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Existing cleaning methods mainly focus on removing free‐state pesticides. However, mancozeb can bind to the wax layer of grapes, forming bound‐state residues that are difficult to remove. This study aims to develop an effective cleaning strategy to eliminate both free and bound mancozeb residues from grapes. Compared with the untreated mancozeb aqueous solution, the concentration of free mancozeb significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after treatment with ozonated water (OW), electrolyzed water (EW), and their combination (OW+EW) for 60 min. The combined treatment synergistically promoted mancozeb degradation, thus reducing its half‐life to 38% and 75% of that observed when OW and EW were used alone, respectively. To investigate the effect of the waxy layer on mancozeb removal, oleanolic acid (OLA) was selected as a representative component. The binding effect of OLA limited the degradation of mancozeb in OW and EW, extending its half‐life by 1.27 and 1.20 times, respectively. Density functional theory elucidated the mechanism by which the binding of OLA affects the degradation of mancozeb. Interestingly, the decomposition of mancozeb in OW + EW was almost unaffected by the introduction of OLA, indicating that the combined treatment could effectively remove bound‐state mancozeb. The combined treatment was then successfully applied to remove mancozeb from grapes. After exposure to OW + EW for 10 min, the removal efficiency of mancozeb reached up to 80.61% with minimal risks of ethylene thiourea formation. There was no obvious change in the surface color of grapes after treatment. The findings provide valuable guidance for removing mancozeb from fresh fruits rich in waxy coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the ecotoxicity of metal-based fungicides under the current scenarios of global climatic change (20 °C and 25 °C) and moisture content (30% and 50%) in single and binary mixtures of copper oxychloride (CuOx) [200, 500 and 1000 mg/kg] and mancozeb (MnZn) [44, 850 and 1250 mg/kg]. Endpoints assessed included mortality, changes in biomass, avoidance behaviour, and reproduction utilising standardised protocols (ISO and OECD). The changes in biomass and mortality tests lasted 28 days, followed by a 28-day reproduction test and a two-day avoidance test. In all temperature-moisture combinations, the mortality rate in the exposure groups exceeded 10% only in the CuOx1000 and CuOx1000 + MnZn1250 mg/kg groups. However, at 20 °C and 30% moisture, the mortality rate exceeded 10% only in the CuOx500 + MnZn850 mg/kg treatment. Relative growth rates in the CuOx and MnZn treatment groups decreased with increasing concentrations. In CuOx MnZn and the binary mixture treatments at 20 °C 30% and 25 °C 50% conditions, avoidance response behaviour was greater than 80% throughout the exposure, except in CuOx200 mg/kg, MnZn44 mg/kg and CuOx200 + MnZn44 mg/kg. The reproduction of exposed earthworms in all treatment groups was concentration-dependent and influenced by varying temperatures and soil moisture conditions. No juveniles or cocoons were produced in the CuOx1000 mg/kg treatment at 25 °C 30%, indicating that copper oxychloride may be more toxic than mancozeb, especially in drought conditions. This study found that different temperatures and soil moisture levels altered the ecotoxicity of CuOx and MnZn. It can be concluded that climate change is likely to significantly impact the outcomes of metals to earthworms and their ecological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A novel species of Mucor was identified as the causal agent of a brown rot of Prunus domestica (European plum), widely grown in the south of Xinjiang, China. This disease first appears as red spots after the onset of the fruits. With favorable environmental conditions, fruit with infected spots turn brown, sag, expand, wrinkle, and harden, resulting in fruit falling. Fungal species were isolated from infected fruits. A phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene regions strongly supported that these isolates made a distinct evolutionary lineage in Mucor (Mucoromycetes, Mucoraceae) that represents a new taxonomic species, herein named as Mucor xinjiangensis. Microscopic characters confirmed that these strains were morphologically distinct from known Mucor species. The pathogenicity of M. xinjiangensis was confirmed by attaching an agar disk containing mycelium on fruits and re-isolation of the pathogen from symptomatic tissues. Later, fourteen fungicides were selected to determine the inhibitory effect on the pathogen. Further, results showed that difenoconazole had the best effect on the pathogen and the strongest toxicity with the smallest half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value, followed by a compound fungicide composed of difenoconazole with azoxystrobin, mancozeb, prochloraz with iprodione, pyraclostrobin with tebuconazole, and trifloxystrobin with tebuconazole and ethhylicin. Present study provides the basis for the prevention and control of the novel plum disease and its pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil (Lens culinaris) is an important pulse crop in India. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis (Fol), is a major biotic constraint in lentil production. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of combination products of fungicides and bio‐agents against Fol under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Fungicides were evaluated using the poisoned food technique, while the antagonistic activity of bio‐agents was studied using dual culture technique. Among seven combination products of fungicides, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% was the most effective fungicide in restricting the colony diameter of the pathogen. In field conditions, the seed treatment with carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% at 2.5 g/kg seed performed best in both yield and seed quality parameters. Among the bio‐agents tested, Trichoderma asperullum gave the best results in suppressing pathogen growth under in vitro conditions. The seed treatment with the combination of T. asperullum + Pseudomonas fluorescens at 5 g/kg seed showed improvement in seed yield and seed quality parameters in the field. The present study has provided chemical and biological measures for the integrated management of lentil wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cercospora leaf spot of mothbean caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin is one of the most important fungal diseases causing damage to the crop. C. canescens causes losses to yield in major Mothbean growing areas of Rajasthan. Its affects the foliation and in severe infection damaged entire crop that lead to yield loss up to 50-70%. In this, Check the efficacy of new molecules available in the market should be analyzed with this disease. Methods: Nine fungicides were tested at four concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) under in vitro conditions with CRD design against C. canescens and also tested under field conditions. The field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, SKRAU, Bikaner, during Kharif 2019 in RBD design with the application of foliar spray of nine different fungicides at different concentrations against Cercospora leaf spot disease of mothbean. Result: Among these new molecule fungicides tested, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP was highly effective with maximum inhibition of mycelial growth (100.00%) at 200 ppm concentrations. The results of in vivo studies revealed that spraying with 0.15% trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG helped to manage the leaf spot successfully and reduced the disease intensity (15.51%) with disease control (72.71%) and recorded highest yield (8.10 q ha-1) effective under field conditions as foliar spray at appropriate time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, there has been a decline in soil microorganism diversity, attributed mainly to using chemicals such as fungicides. This study aimed to determine the effects of varying concentrations of the compound fungicide containing 64% mancozeb and 8% cymoxanil on the diversity, pathogenicity, and antagonistic potential of potato rhizosphere fungi against the pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. The research was conducted from