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Captioning images is a challenging task at the intersection of Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP), that involves generating descriptive text to depict the content of an image. Existing methodologies typically employ Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for feature extraction and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) for generating captions. However, these approaches often suffer from a lack of contextual understanding, inability to capture fine-grained details, and to generate generic captions. This study proposes VisualCaptionNet (VCN), a novel image captioning model that leverages ResNet50 for rich visual feature extraction and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for sequential caption generation while retaining context. By incorporating the Bahdanau attention mechanism to focus on relevant image regions and integrating beam search for coherent and contextually relevant descriptions, VCN addresses the limitations of previous methodologies. Extensive experimentation on benchmark datasets such as Flickr30K and Flickr8K demonstrates VCN’s notable improvements of 10% and 12% over baseline models in terms of caption quality, coherence, and relevance. These enhancements emphasize VCN’s effectiveness in advancing image captioning tasks, promising more accurate and contextually relevant descriptions for images.

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of smear layer removal with a newer endodontic irrigation device, i.e., endoactivator system and with hard tissue laser, i.e., erbium, chromium:yttrium, scandium, gallium garnet laser (Er,Cr:YSGG). Materials and Methods: Forty-four mandibular premolars, single-rooted, noncarious teeth were selected. All the canals were prepared by using ProTaper Universal rotary files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and 3% NaOCl. Teeth were then divided into two control groups and two experimental groups. Group A: Negative control group (N = 11)- without any final irrigation, Group B: Positive control group (N = 11)- final rinse with 1 mL smear clear for 1 min using no. 30 gauge needle, Group C: Endoactivator group (N = 11)-1 mL smear clear + endoactivator, Group D: Er,Cr:YSGG laser group (N = 11). Teeth were sectioned and observed for smear layer removal at apical, middle, and coronal thirds under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Results were interpreted analytically by Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Conclusion: The two experimental groups were significantly more efficient in smear layer removal than the control groups. There was no significant difference between the endoactivator and laser groups. All groups showed more efficient smear layer and debris removal coronally than in the middle and apical regions.

Background In adhesive dentistry, creating a long-lasting bond between resin composite and dentin is crucial. The durability of this bond dramatically depends on the structural integrity of collagen fibrils present in the hybrid layer. However, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) can degrade collagen fibrils, compromising the bond's longevity. Aim The objective is to evaluate the potential effectiveness of natural extracts from Moringa and Centella  in preventing collagen degradation caused by MMPs. Material and methods The phenol and flavonoid content of the extracts were evaluated. Dentin beams were demineralized and pre-treated with 1% or 5% Moringa , 1% or 5% Centella , or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (five minutes), with untreated beams as control. Beams were incubated in calcium- and zinc-containing media (CM) at pH 7.2 and 37°C for one, 10, 20, and 30 days, and C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) release (collagen telopeptide) was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit after 30 days. Results Data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All test groups showed a different dry mass loss. The control group had the highest loss, followed by CHX, with the least loss in the 5% Moringa and Centella groups. ICTP release ranged from 1.781 ± 0.319 to 3.146 ± 0.684, with 5% Moringa showing the most negligible release. Conclusion The group that received 5% Moringa exhibited the most effective reduction in collagen degradation compared to all the other groups., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, A et al.)

Thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation of patient following orofacial trauma is indispensable for a successful outcome, and when the tooth fragment is available in a good condition, then fragment reattachment is the best choice of treatment., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (© 2019 The Authors. Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: This study aims to find out the proinflammatory chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of primary, mixed, and permanent dentitions., Materials and Methods: GCF of 160 individuals (4-15 years of age) was collected by the extracrevicular method. They were categorized into four groups (40 per each group). Group I: subjects with primary dentition (4-5 years of age), Group II: 40 subjects in early transition period (6-8 years), Group III: 40 individuals in the late transition period (9-11 years), and Group IV: 40 individuals with permanent dentition (12-15 years). MIP-lα and MIP-1β levels were determined in the samples of GCF by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by software SPSS Version 20 (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY: USA)., Results: MIP-1α and MIP-1β were detected in all samples. The highest mean MIP-1α and MIP-1β concentrations in GCF were detected in the early transition period, while the lowest concentrations were seen in primary dentition group. The chemokine levels were higher in girls than in boys in Group III. There was a substantial rise of MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels during eruption., Conclusions: Since levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in GCF are positively associated with tooth eruption, they may perhaps be deemed as novel biomarkers in the eruption process., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

The present study aimed to purify and identify the metabolites from T. atroviride using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR) followed by analyzing their toxicological, antibacterial and anticancer properties. This work identified two metabolites - TM1 and TM2. TM1 was in two forms: (i) 1, 3-dione-5, 5-dimethylcyclohexane; and, (ii) 2-enone-3hydroxy -5,5-dimethylcylohex, while TM2 was 4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one-2,3,6-trimethyl. These metabolites did not exhibit any irritant or allergic reaction as revealed by HET- CAM test. TM2 significantly inhibited the growth of H. pylori and Shigella toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as evident by in vitro and microscopic observations of bacterial cell death. TM2 also induced the cell death and cytotoxicity, as revealed by cell viability test and western blot analysis. According to microscopic, flow cytometer and western blot analysis, TM2 treated cells displayed higher ROS, cell death, and apoptosis-related protein expression than TM1 and control. This study concluded that TM2 derived from T. atroviride was a potential therapeutic agent for anti-prostate cancer and antibiotic agent against MDR- H. pylori and STEC and it is also recommended to carry out further in vivo animal model experiments with improved stability of the metabolites for future pharmaceutical trails., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study evaluates the effect of single and multiple consecutive applications of adhesives on the tensile bond strength. The currently available adhesives follow either the total-etch or the self-etch concept. However, in both techniques the uniformity and thickness of the adhesive layer plays a significant role in the development of a good bond., Materials and Methods: Sixty composite-dentin bonded specimens were prepared using a total-etch adhesive (Gluma) and another 60 using a self-etch adhesive (AdheSE). Each group was further divided into six subgroups based on the number of applications, i.e., single application and multiple (2, 3, 4, 6, and 8) applications. The tensile bond strength was tested with the Instron universal testing machine. The values were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and multiple range tests by Tukey's HSD procedure to identify those subgroups that had significantly higher bond strength., Results: The results indicate that with total-etch adhesive the bond strength increases significantly as the number of applications are increased from one to two or from two to three", for self-etch adhesive the bond strength obtained with two applications is significantly higher than that with one application. However, for both adhesive systems, there was a decrease in the tensile bond strength values with further applications., Conclusion: We conclude that, in the clinical setting, the application of multiple coats of total etch adhesive improves bonding.