative properties of rye. A three-year research on rye (2010, 2011 and 2012) has been performed on deposol in the process of reclamation. The experimental plots are located in the internal overburden dump site from the open pit Raškovac - Stanari. Two-factor field experiment was set up according to the randomized block design with four replications. The first factor (A) represents agromeliorative measures applied before and during the sowing (liming and fertilization with NPK fertilizers). The second factor involves tracking the impact of different doses of nitrogen fertilization in vegetation. The plant height, seed yield and mass of 1000 seeds were measured and statistically analysed. The obtained results indicate the presence of statistical differentiation especially among the applied nitrogen fertilization treatments. The maximum measured height of rye plants is 153.67 cm, while the average height is 128.31 cm. Maximum seed yield is 5.53 t/ha, while the average seed yield is 2.60 t/ha. The average value of the mass of 1000 seeds is 37.28 g, the maximum value is 61.92 g and the minimum value is 10.53 g. The minimum value of plant height is 86.53 cm, while the minimum values of seed yield is 0.35 t/ha. The highest median values of plant height and seed yield were achieved by the treatments with maximum nitrogen doses in fertilization process (N54). The maximum median values of the mass of 1000 seed were achieved by the treatments with nitrogen dose of 27 kg/ha N. The applied treatments, along with the agroecological conditions of the environment, have influenced the different results of the measured properties. The obtained results prove that rye can be grown successfully in the process of biological reclamation of deposol, and later in potential production in permanent land reuse.

The Gene Bank of the Republic of Srpska (Genetic Resources Institute of the University of Banja Luka) was established in 2009. The characterization of accessions with molecular markers began during 2010. This paper presents the initial results of genetic characterization of five rye accessions. The analysis was performed using RAPD markers (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA). 13 amplified loci were obtained by polymerase chain reaction and 7 were polymorphic which represents 54% of total polymorphism. The coefficient of genetic similarity (according to Jaccard) ranged from 0.68 for the Nanid variety, 0.73 for the Selge variety and 0.78%, for the Albedo variety. The coefficient of similarity between accessions 1 and 2 (unknown name) was 1, which means that these two accessions have identical allelic profiles for the analyzed loci. The Albedo variety and duplicate accessions are the most genetically similar whilst the Nanid variety was the least genetically similar to other accessions under study.

The Programme for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources in the Republic of Srpska was established in 2008. The main objective of the Programme is effective management of plant genetic resources through carrying out of continuous field inventories and collection, evaluation, exchange and conservation of germplasm. The Genetic Resources Institute, University of Banja Luka was appointed as a expert unit for coordination and implementation of the Programme. In the period from 2009 to 2011, the inventory was made for part of the area of the Republic of Srpska. An innovative approach was adopted for conservation of plant genetic resources by means of long-term seed preservation, in vitro conservation, morphological and molecular characterisation, as well as regular database updates. Contacts were established with producers for the purpose of on farm protection of local ecotypes and populations. An ex situ collection was established in the Botanic Garden for plant species that can not be conserved in the form of seeds. By the end of 2011, the Gene Bank had reached its full operation with 455 accessions in long-term storage (-18 o C), around 150 accessions in the working collection and 100 accessions in the field collection. With its 91 accessions, the Genetic Resources Institute is part of a European Web-based catalogue of inventories of plant genetic resources (EURISCO). Having adopted the Programme, the Republic of Srpska has not only fulfilled one of the world's peremptory obligations to conserve biodiversity of agricultural crops, but also a moral obligation to future generations.

Unlike other grain crops, the area under triticale in the Republic of Srpska has been expanding every year. Since the introduction of this plant species in the broad production began a few years ago, the finding of the optimal variety agrotechnique in different environmental conditions has great importance. This paper deals with the results of the trials from seven locations in two very extreme vegetation seasons (2002/03, 2006/07). High yield of triticale on the location Banja Luka (150 m alt.) with five triticale varieties in four sowing rates in the replication trial in very unfavorable weather conditions in 2003, points to emphasized triticale tolerance to high temperatures and drought. High grain yield of triticale in the trials on the locations Banja Luka, Butmir (460 m alt.) and Živince (230 m alt.) was obtained in 2007 too, when all vegetation months had higher mean temperature than long term average, what is a unique appearance in the entire 'meteorological history'. In the paper the appearance of the earliest triticale heading is described and explained. It happened at one production trial on Manjača (250 m alt.) in the first decade of March in 2007. On the another location on Manjača (450 m alt.), in the macrotrial, rye showed much higher tolerance to extreme soil acidity, than triticale. Obtained results and unusual appearances on triticale are helpful for the further research of the stability and adaptability of more important triticale traits. .

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This scientific paper presents long-term results of breeding program that resulted in registration of several grain crops varieties and in creating more promising lines of cereals that are in the process of recognition. Under the conditions of present abiotic stress it is extremely difficult to create variety of any plant species that possesses all desirable agronomic and technological characteristics and this particularly affects the quality parameters which are influenced by production conditions. The highest negative effects of abiotic stresses are manifested in the agricultural, respectively food production. The predicted climate change scenario will be reflected in significant deviations of average climatic factors from perennial values, and a significant reduction of rainfalls, their poor distribution, increased temperatures in spring and autumn, risk of drought and land degradation. These facts emphasize the necessity to create more tolerant varieties of grain crops, as well as introduction of corrective factors associated to variety, technology and production conditions with good communication between science and profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]