April to August 2023 and included a sampling of potato rhizosphere soil in Sumberbrantas, Batu City, followed by an exploration at the Plant Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. The exploration results identified 15 fungal isolates, of which 13 were successfully classified into the genera Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Scopulariopsis sp., and Cladosporium sp. The highest colony counts and diversity index (H') were observed in treatments with a fungicide concentration of 0.7 g/L and the control group. The pathogenicity tests revealed that none of the isolated potato rhizosphere fungi exhibited pathogenic potential. However, specific isolates, specifically Penicillium sp. 7, Penicillium sp. 5, and Penicillium sp. 3 demonstrated the potential to inhibit the growth of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article from the Mexican Journal of Phytopathology, a study is presented on the fungus Fusarium solani, which causes rot and necrosis in the roots and stems of Cedrela odorata and Swietenia macrophylla trees. Samples of affected plants were collected in Yucatan, Mexico, and laboratory tests were conducted to identify the fungus and evaluate its sensitivity to fungicides. The results showed that Procloraz and Mancozeb were the most effective fungicides for controlling Fusarium solani. The article also mentions previous studies on diseases caused by fungi in different plants and the efficacy of fungicides against Fusarium species. [Extracted from the article]

Fungicides based on dithiocarbamates have been used to protect crops from fungal diseases for more than half a century. The purpose of this work was to show the potential impact of improper potato storage on the analysis of mancozeb and other dithiocarbamates. The resulting field samples were divided into two parts. The first part was subjected to sample preparation without violation of storage conditions. Sample preparation of the second part of the sample was carried out after artificially simulated storage violation conditions. The method for the analysis of dithiocarbamates is based on the acid hydrolysis of the sample with the formation of carbon disulphide and its subsequent analysis using GC-FPD. The results of the analysis showed the content in the experimental and control samples of a large amount of carbon disulphide, which is not a product of the hydrolysis of mancozeb. Thus, it is not possible to estimate the correct amount of mancozeb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPesticide use increases annually, and Brazil is the world’s largest consumer. However, unlike the European Union (EU), there is no established limit value for pesticide mixtures in drinking water, and therefore the concentration of pesticides can reach 3354 times the EU limit. Thus, determining the risk of exposure to pesticide mixtures and their main metabolites is challenging and requires the use of alternative methods. In the present study, the Common Carp Brain (CCB) cell line was used to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of relevant pesticide mixtures (glyphosate, 2,4-D, atrazine, and mancozeb) and their main metabolites after 72 h of exposure. The tested concentrations were based on the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) defined by Brazilian legislation. The results showed that cells exposed to lower concentrations of the pesticide mixtures and the pesticide + metabolite mixtures were affected by a decrease in cell confluence, resazurin metabolism, and wound healing capacity. The IBR index showed that lower concentrations had more severe effects, suggesting the absence of safe concentrations of these pesticide and metabolite mixtures for the CCB cell line within the tested concentration range. These findings raise concerns about the effects of exposure to these substances on animal and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a survey of post-harvest diseases of apple in Himachal Pradesh conducted during July to September 2021, fourteen different types of rots were observed. Among these, Penicillium expansum (blue mould) was most destructive with exclusive incidence of 43.8%. Surveys of different markets/stores of Himachal Pradesh revealed that the total losses due to apple decay at various locations varied from 7.80 to 21.93%. Ten important commercial varieties of apple were screened for their comparative susceptibility against fruit decay. Tydeman's Early Worcester was found to be most tolerant to all the rot causing fungi with mean per cent rotting of 23.26%.Cow urine was found most effective in providing 79.21% growth inhibition of test fungi under study. The next best bio-products were Emblica officinalis (amla), Melia azadirach (darek) and Dodonaea viscose (mehandu) with per cent growth inhibition of 75.66, 73.59 and 68.48%, respectively. Under in vitro conditions, mancozeb (0.1%) was the most effective fungicide providing 84.83% growth inhibition. The efficacy of mancozeb as dip treatment at 0.1% concentration was judged to be significantly superior followed by 0.05% carbendazim with per cent control of 95.97 and 92.35%, respectively. Preharvest spray of mancozeb (0.3%) was highly effective in checking all the test fungi under different type of storage for 2 months. 1-methyl cyclopropene (MCP) fumigation of apple fruits immediately after harvesting for 12 hours was most effective in checking the test fungi under study providing 89.60% control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-containing pesticides are used in many areas for purposes such as harvest efficiency and keeping pests away from the vegetable environment. Metal-containing pesticides are in the form of dithiocarbamate complexes and are named differently according to the type of metal they contain and are used for different purposes. Since the presence of these pesticides even at residue level threatens human and environmental health, their determination at trace level is important. In this review, studies on the determination of metal-containing dithiocarbamate pesticides in different matrices are discussed. This review on the analysis of dithiocarbamate pesticides with different techniques will shed light on the studies to be carried out for the determination of these pesticides one by one in different matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoseiids are an essential group of predators that feed on phytophagous mites. Studies on the detrimental impacts of plant protection chemicals on phytoseiids are crucial for their successful utilization as biocontrol agents. In the present study, the toxicity and side effects of fungicides on the predatory mite Neoseiulus longispinosus (Evans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were examined fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in tomato under laboratory conditions. Gravid females of N. longispinosus were exposed to fungicides using the leaf dip method for 48 hours. Results showed that the fungicide metalaxyl + mancozeb caused the highest mortality of 60%, followed by mancozeb (52.50%), copper oxychloride (35%), and thiophanate methyl (17.50%). Additionally, residual toxicity from metalaxyl + mancozeb and mancozeb treatments significantly affected the biological and life table parameters of the predatory mite. However, the effects of the other two fungicides were moderate to negligible, implying that the application of metalaxyl + mancozeb and mancozeb could negatively impact the biological performance of N. longispinosus in tomato fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture has gained increasing importance in response to the continuous growth of the world population and constant need for food. To avoid production losses, farmers commonly use pesticides. Mancozeb is a fungicide used in agriculture as this compound is effective in combating fungi that harm crops. However, this fungicide may also produce damage to non-target organisms present in soil and water. