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Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) are corbiculate and eusocial bees, including over 500 species distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. They establish perennial colonies using a large variety of nesting sites, as well as colonies of ants, wasps and termites. Compared to termitophily, myrmecophily is an uncommon feature and little studied aspect among Meliponini. In Peru there are few records relating to these types of associations, and in general little is known about the architecture of the nests of bees and ants that live together. For the first time, the nest architecture of Trigona cfr. cilipes in association with Dolichoderus quadridenticulatus is described from the Peruvian Amazon. The record of another association, Paratrigona sp. - Camponotus sp. is also reported. As the nests are arranged, the types of building materials used and some behavioral defense observations of ants and bees are also provided., Fragmenta entomologica, Vol. 54 No. 1 (2022)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health problem of the 21st century. The ability of some bacteria to develop resistance to specific antibiotics is the cause of an increased morbidity, mortality and health expenditure. Several surveillance programms have been introduced in the last decades to monitor the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The present work has been conducted within the JPIAMR-project MAGIcIAN whose aim is to support the sustainable introduction of novel class and last-resort antimicrobial drugs minimising the emergence of AMR. Within this project we developed a multi-level model to describe the spread of the sexually transmitted disease of gonorrhoea, caused by the Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacterium, a multidrug resistant bacteria who has progressively developed resistance to many treatment options. The multi-level model includes a dynamic sexual contact network, that describes the dynamic of sexual partnerships, a transmission model that describes the probability of infection during intercourse, and a within-host model, that describes the dynamic of gonorrhoea infection within an individual. The novelty of the proposed model is in including communities having different sexual orientations and behaviour and the possibility of these communities to interact in a dynamic framework. In this work, we calibrate the model using data coming from several clinics located in Amsterdam.

Pyrochroa coccinea (Linnaeus) (Figs 1A, 2A, C, E, 3 A���D, 4A, C, 5A) Diagnosis. The most diagnostic characters are structures associated with the highly sclerotized urogomphal plate: lateral lobes rounded; long, slender, straight, subparallel urogomphi; urogomphal lip ventrally furrowed and two urogomphal pits with parallel rugulae. Other diagnostic characters vs. P. serraticornis are shown in Table 1. Description of mature larva. Body length 3.5 cm (from mesal labral apex to apices of urogomphi) and maximum width 5.1 mm (across widest portion of urite VIII) (Fig. 1A). Body orthosomatic with sides subparallel, moderately sclerotized except most of cephalic capsule, mandibles, and urogomphal plate which are more heavily sclerotized; body vestiture consisting of short to moderately elongate, scattered setae. Thoracic and abdominal terga lacking parabasal ridges. Head and body dark yellowish to amber, melanisation much darker in areas of heavy sclerotization such as mandibles, urogomphi, urogomphal lip and urogomphal pits. Head. Prognathous, flattened, exserted from prothorax, about 4.5 mm width (Figs 2A, C). Epicranial suture lyriform with stem short, frontal arms complete nearly to antennal insertions, endocarinae absent (Fig. 2A). Free, symmetrical trilobate labrum, central lobe with a median thin notch, lateral lobes with high concentration of stout setae (Fig. 2A). Two pairs of stemmata on each lateral side. Antennal insertions fully exposed; antennae moderately long, slender, 3-segmented; antennomere I slightly curved outwards, narrower in the middle area, wider apically; sensorium of segment 2 small, conical; antennomere III narrower than I and II, as long as II, acutely rounded apically; setae distributed only on the inner surface of I, well distributed on all the surface of II and III. Mouthparts retracted (Figs 2 A, C). Mandibles heavily sclerotized, movable, asymmetrical, molar area of mandibles well developed; left mandible bigger, bearing a blunt molar tooth, apex rounded bidentate with two smaller subapical teeth, inner surface slightly concave (Figs 3B, C); apex of right mandible sub-securiform, inner surface heavily concave so as to make it appear bidentate from a ventral view (Figs 3A, D). Maxillae (Fig. 2E) each with 1-segmented cardo which is diagonally folded upward upon itself toward the stipes and thus appearing 2-segmented; a well-developed, undivided, pad-like maxillary articulating area; ventral surface of stipes quite glabrous, bearing few scattered setae; galea and lacinia fused to form maxillary mala; mala bearing stout apical and adoral spiniform setae and a welldeveloped pointed uncus at apico-adoral margin; 3-segmented, filiform maxillary palpus, palpomere II about 1.4X length of I, III subequal in length to II; I���II bearing stout long spiniform setae, III tapering distally, acutely rounded apically. Labium with mentum trapezoidal (Fig. 2C); submentum with a median pair of stout setae, shape elongate with sub-basal hourglass-shaped narrowing, apical margin slightly more heavily sclerotized (Fig. 2C); ligula well developed, elongate, with several pointed setae on each side in the direction of the labial palps; each labial palpus short, 2-segmented, I twice as long as II. Hypostomal rods (Fig. 2C) well developed, divergent; gular sutures separate (Fig. 2C). Thorax and Abdomen. Thorax flattened, with sides of prothorax subparallel, meso- and metathorax rounded (Fig. 1A); cervicosternum divided into three plates (Fig. 2C). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae. Abdomen flattened, with sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized; tergites I���VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2 times as long as others (Fig. 1A). Sternite VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 4C). Ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergite VIII emarginate, with lanceolate shape ending with more sclerotized acute apex (Fig. 4C). Tergite IX divided into four plates (Fig. 4A), hinged, capable of considerable dorso-longitudinal movement, extending ventrally, thus forming the urogomphal plate, widest basally where it forms well developed rounded lateral lobes (Figs 4A, C); surface of urogomphal plate bearing numerous, well-developed, callosities and several setigerous calli, in particular, long setae are associated with three pairs of calli on the dorsolateral surfaces (Fig. 4A), one pair of calli at the base of urogomphi and one pair of calli on the ventrolateral inner surface of urogomphi (Fig. 5A); urogomphi heavily sclerotized, long, slender, straight, subparallel, tapering and acuminate apically; ventral surface of urogomphal plate sharply excavate basally at articulation with sternites IX and X, excavation narrowing distally to bases of urogomphi and urogomphal lip, almost to form a tube under the urogomphal lip (Fig. 4C). Urogomphal plate possessing a heavily sclerotized urogomphal lip ventrally (Figs 4A, C, 5A), between the two, heavily sclerotized urogomphal pits (Fig. 5A), which, in turn, arise distally between the heavily sclerotized fixed urogomphi, and bear characteristic parallel rugulae. Sternite IX broadly transversely U-shaped (Fig. 4C), slightly invaginate in correspondence of a middle, thin, weak unsclerotized line, partially recessed into shallow emargination of sternite VIII, possessing continuous semi-circular arch of approximately 34���36 well-developed asperities along anterior margin; ventrolateral margin heavily sclerotized forming a blunt tooth (Fig. 4C). Segment X reduced, transversely ovate, with basal margin rounded, recessed into emarginations of sternite IX, visible ventrally (Fig. 4C). Spiracles. One pair of well-developed ovate thoracic spiracles ventrolaterally positioned on laterotergites along anterior margin of mesothorax. Paired, ovate abdominal spiracles, subequal in size, located on dorsolateral margin of abdominal tergite I (Fig. 1A) and ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergites II���VII; paired spiracles of abdominal laterotergite VIII annular-ovate, located ventrolaterally at distal 1/3 of its length (Fig. 4C)., Published as part of Molfini, Marco, Giulio, Andrea Di, Mancini, Emiliano & Bologna, Marco A., 2021, Larval features illuminating adult taxonomy? Case study in the European cardinal beetle species of the genus Pyrochroa (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae), pp. 337-348 in Zootaxa 4966 (3) on pages 339-341, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4966.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4736738

Pyrochroa serraticornis (Scopoli) (Figs 1B, 2B, D, F, 3E���H, 4B, D, 5B) Diagnosis. The most diagnostic characters are structures associated with the highly sclerotized urogomphal plate: lateral lobes acute rounded; sclerotized conical teeth between lateral lobes and the straight parallel urogomphi; urogomphal lip flat, ventrally to the single urogomphal pit with parallel rugulae. Other diagnostic characters vs. P. coccinea are shown in Table 1. Description of mature larva. Body length about 2.4 cm (from mesal labral apex to apices of urogomphi) and maximum width about 3.8 mm (across widest portion of urite VIII) (Fig. 1B). Body orthosomatic with sides subparallel, moderately sclerotized except much of cephalic capsule, mandibles, and urogomphal plate more heavily sclerotized; body vestiture consisting of short to moderately elongate, scattered setae. Thoracic and abdominal tergites II���VII and IX lacking parabasal ridges; abdominal tergites I and VIII with weakly formed parabasal ridge (Figs 1B, 4B). Head and body from light yellowish to darker, melanisation much darker in areas of heavy sclerotization such as mandibles, urogomphi, urogomphal lip and urogomphal pit. Head. Prognathous, flattened, exserted from prothorax, about 3.3 mm width (Figs 2B, D). Epicranial suture lyriform with stem short, frontal arms complete nearly to antennal insertions, endocarinae absent (Fig. 2B). Free, symmetrical trilobate labrum with scattered slender setae (Fig. 2B). Two pair of stemmata on each lateral side, parallel with antennal insertions. Antennal insertions fully exposed; antennae moderately long, stout, 3-segmented; antennomere I quite straight, narrower in the middle area, wider