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The following study describes the core modeling principles of correspondence of private pertinence to collective relevance, analyzes the mechanisms for creating generalized content, and the formation of common significance areas in the value space of network communication. The methodological principle of the individual and collective transgression is the concept of contextual models with focal detalization. The formation of the pertinence field is described as internal relevance characterizing polylogue delayed interaction within internet communication. The inclusion of consituational formants in the contextual model as a part of prognostication of modificational potencies of pertinences in the pentatomic field “speaker – moderator – text – recipient – moderator” allows for a description of communication process in the “downtime” situation as a substantiation of personal pertinence fields into a single relevance field, but also for the algorithmization of deriving generalized content in any indirect delayed discoursive practices. Based on a number of different property classifications, the authors derive a list of criteria features of pertinence and relevance transgression mechanisms. The authors conclude that the transaction of individual components and their introduction into the general space of significance should be accompanied by compliance with certain criteria: interpretation of the horizontal context in a wide field, transmodality, continuality of communicative action, creation of boundary models within the contextualization framework, referential eventfulness, variability of models and their permanent contextual modification, correspondence of models to the horizontal context, complexity of structure and simplification of formal composition, the presence of intersection areas of cognitive assets, the fundamental possibility of significance awareness, context hierarchy, preliminary conventionalization, forecasting the productivity of the applied model, unity of representation patterns, discursive conditionality of meanings, individual and collective alternations of meanings, variability of situations, coherence of discursive moves, mandatory verbalization of consituative components, role hierarchy of particular meanings functionality.

Cerebral veins are responsible for the outflow drainage of brain interstitial fluid (ISF). The importance of cerebral venous drainage has been emphasized in various neurological diseases. Impaired venous outflow may lead to brain edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, inflammatory responses and hemorrhagic complications. With the development of imaging technologies, several imaging-based signs for venous assessment are proposed. Therapies targeting cerebral venous drainage have shown beneficial outcomes in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in clinic, however more insight into the cellular and molecular level should be elucidated. Here we review the pathological changes following cerebral venous drainage impairment, summary the advances in image-based evaluation, address the potential molecular mechanisms, and discuss venous drainage-focused therapies. A better understanding of cerebral venous drainage and its underlying mechanism will promote the pharmacological development and clinical management of CVST.

The article specifies and analyzes the basic characteristics of the cognitive style in generative and interpretive activities of participants within the framework of academic discourse. The cognitive style itself can be defined as a dynamic “scheme of action” that facilitates the structuring of the communicative process. The algorithm for creating and translating the results of discursivization in scientific communication contains a flexible sequence of cognitive and verbal actions to solve problems determined by situational and contextual conditions. As a result of discourse, modus and conversational analysis, the authors determine the illocutionary readiness of producers for generation and verbalization, and recipients for apperception and interpretation of “anchor” concepts as cognitive style markers and elements of structuring cognitive and communicative activity. The empirical material was microcontexts from the collective monograph “Introduction to the Synergetics of Translation”, containing both markers of the generation of cognitive components and their translation and conventionalization. An analysis of cognitive styles that are combined in academic discourse into a synergistic unity, a cognitive strategy, revealed the dominance of the right-handed characteristics of the Myers-Briggs type indicator: analyticism, field independence, focusing flexibility, reflectivity, and detailing. Compliance with the identified criteria involves the use of soft patterns as components of dynamic “schemes of action”, which leads to the flexibility of algorithms and modification of the sequence of acts of cognition and verbalization. The authors conclude that the potential acceptability of the cognitive styles of various participants in academic communication and the adaptive possibilities of style characteristics make it possible to create a cognitive strategy as a general direction of generative- and interpretative activity. The apperceptive type of cognitive activity, the “anchoring” of individual concepts in the space of scientific reception, the possibility of delayed harmonization of cognitive styles in the “downtime” situation are the conditions for identifying correspondences of the academic discourse macroproposition in the text.

The article studies the phenomenon of deliberation as the main condition to create collectively meaningful content in the new social media discourse. The presence of an explicit dialogue in the form of a commentary text to the original message is considered the basis for generating a variant interpretation, as well as the most hypertext discourse in social media. Identification and description of key topics (situational media concepts) and commentary techniques for modifying their content are based on frame modeling. Distributive analysis of the lexical environment of the frequency verbalizers of the identified topics and its contextual interpretation make it possible to analyze the main directions for evaluating and gaining the significance of these markers of the media space. Based on the analysis of the primary text of the message, the obligatory character of the introduction of the implicit reader’s plan is established with the reference to the dialogue of the operational information presentation. An implicit reader from the status of a narrator, through the explication of his own opinion in the polycode space of social media, acquires the status of a narrator. The prototypes of messages and posts in the Russian-language segment of the social network VKontakte, as well as the metatexts of comments on these posts that support the original or generate new relevance vectors of key topics in the process of creating deliberative content, served as the material for the analysis. The study determined the ways of actualizing the individual content of the events described in the primary messages and mechanisms for further reinforcement of the evaluation vectors specified in the secondary commentary text. The intentional deliberativeness of the initially institutional media discourse is revealed. It manifests itself in the holistic perception of operational information, which undergoes meaningful transformation and clarification in the ad hoc commentary texts of user response.