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of exposure to mancozeb on survival rate, locomotor activity, behavior, and oxidative status utilizing adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model following exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of this pesticide. The experimental groups were negative control, positive control, and mancozeb (0.3; 1.02; 3.47; 11.8 or 40 μg/L). Zebrafish were exposed to the respective treatments for 96 hr. Exposure to mancozeb did not markedly alter survival rate and oxidative status of Danio rerio. At a concentration of 11.8 μg/L, the fungicide initiated changes in locomotor pattern of the animals. The results obtained suggest that the presence of mancozeb in the environment might produce locomotor alterations in adult zebrafish, which subsequently disrupt the animals' innate defense mechanisms. In nature, this effect attributed to mancozeb on non-target organisms might result in adverse population impacts and ecological imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly active Fe3O4/GO/Au composite nanomaterial was fabricated as a substrate of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and applied for pesticide residue detection. The three-layer multifunctional Fe3O4/GO/Au nanoparticles (NPs) were designed by facile method, with high hotspots, and were characterized by various techniques, including ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared absorption spectrometer (IR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The performance of Fe3O4/GO/Au was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy with R6G as a probe molecule to verify its enhancement effect. It exhibited a strong Raman signal with 10−6 M of R6G. Furthermore, the presence of Fe3O4/GO/Au nanohybrid enabled the SERS-based method to detect mancozeb and showed an excellent linear relationship in the range of 0.25–25 ppm, with a low limit of detection (0.077 ppm), satisfactory EF, stability, and repeatability. In addition, the mechanism of SERS enhancement with electromagnetic mechanism (EM) and chemical mechanism (CM) was discussed in detail. Therefore, the proposed SERS approach holds promise as an auxiliary technique for screening contaminated agricultural products, environmental sample, and food in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMancozeb is a fungicide of the dithiocarbamate functional group, and it is widely used in agriculture to control various fungal diseases. Thus, studies detailing its toxicological characteristics are necessary, as the population may be exposed through the consumption of food or water contaminated with mancozeb. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potentials of this dithiocarbamate using the Allium cepa L. test system as well as its cytotoxicity in erythrocytes of female rats (Rattus norvegicus). The meristematic roots of A. cepa bulbs were exposed to various concentrations of mancozeb (62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/L) for 24, 48, and 72 h to determine cytotoxicity by evaluating the mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA), and nuclear anomalies (NA) for genotoxicity analysis and micronuclei (MN) for mutagenicity analysis. Distilled water and copper sulfate (0.0006 mg/L) were used as the negative control (NC) and positive control (PC), respectively. The MI and the sum of CA and NA of all the mancozeb concentrations showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in relation to the NC, indicating possible cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by mancozeb. Additionally, MN significantly increased with mancozeb concentration from 250 mg/L to 500 mg/L in 24 h when compared to NC. In another study model, mancozeb showed to be cytolytic at concentrations starting from 125 mg/L. Therefore, these results indicate that mancozeb causes cytogenetic alterations and mutagenicity at lower concentrations than those used in agriculture, which emphasizes the need for more care when managing this fungicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early leaf blight is a common fungal disease caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Various fungicides are used for the chemical control of this disease. As a result of the frequent use of fungicides, decreased susceptibility to the pathogen may be observed. In this study, the susceptibility of early leaf blight (A. alternata), a problem in tomato plantations, to azoxystrobin, tebuconazole and mancozeb was determined. Sixty A. alternata isolates were obtained from 121 infected plant samples collected from the Antalya, Ankara, Bartın, and Zonguldak provinces in 2013 and 2014. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the disease severity of the isolates varied between 50% and 85% on average. The susceptibility of the isolates to azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and mancozeb was determined by radial growth tests, and ED50 values against azoxystrobin, tebuconazole and mancozeb were determined to be 0.4 ppm, 0.6 ppm and 0.6 ppm, respectively. Polatlı was the most susceptible isolate to the three active substances. Alanya isolate to azoxystrobin (ED50= 452 ppm), Derbent isolate to mancozeb (ED50= 14.45 ppm), Serik and Kayaburnu isolates to tebuconazole (ED50= 33.61 ppm) were determined as the highest resistance isolates. As a result of the study, it was determined that some of the isolates developed resistance to these fungicides [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dieback disease is caused by the phytopathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae that affects farmer's production; it is characterized by its ability to survive through pycnidia and chlamydospores in soil and crop residues, it spreads to plant tissues to remain endophytic until the host crop becomes vulnerable by mechanical damage or nutrient deficiency leading to death of young branches, mummification and fruit rot. Due to the persistent mode of L. theobromae, the research focused on the simultaneous depuration of strains of the phytopathogen isolated from banana and raspberry with the objective of detecting the mycelial growth rate against fungicides of different mode of action, establishing by means of a toxicity scale at one of the concentrations 10; 1; 0,1; 0,01 and 0,001 µg mL-1 as efficient with propiconazole, mancozeb, iprodione, difenoconazole and cyproconazole, respectively in their order. There was 100% growth inhibition with propiconazole and difenoconazole at a concentration of 10 µg mL-1 that allows them to be effective fungicides in the control of the phytopathogen, while mancozeb, iprodione and cyproconazole were harmless to L. theobromae, because they allowed its mycelial growth in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Several measures of occupational exposure to pesticides have been used to study associations between exposure to pesticides and neurobehavioral outcomes. This study assessed the impact of different exposure measures for glyphosate and mancozeb on the association with neurobehavioral outcomes based on original and recalled self-reported data with 246 smallholder farmers in Uganda. Methods The association between the 6 exposure measures and 6 selected neurobehavioral test scores was investigated using linear multivariable regression models. Exposure measures included original exposure measures for the previous year in 2017: (i) application status (yes/no), (ii) number of application days, (iii) average exposure-intensity scores (EIS) of an application and (iv) number of EIS-weighted application days. Two additional measures were collected in 2019: (v) recalled application status and (vi) recalled EIS for the respective periods in 2017. Results Recalled applicator status and EIS were between 1.2 and 1.4 times more frequent and higher for both pesticides than the original application status and EIS. Adverse associations between the different original measures of exposure to glyphosate and 4 neurobehavioral tests were observed. Glyphosate exposure based on recalled information and all mancozeb exposure measures were not associated with the neurobehavioral outcomes. Conclusions The relation between the different original self-reported glyphosate exposure measures and neurobehavioral test scores appeared to be robust. When based on recalled exposure measures, associations observed with the original exposure measures were no longer present. Therefore, future epidemiological studies on self-reported exposure should critically evaluate the potential bias towards the null in observed exposure–response associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The purpose of the study was to identify the cause of leaf blight in Cycas in the Qingxiu Mountain Cycas Garden of Nanning Botanical Garden, explore methods for prevention and control, and provide a theoretical basis for the effective protection of Cycas