apically; sensorium of II small, drop-shaped; antennomere III narrower than I���II, about 2/3 the length of II, acutely rounded apically; setae well distributed on all the surface of antennomers. Mouthparts retracted (Figs 2B, D). Mandibles heavily sclerotized, movable, asymmetrical, molar area of mandibles well developed; left mandible bigger, bearing a prominent, hooked inwards, molar tooth, apex sub-securiforme with one small subapical expansion; inner surface bearing two longitudinal depressions so as to make it appear tridentate from a ventral view (Fig. 3F, G); apex of right mandible securiforme, inner surface concave so as to make it appear bidentate from a ventral view (Figs 3E, H). Maxillae (Fig. 2F) each with 1-segmented cardo which is diagonally folded upward upon itself toward the stipes and thus appearing 2- segmented; a well-developed, undivided, pad-like maxillary articulating area; ventral surface of stipes bearing few scattered spiniform setae; galea and lacinia fused to form maxillary mala; mala bearing stout apical and adoral spiniform setae and a well-developed pointed uncus at apico-adoral margin; 3-segmented, filiform maxillary palpus, palpomere II about 1.2 times as long as I, palpomere III subequal in length to II, tapering distally, acutely rounded apically. Labium with mentum trapezoidal (Fig. 2D); submentum glabrous, shape elongate with sides shallowing sinuate basally, apical margin slightly more heavily sclerotized (Fig. 2D); ligula well developed, elongate, almost glabrous, bearing few setae hardly characterized from our samples; each labial palpus short, 2-segmented, palpomere I twice as long as II. Hypostomal rods (Fig. 2D) well developed, divergent; gular sutures separate (Fig. 2D). Thorax and Abdomen. Thorax flattened, segmentation well developed, sides of prothorax subparallel, meso- and metathorax rounded (Fig. 1B); cervicosternum divided into three plates (Fig. 2D). Legs well developed, moderately short, 5-segmented including tarsungulus, vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae.Abdomen flattened, sides slightly converging forward, moderately sclerotized, tergites I���VII subequal in length and width; tergite VIII approximately 2.8 as long as each other (Fig. 1B). Sternite VIII emarginate apically (Fig. 4D). Ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergite VIII emarginate, with lanceolate shape, ending with more sclerotized acute apex forming a lateral tooth visible even from dorsal view (Figs 1B, 4D). Tergite IX divided into four plates (Fig. 4B), hinged, capable of considerable dorso-longitudinal movement, extending ventrally, thus forming the urogomphal plate, widest basally where it forms well developed acute rounded lateral lobes (Figs 4B, D); surface of urogomphal plate bearing numerous, well-developed, callosities and several setigerous calli, in particular, long setae are associated with three pair of calli on the dorsolateral surfaces and one pair of calli at the base of urogomphi (Fig. 4B); a pair of well developed, highly sclerotized conical teeth between urogomphi and lateral lobes (Figs 4B, D); urogomphi heavily sclerotized, long, slender, straight, parallel, tapering and acuminate apically; ventral surface of urogomphal plate sharply excavate basally at articulation with sternites IX���X, excavation narrowing distally to bases of urogomphi and urogomphal lip forming a thin slot (Fig. 4D). Urogomphal plate possessing a heavily sclerotized urogomphal lip ventrally (Figs 4B, D, 5B), forming the ventral surface of the wide heavily sclerotized single urogomphal pit (Fig. 5B), which fills the space between the heavily sclerotized fixed urogomphi, and bear characteristic parallel rugulae. Sternite IX broadly transversely U-shaped (Fig. 4D), partially recessed into shallow emargination of sternite VIII, possessing continuous semicircular arch of approximately 32 well-developed asperities along anterior margin; ventrolateral margin heavily sclerotized forming an acute tooth slightly visible even in dorsal view (Figs 1B, 4D). Segment X reduced, transversely ovate, basal margin rounded, recessed into emarginations of sternite IX, visible ventrally (Fig. 4D). Spiracles. One pair of well-developed, ovate, thoracic spiracles situated ventrolaterally on laterotergite along anterior end of mesothorax. Paired, sub-ovate abdominal spiracles, subequal in size, located on dorsolateral margin of abdominal tergite I (Fig. 1B) and ventrolateral margins of abdominal laterotergites II���VII; paired spiracles of abdominal laterotergite VIII annular-ovate, located ventrolaterally at distal 1/3 of its length (Fig. 4D)., Published as part of Molfini, Marco, Giulio, Andrea Di, Mancini, Emiliano & Bologna, Marco A., 2021, Larval features illuminating adult taxonomy? Case study in the European cardinal beetle species of the genus Pyrochroa (Coleoptera: Pyrochroidae: Pyrochroinae), pp. 337-348 in Zootaxa 4966 (3) on pages 341-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4966.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4736738

Additional file 7 The Bayesian tree of Meligethes-complex based on combined molecular and morphological dataset. The posterior probabilities exceeding 50% are shown at nodes.

Additional file 8 The Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree of Meligethes-complex based on morphological data, performed by IQ-TREE using default settings.