germplasm resources. [Method] 113 samples of blight leaves were collected from different diseased Cycas plants. The pathogenic fungi were isolated and purified using the dilution plating and single spore isolation method. Pathogenicity of the isolated strains was determined using Koch's postulates. Species identification of the isolates was carried out based on morphological and molecular biology methods. Seven fungicides, Mancozeb, Picoxystrobin, Propiconazole, Azoxystrobin, Fluopicolide Trifloxystrobin, Chlorfenapyr Pyriproxyfen, Chlorothalonil, were selected for in vitro efficacy tests against the pathogenic fungus. [Result] In the study, a total of 72 isolates were obtained through the isolation and purification of microorganisms from blight tissues, belonging to 13 different genera; Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Alternaria, Pestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta, Nigrospora, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Hypoxylon, Xylaria, Botryosphaeria, Aspergilus, Neofusicoccum. Pathogenicity testing revealed that the Fusarium isolate GX2210 could induce lesions when inoculated into Cycas fronds. Further sequence analysis of the CaM, TUB, RPB2 and TEFla genes was performed and confirmed the identity of this strain as Fusarium incarnatum. Efficacy tests showed that Mancozeb was the most effective fungicide, with an inhibition concentration (ID50) of 0.3577 mg/L against the pathogen. [Conclusion] F. incarnatum is the pathogen causing the leaf blight of Cycas in Nanning Botanical Garden. Mancozeb has a good inhibitory effect on F. incarnatum, and can be considered for the prevention and control of cycad leaf blight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the plant extracts, all the plant extracts inhibit the mycelial growth of Exserohilum turcicum, Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extract @ 10% was effective in reducing the growth of Exserohilum turcicum. Foliar spray of Azadirachta indica seed extract was also found most effective among plant extract showing the minimum disease severity (25.4%) and maximum grain yield (24.1q/ha). While Eucalyptus citriodora 10% concentration were low effective as comparison to Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum in inhibition of Exserohilum turcicum growth and produced 72.8% lower grain yield as compare to Azadirachta indica. Minimum grain yield was recorded in check plots. Six fungicides also tested, Zineb 75 WP @ 0.25 % concentration found most effective in inhibiting the growth of E. turcicum, low in disease severity and ultimately produced higher grain yield of maize. Mancozeb 63%+Carbendazim 12% @ 0.25% was found equally effective which can be used as an alternative to Zineb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an important seed spice crop at world level and India is the leading producer (70% of world production), consumer and exporter of cumin in the world. Almost 80% of the crop cultivated is consumed in India. The crop yield is affected by several biotic and abiotic factors, among them, blight caused by Alternaria burnsii (Uppal, Patel & Kamat) is one of the most dreaded diseases and a major production constrain for the successful cultivation of cumin crop. Among the non-systemic fungicides tested, captan 75% WP, chlorothalonil 75 % WP and mancozeb 75 % WP were most effective with 95.67, 95.62 and 94.86 per cent growth inhibition, respectively whereas hexaconazole 5 % EC was most effective in systemic fungicides with 99.98 per cent inhibition followed by Tebuconazole 25.9 % EC 87.40 per cent inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current agrochemicals used in crop farming mainly consist of synthetic compounds with harmful effects on the environment and human health. Crop-associated fungal endophytes, which play many ecological roles including defense against pathogens, represent a promising source for bioactive and ecologically safer molecules in agrochemical discovery. The methanolic extract of the endophyte Menisporopsis sp. LCM 1078 was evaluated in vitro against the plant pathogens Boeremia exigua, Calonectria variabilis, Colletotrichum theobromicola, Colletotrichum tropicale, and Mycena cytricolor. Bioassay-guided isolation using chromatographic techniques followed by detailed chemical characterization by NMR and mass spectrometry led to the identification of menisporopsin A, which showed inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent manner against the five fungal pathogens including an endophytic strain (Colletotrichum tropicale), with MIC values in the range of 0.63–10.0 μg/mL showing a potency equivalent to the broadly employed agrochemical mancozeb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaves of Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum) are subject to various fungal diseases such as anthracnose (Colletotrichum species) and Stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium vesicarium). These diseases are the main biotic limitations to Welsh onion production in northern Taiwan. From 2018 to 2020, anthracnose symptoms were observed throughout Welsh onion fields in northern Taiwan, mainly the Sanxing area. In total, 33 strains of Colletotrichum species were isolated from diseased leaves, and major causative agents were identified based on a multilocus phylogenetic analysis using four genomic regions (act, tub2, gapdh, and internal transcribed spacer). Based on this phylogeny, Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of Welsh onion were identified as C. spaethianum (C. spaethianum species complex) and C. circinans (C. dematium species complex) in the Sanxing area, northern Taiwan. To determine and compare the pathogenicity of each species, representative fungal strains of each species were inoculated on the cultivar 'Siao-Lyu' by spraying spore suspension onto the leaf surface. Welsh onion plants were susceptible to both species, but disease incidence and severity were higher in C. spaethianum. In total, 31 fungicides were tested to determine their efficacy in reducing mycelial growth and conidial germination of representative strains of C. spaethianum and C. circinans under laboratory conditions. Five fungicides--fluazinam, metiram, mancozeb, thiram, and dithianon--effectively reduced mycelial growth and spore germination in both C. spaethianum and C. circinans. In contrast, difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole, which are commonly used in Welsh onion production in northern Taiwan, mainly the Sanxing area, were ineffective. These results serve as valuable insights for growers, enabling them to identify and address the emergence of anthracnose caused by C. spaethianum and C. circinans of Welsh onion, employing fungicides with diverse modes of action. The findings of this study support sustainable management of anthracnose in Sanxing, northern Taiwan, although further field tests of the fungicides are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fusarium species, a group of economically destructive phytopathogens, are poorly studied in Mauritius where agriculture holds much significance. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of organic farming has prompted interest in alternatives to chemical fungicides. Methods: After gaining an overview of Fusarium prevalence in Mauritius fields through a survey, the pathogen was isolated from infected crops and identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Methanol and water extracts were then prepared from Melia azedarach, Ocimum gratissimum, cinnamon and cloves before determining their phytochemical profiles. Additionally, the antioxidant and antifungal effects of different concentrations of aqueous extracts were assessed. Results: The isolate was confirmed as Fusarium oxysporum, and cloves inhibited its growth by up to 100%, especially at 60 and 90 g/L, with the results being significantly higher than those of the synthetic fungicide mancozeb. Over 50% inhibition was also noted for cinnamon and Ocimum gratissimum, and these effects could be linked to the flavonoids, phenols and terpenoids in the extracts. Conclusion: This study presented the aqueous extracts of cloves, cinnamon and Ocimum gratissimum as potential alternatives to chemical fungicides. It also confirmed the prevalence of Fusarium infection in Mauritius fields, thereby highlighting the need for additional studies on the pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Widespread use of Mancozeb (MZ) fungicide in endemic areas having high levels of arsenic (As+3) in the groundwater is likely to cause toxicosis in humans and animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the hepatotoxic effect of MZ and As+3 interaction in Wistar rats and mitigating potential of quercetin and catechin on such toxicity. Methods: Sixty adult rats were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. Group I served as control and group II was exposed to MZ (800 mg kg-1, PO). Groups III, IV, and V were provided drinking water containing As+3 at the rate of 10, 50 and 100 µg L-1, respectively. Groups VI, VII, and VIII were given drinking water containing As+3 at 10, 50 and 100 µg L-1, respectively, along with MZ. Groups IX and X received drinking water contaminated with 100 µg L-1, As+3 and MZ along with quercetin or catechin (50 mg kg-1 each), respectively. Results: Significant (p

Mancozeb is an extensively consumed fungicide, which often leaves high residue levels on agricultural products. The conventional method for detecting mancozeb involves a time-consuming process using gas chromatography (GC) after a 2-hour water-bath acidolysis, resulting in low efficiency and recovery rates. This study developed a rapid method for detecting mancozeb in fruits and vegetables using microwave-assisted acidolysis and extraction coupled with GC analysis. Mancozeb underwent "one-pot" acidolysis to generate CS2 gas and was subsequently extracted from samples using microwave treatment, requiring only 50 seconds of pretreatment time. The average recoveries of mancozeb ranged from 81% to 112%. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.003 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. The scanning electron microscope imaging showed that strong cell crumpling after microwave treatment improved the acidolysis rate significantly, where the acidolysis rate was 91.8% for mancozeb. In addition, this method is rapid, simple, and precise for detecting residues of mancozeb and other dithiocarbamate fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide contamination of aquatic ecosystems poses a significant threat to humans and can adversely affect fungal-driven processes in these understudied habitats. Here, we investigated the effects of four pesticides on detritus-inhabiting and plant root-associated fungi from streams, peatlands, and saltwater marshes. Additionally, we assessed the isolates' capacities to degrade three carbon sources to understand the impact of pesticides on fungal-driven processes. Pesticide assays were conducted in 96-well glass-coated plates, with fungal growth measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer set to 595 nm. Assays included technical replication (n = 6), replication over time (n = 2), negative controls, and carry-over controls. In total, we assayed more than 153 isolates, representing up to 97 fungal genera. Results showed that 1.9%, 49.7%, 3.1%, and 5.6% of the isolates exhibited consistently lower growth when exposed to atrazine, mancozeb, cypermethrin, and malathion, respectively. Furthermore, 101 isolates, comprising 87 genera, were tested for cellulase, starch degradation, and tannase activity, with 41.6%, 28.7%, and 30.7% of the isolates testing positive, respectively. These findings suggest that while many species demonstrate functional redundancy, some fungal species are sensitive to current environmental pesticide levels, which affects their growth and may have broader implications on ecosystem health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athelia rolfsii induces severe Sclerotium rots on 500 plantspecies, thus efficient field and post-harvest management strategies for this disease exist. A completely randomized design with three replications was used to set up two sub-trials. Sub-trial 1: Interaction of Mancozeb (all concentrations) x Trichoderma species caused 29.3-100% inhibition and all Ketoconazole x Trichoderma species caused 95.8-100% inhibition of A. rolfsii. Ketoconazole and Mancozeb (main effects) ranged between 23.3-100% inhibition of A. rolfsii. T. virens, T. harzianum, and T. viride (main effects) ranged from 60.3-96.7% inhibition of A. rolfsii. Unfortunately, Ketoconazole inhibited Trichoderma species more than Mancozeb. The chemical fungicides and Trichoderma species were highly positively correlated (0.522**, P≤0.05). Sub-trial 2: The Plant extracts (Ricinus and Eucalyptus species: 100% concentration) x Trichoderma species interactions caused 95-100% inhibition of A. rolfsii. Botanicals (50% concentration) x Trichoderma species caused above 80% inhibition of A. rolfsii. Trichoderma species (main effects) (in environs of 50% botanicals) caused 57-84% inhibition. The results revealed that at 100% concentration, plant extracts completely inhibited A. rolfsii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is a serious disease of potatoes worldwide and is predominantly controlled by repeated prophylactic use of fungicides throughout the growing season. Effective blight management and integrated pest management strategies rely on knowledge of the efficacy of available fungicides to control contemporary genotypes of P. infestans. Between 2019 and 2022, representative isolates of the newer dominant genotypes EU36, EU37 and the older dominant genotype EU6 were sampled from GB crops and tested for sensitivity to seven commonly used fungicide active ingredients (cyazofamid, fluopicolide, mandipropamid, propamocarb, oxathiapiprolin, amisulbrom and mancozeb) used preventatively in detached leaf tests and zoospore motility assays where appropriate. Dose–response curves based on lesion area (mm2) were constructed, and EC50 values calculated. Isolates of P. infestans genotype EU37 were insensitive to fluazinam as previously reported. No insensitivity, or progression towards resistance over time, to any of the other fungicides was observed in any isolates of the genotypes tested, and EC50 values were generally in line with previous testing. Zoospore motility tests with fluopicolide revealed significantly higher MIC values for isolates of genotype EU36 compared with EU37 and EU6, which, whilst not indicative of resistance at the low concentrations of active ingredient tested, may be a factor contributing to the overall dominance of that genotype in the wider population of P. infestans. The evidence suggests that the fungicides tested, with the exception of fluazinam and EU37, are effective for the control of P. infestans genotypes dominant in the GB population up until 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori. is most destructive disease in all the groundnut growing areas of Rajasthan, under severe infestation it cause 30-50% losses in pod yield. Recently, Central Insecticide Board (CIB), Faridabade banned 27 pesticides including some important fungicides which are extensively used in plant disease management. Therefore, in the present investigation, our main emphasis was to find out some new fungicides for management of early leaf spot disease. Methods: Ten fungicides (hexaconazole 5% EC, difenconazole 25% EC, propiconazole 25% EC, tebuconazole 25.9% EC, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG, mancozeb 50% WP, chlorothalonil 75% WP, carbendazim 50% WP, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP and captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP) were evaluated against early leaf spot pathogen (C. arachidicola) both in lab as well as in field condition. The experiment was conducted at ARS, SKRAU, Bikaner during Kharif-2019 on most popular cv. HNG-69 in RBD design with the application of foliar spray of ten different fungicides at different concentrations against early leaf spot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the fungicides used in the present investigation, Tebuconazole 25.9% EC was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen followed by trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG. Under field condition, it gave maximum (70.73%) disease control with highest pod yield (31.5 q/ha) and net return (Rs 57,500/ha) when applied as foliar spray at 0.1% concentration followed by trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG at 0.2%. These treatments can provide an effective and economical management of early leaf spot disease for groundnut cultivators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 TB primarily causes tobacco target spot disease by producing a large number of sexual spores. However, inducing sexual spore formation under in vitro conditions has been challenging, impeding further research on its control. In this study, field experiments were conducted to assess the effects of different concentrations of chemical and biological fungicides on the production of sexual spores of R. solani AG-3 TB on tobacco plants. The results demonstrated that four chemical fungicides (propiconazole-morpholine guanidine, bordeaux mixture, thiophanate-methyl, and mancozeb) significantly induced sexual spore formation. Among them, increasing the concentrations of the first three fungicides resulted in an increase in the number of sexual spores, while increasing the concentration of mancozeb led to a decrease in spore count. The pathogenic fungus produced more sexual spores during the night than during the day. Temperature, humidity, and light conditions influenced spore production. Additionally, the infection rate of sexual spores was directly proportional to their concentration and inoculation time, but their survival time did not exceed 6 h in vitro. Importantly, Streptomyces rectiolaceus A8 significantly suppressed sexual spore formation, achieving an 83.63% control efficacy in the field and producing antimicrobial substances against R. solani AG-3 TB. In conclusion, appropriate concentrations of chemical fungicides can induce sexual spore formation, while A8 can inhibit their production, showing potential value for controlling tobacco target spot disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungicides are frequently used during tree fruit bloom and can threaten insect pollinators. However, little is known about how non-honey bee pollinators such as the solitary bee, Osmia cornifrons, respond to contact and systemic fungicides commonly used in apple production during bloom. This knowledge gap limits regulatory decisions that determine safe concentrations and timing for fungicide spraying. We evaluated the effects of two contact fungicides (captan and mancozeb) and four translaminar/plant systemic fungicides (cyprodinil, myclobutanil, penthiopyrad, and trifloxystrobin) on larval weight gain, survival, sex ratio, and bacterial diversity. This assessment was carried out using chronic oral ingestion bioassays where pollen provisions were treated with three doses based on the currently recommended field use dose (1X), half dose (0.5X), and low dose (0.1X). Mancozeb and penthiopyrad significantly reduced larval weight and survival at all doses. We then sequenced the 16S gene to characterize the larvae bacteriome of mancozeb, the fungicide that caused the highest mortality. We found that larvae fed on mancozeb-treated pollen carried significantly lower bacterial diversity and abundance. Our laboratory results suggest that some of these fungicides can be particularly harmful to the health of O. cornifrons when sprayed during bloom. This information is relevant for future management decisions about the sustainable use of fruit tree crop protection products and informing regulatory processes that aim to protect pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedless watermelons are triploid hybrids (3n) that have been growing in popularity since the 1990s. However, the high production cost and low germination rate of the hybrid seeds pose a major problem in their production. The synseed technology could make a promising alternative for seedless watermelon propagation; however, this alternative has not yet been explored. This study aimed at producing synseeds of seedless watermelon 'Quality' using shoot tips as the propagules after which their germination and conversion were evaluated under in vitro and ex vitro conditions. In vitro shoot multiplication with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), synseed production from BAP-multiplied shoot tips, synseed sowing in vitro using several substrates and medium supplements, and synseed sowing ex vitro using different antimicrobial agents were investigated. Results indicated that 1.0 mg L−1 BAP resulted in the highest number of shoots per shoot tip explant. Synseeds produced from BAP-multiplied shoot tips achieved faster germination compared to synseeds from non-BAP-derived shoot tips, but there was no difference in terms of conversion and acclimatization survival rates. Agar showed greater conversion and acclimatization survival rates as well as root number, root length, and shoot length than the other substrates especially when indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 1.0 mg L−1 was added to the medium. However, this study demonstrated the possibility of using vermiculite as an alternative substrate to agar. PPM at 0.5% was a better microbial agent than 100.0 mg L−1 mancozeb for ex vitro synseed sowing as it achieved zero contamination and maintained the growing potential of synseeds with 65% germination, 85% survival, and 25% rooting rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria spp. is among the most common diseases of potato crops. Typical brown spot symptoms were observed in commercial potato-cultivation areas of northern Korea from June to August 2020–2021. In total, 68 isolates were collected, and based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the collected isolates were identified as Alternaria spp. (80.9%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a majority of these isolates clustered within a clade that included A. alternata. Additionally, the ITS region and rpb2 yielded the most informative sequences for the identification of A. alternata. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that the collected pathogens elicited symptoms identical to those observed in the field. In pathogenicity tests performed on seven commercial cultivars, the pathogens exhibited strong virulence in both wound and non-wound inoculations. Among the cultivars tested, Arirang-1ho, Arirang-2ho, and Golden Ball were resistant to the pathogens. Furthermore, among the fungicides tested in vitro, mancozeb and difenoconazole were found to be effective for inhibiting mycelial growth. In summary, our findings suggest that A. alternata plays a critical role in leaf disease in potato-growing regions and emphasise the necessity of continuous monitoring and management to protect against this disease in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mancozeb residue estimation was done using second derivative ultraviolet spectroscopy by Shimadzu ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer, and chlorpyrifos was estimated by QuEChERS technique using GC-FPD. The persistence for chlorpyrifos was carried out at two locations, and for mancozeb, persistence studies were carried out at four locations. Initial deposits of mancozeb on apple fruits ranged from 1.33 to 1.63 mg/kg at the recommended dose and from 2.55 to 3.26 mg/kg at double the recommended dose at all four locations. Chlorpyrifos residues in apple fruits had an initial deposit of 0.94–0.99 mg/kg at recommended dose and 1.75–1.92 mg/kg at double the recommended dose. Mancozeb residues in apple fruit were below the detection limit (BDL) after 20 days at recommended dose and after 25 days at double the recommended dose at two locations, while mancozeb residue at the other two locations and the residues of chlorpyrifos at all locations reached BDL after 15 and 20 days at recommended and double the recommended doses, respectively. Half-life of mancozeb varied from 3.07 to 4.02 days at recommended dose and from 3.30 to 4.32 days at double the recommended dose, whereas chlorpyrifos residues dissipated to half their initial concentration on 2.33–2.35 days at recommended dose and 2.89–2.90 days at double the recommended dose. The soil samples showed no presence of residues of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb at harvest. The risk assessment revealed that hazard quotient for the intake of mancozeb was in the range of 0.06–0.13% and 0.20–0.44% for rural and urban population, while for the intake of chlorpyrifos, hazard quotient was in the range of 0.10–0.12% for rural population and 0.33–0.38% for urban population, and theoretical maximum dietary intake (9.67 × 10−5 mg/person and 3.18 × 10−4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of mancozeb and 3.22 × 10−5 mg/person and 1.06 × 10−4 mg/person for rural population and urban population in case of chlorpyrifos) was also found to be less than maximum permissible intake (1.38 mg/kg for mancozeb and 0.60 mg/kg for chlorpyrifos). The results of risk assessment thereby indicated that apple consumption does not pose a risk to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, Eucalyptus plantations have rapidly expanded in Sarawak, Malaysia, accounting for 19% of the total forest plantation area. In a routine forest health surveillance conducted in 2022 at Sarawak, Malaysia, tree stands of Eucalyptus urograndis (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid) were detected with symptoms of stem canker disease caused by Chrysoporthe infection. Given the limited information on the chemical control of Chrysoporthe stem canker disease, there is a growing need to develop effective chemical control strategies to protect and cure Chrysoporthe infection on E. urograndis trees. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the causal pathogen of this stem canker disease in 7-year-old E. urograndis trees in Sarawak, Malaysia, and evaluate the efficacy of various fungicides as curative or protectant treatments on canker infection using artificial inoculation methods. Fungal isolates were first collected and subjected to molecular identification and pathogenicity analysis. Then, in vitro efficacy tests were evaluated using five licensed fungicides: thiram, prochloraz manganese chloride, copper hydroxide, dimethomorph, and mancozeb. Subsequently, the performance of these fungicides was assessed through preventive and curative field experiments on 10-year-old E. urograndis trees using the artificial inoculation technique. Based on the morphological and phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1/ITS4, β-tubulin 2 (BT2), and the combined ITS1/ITS4 and BT2 sequences extracted from 20 fungal isolates, Chrysoporthe deuterocubensis was identified as the causal pathogen of the canker disease, with isolate CHRY18 recording the highest virulence. The in vitro efficacy tests showed that prochloraz manganese chloride achieved 100% inhibition against C. deuterocubensis at 1.0 mg/mL. In the preventive experiment, thiram significantly inhibited C. deuterocubensis infection, yielding the shortest lesion length (19.40 mm) compared to the non-treated control (47.48 mm) at 20 weeks post-inoculation. In the curative experiment, a significant reduction of 54.7% in lesion length was observed in inoculated symptomatic trees after 20 weeks of post-fungicide treatment with copper hydroxide. In conclusion, this study demonstrated prochloraz manganese chloride, thiram, and copper hydroxide as effective chemical controls of C. deuterocubensis stem canker on E. urograndis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Unrecorded alcoholic beverage consumption is a health problem in Iran. Extensive use of pesticides in agricultural products may lead to the presence of residues of these compounds in hand-made alcoholic beverages. There are claims that the producer of hand-made alcoholic beverages adds some drugs to increase efficiency. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of methamphetamine, methadone, tramadol, diazinon, phosalone, trichlorfon, mancozeb, and penconazole in homemade alcoholic drinks. Methods: Thirty hand-made alcoholic beverages were analyzed in this study. Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were selected for samples' pretreatment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify diazinon, phosalone, trichlorfon, mancozeb, and penconazole and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify tramadol, methadone, and methamphetamine. Results: This study showed that diazinon was detected in three samples (10% of the total samples) at 10.8 to 16.5 μg/L and Penconazole was detected in two samples (6% of the whole samples) at a range of 78.5 to 810.6 μg/L. However, Mancozeb, trichlorfon, and phosalone were not in alcoholic beverages. In addition, methadone, tramadol, and methamphetamine were not detected in any samples. Conclusion: The results of our research showed that hand-made alcoholic beverages contain pesticide residues, and the use of these beverages causes diseases in the body.

Bawang merah merupakan tanaman yang memiliki resiko tinggi dalam aktivitas budidaya pertanian, salah satunya adalah serangan OPT. Oleh sebab itu penggunaan pestisida menjadi tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat residu pestisida berbahan aktif Abamectin dan Mancozeb pada tanaman bawang merah di Kabupaten Probolinggo. Penelitian dilakukan di lahan pertanian bawang merah meliputi Desa Mranggon Lawang, Desa Sumberbulu, dan Desa Sumberkerang. Analisa residu dilakukan di Laboratorium Penyakit Tumbuhan, Departemen Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya. Waktu pelaksanaan pada bulan Mei sampai bulan Oktober 2021. Analisis residu pestisida dikerjakan menggunakan Gas Chromatography (Model 8000 TOP yang dilengkapi dengan Electron Capture Detector). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua sampel bawang merah meninggalkan residu pestisida. Namun residu pestisida masih berada di bawah ambang batas maksimal berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia. Desa Mranggon Lawang yang menjadi desa sentra bawang merah terbesar di Kabupaten Probolinggo memiliki tingkat residu tertinggi dibandingkan dengan 2 desa lainnya. Hasil uji bahan aktif Abamectin pada daun sebesar 0,002; umbi 0,004; dan tanah 0,004 mg/kg. Sedangkan pada bahan aktif mancozeb pada daun 0,132; umbi 0,093; dan tanah 0,155 mg/kg. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa perilaku petani bawang merah di Kabupaten Probolinggo terhadap penggunaan pestisida masih termasuk dalam batas wajar.

Alternaria leaf spot of cabbage, caused by the Alternaria brassicicola, affects leaves of cabbages and often results in head rots causing severe decline in yield. In this work, the effects of systemic and combination fungicides on A. brassicicola mycelia growth in vitro and disease severity in field trials were investigated. The results of in vitro evaluation revealed that both fungicides significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of A. brassicicola under in vitro conditions. However, metalaxyl-M 6% was less effective with 100 μg/mL having only 30 ± 3.5% inhibition. On the other hand, 100 μg/mL of mancozeb 63% + carbendazim 12% had 94 ± 3.5% growth inhibition of A. brassicicola, respectively, under the same conditions. Dose-response analysis of the efficacy of the two fungicides showed that the LC50 of metalaxyl-M 6% and mancozeb 63% + carbendazim 12% were 125.52 ppm and 57.22 ppm, respectively, indicating the superiority of combination fungicide over systemic fungicide alone. Field studies showed that while manure type significantly impacted on biomass production (p < 0.001), it did not significantly affect disease severity. On the other hand, the frequency of fungicide application impacted on disease severity, with biweekly application leading to a significant reduction in disease severity after 10 weeks.

Mancozeb and methomyl are active ingredients commonly contained in pesticides applied in shallot farming. Surface runoff can carry pesticide residues that enter water bodies and affect non-target organisms, such as Daphnia magna. This study evaluated the genotoxicity effects of individual and combined mancozeb and methomyl on the DNA damage of D. magna. Organisms at 24 h old and 48 h old were exposed to individual and combined concentrations of mancozeb and methomyl for 24 h to obtain the LC50-24 h values. These values were used to evaluate DNA damage by calculating the tail intensity (TI) (%), tail moment (TM), and tail factor (TF). Results showed that based on the LC50-24 h values, methomyl has the highest toxicity level, followed by the mancozeb:methomyl combination, and then mancozeb. The combination index of mancozeb:methomyl for both D. magna ages (24 h and 48 h) indicated that the two pesticides antagonistically interact (CI>1). However, based on TI%, TM, and TF values, the level of damage was almost the same between the individual and combined pesticide concentrations, and the DNA damage was more massive with increased pesticide concentration. The DNA damage of 24 h old and 48 h old D. magna did not significantly differ. Increased DNA damage in D. magna indicated that this parameter was sensitive to the presence of pesticides. In application, DNA damage can be used as a biomarker for biomonitoring pesticide pollution in the aquatic ecosystem.

Mancozeb (MZ) is a broadly used fungicide for the control of plant diseases, including late blight in potatoes caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary. MZ has been banned for agricultural use by the European Union as of January 2022 due to its hazards to humans and the environment. In a search for replacement fungicides, twenty-seven registered anti-oomycete fungicidal preparations were evaluated for their ability to mitigate the threat of this disease. Fourteen fungicides provided good control (≥75%) of late blight in potted potato and tomato plants in growth chambers. However, in Tunnel Experiment 1, only three fungicides provided effective control of P. infestans in potatoes: Cyazofamid (Ranman, a QiI inhibitor), Mandipropamid (Revus, a CAA inhibitor), and Oxathiapiprolin + Benthiavalicarb (Zorvek Endavia, an OSBP inhibitor + CAA inhibitor). In Tunnel Experiment 2, these three fungicides were applied at the recommended doses at 7-, 9-, and 21-day intervals, respectively, totaling 6, 4, and 2 sprays during the season. At 39 days post-inoculation (dpi), control efficacy increased in the following order: Zorvec Endavia > Ranman > Revus > Mancozeb. Two sprays of Zorvec Endavia were significantly more effective in controlling the blight than six sprays of Ranman or four sprays of Revus. We, therefore, recommend using these three fungicides as replacements for mancozeb for the control of late blight in potatoes. A spray program that alternates between these three fungicides may be effective in controlling the disease and also in avoiding the build-up of resistance in P. infestans to mandipropamid and oxathiapiprolin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study evaluates the in vitro efficacy of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) derivatives in controlling the phytopathogenic fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Methods and results: The in vitro tests assessed the susceptibility to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), checkerboard assay, mycelial growth (MG) inhibition, and EC50 determination. Among the seven agricultural fungicides tested, tebuconazole (TEB) displayed the lowest MIC, 1.01 µg mL−1, followed by captan (CAP), thiophanate methyl (TM), and mancozeb with MICs of 4.06, 5.46, and 10.62 µg mL−1, respectively. The 8HQ derivatives used in this study were clioquinol and PH 151 (PH) with MICs of 1.09 and 2.02 µg mL−1, respectively. PH associated with TEB and CAP showed synergism and inhibited 95.8% of MG at the highest dose. TEB inhibited 100% of MG at the three highest doses, while associated with PH exhibited the lowest EC50 (0.863 + 0.0381 µg mL−1). Conclusions: We concluded that the 8HQ derivatives tested controlled effectively the P. chlamydospora in vitro. PH associated with CAP and TEB exhibited a synergistic effect. The association between PH and TM was considered indifferent. Impact Statement: This study expands the list of active ingredients tested against P. chlamydospora, with the PH 151 and clioquinol derivatives being tested for the first time. The in vitro efficacy and synergistic action with other fungicides suggest a potential use as a grapevine wound protectant. This association makes it possible to reduce doses and increase the potency of both drugs, reducing the risk of resistance development and harm to humans and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is an important tropical cash crop in China and suffers huge economic losses every year due to foot rot disease. In order to clarify the pathogen in black pepper main producing area and screen potential fungicides for disease control. Seven strains were isolated from Wanning City of Hainan Province and identified by morphological characteristics and ITS sequence specificity. The laboratory toxicities of 20 fungicides, registered for the control of oomycete diseases, were determined by the mycelial growth rate method. Results showed that all three strains isolated from black pepper foot rot disease samples, were Phytophthora capsici. Among the 20 tested oomycete fungicides, pyraclostrobin, fluazinam, thiram, dimethomorph, cyazofamid, and metalaxyl showed the highest activity in suppressing the mycelial growth of three P. capsici isolates (EC50 < 1 μg/mL), followed by oxine-copper, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, zineb, copper hydroxide (1 μg/mL < EC50 < 10 μg/mL), and then cuprous oxide, copper oxychloride, azoxystrobin, carvacrol, cymoxanil, berberine (10 μg/mL < EC50 < 50 μg/mL). Chitosan and fosetyl-aluminium exhibited the lowest inhibition activity (EC50 > 300 μg/mL). This study would help further the understanding and management of tropical P. capsici diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, strawberry tan-brown leaf spot disease caused by Pilidium lythri is a serious new disease that has occurred in China. Between 2015 and 2017, a total of 90 symptomatic samples were collected from Changping District, Beijing City; Zhucheng County, Shandong Province; and Loudi City, Hunan Province in China, with 30 samples from each district. Twenty-six fungal isolates were identified as P. lythri based on morphology, molecular biology, and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first report of P. lythri caused strawberry tan-brown spot in Shandong and Hunan Provinces in China. At present, there are no registered fungicides in China for controlling tan-brown spot disease on strawberry caused by P. lythri. In this study, the susceptibility of 26 isolates to eight commonly used fungicides and novel fungicide SYP-14288 were determined in vitro. The result shows that SYP-14288 has the strongest inhibitory activity on the mycelial growth of 26 isolates of P. lythri, with an average EC50 value of (0.33 ± 0.06) μg/mL, can be used as an effective fungicide for the control of strawberry tan-brown leaf spot disease. The average EC50 values were from 3.92 μg/mL to 72.58 μg/mL for epoxiconazole, difenoconazole, prochloraz, tebuconazole, chlorothalonil, and myclobutanil. Among them, azoxystrobin had lower toxicity, and mancozeb had the lowest inhibitory activity. The results of this study can provide an important reference for the rational use of fungicides to control strawberry tanbrown spot disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unrecorded alcoholic beverage consumption is a health problem in Iran. Extensive use of pesticides in agricultural products may lead to the presence of residues of these compounds in hand-made alcoholic beverages. There are claims that the producer of hand-made alcoholic beverages adds some drugs to increase efficiency. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of methamphetamine, methadone, tramadol, diazinon, phosalone, trichlorfon, mancozeb, and penconazole in homemade alcoholic drinks. Methods: Thirty hand-made alcoholic beverages were analyzed in this study. Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were selected for samples' pretreatment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify diazinon, phosalone, trichlorfon, mancozeb, and penconazole and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify tramadol, methadone, and methamphetamine. Results: This study showed that diazinon was detected in three samples (10% of the total samples) at 10.8 to 16.5 μg/L and Penconazole was detected in two samples (6% of the whole samples) at a range of 78.5 to 810.6 μg/L. However, Mancozeb, trichlorfon, and phosalone were not in alcoholic beverages. In addition, methadone, tramadol, and methamphetamine were not detected in any samples. Conclusion: The results of our research showed that hand-made alcoholic beverages contain pesticide residues, and the use of these beverages causes diseases in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]