Приемо-передающие тракты современных систем радиосвязи строятся на основе открытой структуры, обеспечивающей иерархическое разграничение доступа к предоставляемым телекоммуникационным услугам. Однако такой подход не исключает возможность доступа к передаваемому контенту со стороны несанкционированных пользователей. Скрытие информации методами криптографической защиты в такой ситуации только активизирует дополнительный интерес к передаче, поэтому наиболее прагматичным решением является использование сигналов сложной структуры, существенно затрудняющих или даже исключающих извлечение из них информации сторонними пользователями. Проблема регламентирования селекции доступа при разработке и проектировании элементов радиосистем является достаточно многогранной и обладает высокой степенью сложности. Одно из направлений решения задач данной предметной области базируется на известных подходах расширения базы сигналов, однако алгоритмы их практической реализации получены без учета ограничений на выделенный ресурс и без учета самого факта применения этих алгоритмов. На основе теории систем и общей теории связи разработан подход к формированию сигнальных конструкций сложной структуры, обеспечивающий повышение свойств их структурной скрытности по отношению к несанкционированным пользователям. При этом были уточнены известные решения на физическом уровне сигнальных пространств, что позволило формализовать процедуры формирования радиосигналов, обладающими заданными свойствами. Обоснован метод формализации функции отображения пространства сигналов на основе выделения стохастических свойств псевдослучайных последовательностей, что позволило обеспечить неопределенность их структуры при несанкционированной обработке. Апробация предлагаемого подхода приведена на примере формирования сигналов квадратурной модуляции с учетом последующего анализа их свойств с различных позиций легитимных и нелегитимных пользователей. Полученные результаты подтверждают возникшую неопределенность при нелегитимной обработке при незначительном ухудшении свойств помехоустойчивости систем радиосвязи. В целом это позволяет сделать вывод об адекватности теоретических решений. В качестве примера представлены констеляционные диаграммы сигналов на выходе квадратурного приемника. Представленная в работе совокупность предлагаемых технических решений определяет новизну данного подхода. Решаемая научная задача относится к классу задач синтеза сигналов сложных структур.

Neuroinflammation is a major pathophysiological factor that results in the development of brain injury after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Downregulation of microRNA (miR)-455-5p after ischemic stroke has been considered a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for neuronal injury after ischemia. However, the role of miR-455-5p in the post-ischemia/reperfusion inflammatory response and the underlying mechanism have not been evaluated. In this study, mouse models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury were established by transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 1 hour followed by reperfusion. Agomir-455-5p, antagomir-455-5p, and their negative controls were injected intracerebroventricularly 2 hours before or 0 and 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The results showed that cerebral ischemia/reperfusion decreased miR-455-5p expression in the brain tissue and the peripheral blood. Agomir-455-5p pretreatment increased miR-455-5p expression in the brain tissue, reduced the cerebral infarct volume, and improved neurological function. Furthermore, primary cultured microglia were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation for 3 hours followed by 21 hours of reoxygenation to mimic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. miR-455-5p reduced C-C chemokine receptor type 5 mRNA and protein levels, inhibited microglia activation, and reduced the production of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. These results suggest that miR-455-5p is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and that it alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 expression and reducing the neuroinflammatory response.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) represents the deadliest subtype of all strokes. The development of brain edema, a consequence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, is the most life-threatening event after ICH. Pathophysiological conditions activate the endothelium, one of the components of BBB, inducing rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Upon activation, globular actin assembles into a filamentous actin resulting in the formation of contractile actin bundles, stress fibers. The contraction of stress fibers leads to the formation of intercellular gaps between endothelial cells increasing the permeability of BBB. In the present study, we investigated the effect of ICH on stress fiber formation in CD1 mice. We hypothesized that ICH-induced formation of stress fiber is triggered by the activation of PDGFR-β and mediated by the cortactin/RhoA/LIMK pathway. We demonstrated that ICH induces formation of stress fibers. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the inhibition of PDGFR-β and its downstream reduced the number of stress fibers, preserving BBB and resulting in the amelioration of brain edema and improvement of neurological functions in mice after ICH.

Age is a well-known risk factor that is independently associated with poor outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the interrelationship between age and poor outcomes after ICH is not well defined. In this study, we aimed to investigate this relationship based on collagenase-induced ICH mice models. After being assessed neurological deficit 24 h after ICH, mice were euthanized and brain perihematomal tissues were used for RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). And then the functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by RNA-seq were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. In addition, we performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for validation of candidate DEGs. In the behavioral tests, aged mice presented significantly worse neurological function than young mice and greater weight loss than aged sham controls 24 h after ICH. In DEGs analysis, ICH affected the expression of more genes in young mice (2,337 DEGs) compared with aged mice (2,005 DEGs). We found aged mice exhibited increased brain inflammatory responses compared with young animals and ICH induced significant activation of the interferon-β (IFN-β) and IFN signaling pathways exclusively in aged mice. Moreover, further analysis demonstrated that ICH resulted in the activation of cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway with the production of downstream molecule type I IFN, and the response to type I IFN was more significant in aged mice than in young mice. In agreement with the results of RNA-seq, RT-qPCR indicated that the expression of candidate genes of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1), and IFN-β was significantly altered in aged mice after ICH. Taken together, our study indicated that compared to young animals, aged mice exhibit increased vulnerability to ICH and that the differences in transcriptional response patterns to ICH between young and aged mice. We believe that these findings will facilitate our understanding of ICH pathology and help to translate the results of preclinical studies into a clinical setting.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been regarded as one of the major contributors of ischemic neuronal death after stroke. Recently, intercellular mitochondrial transfer between different cell types has been widely studied and suggested as a potential therapeutic approach. However, whether mitochondria are involved in the neuron-glia cross-talk following ischemic stroke and the underlying mechanisms have not been explored yet. In this study, we demonstrated that under physiological condition, neurons release few mitochondria into the extracellular space, and the mitochondrial release increased when subjected to the challenges of acidosis, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), or glutamate. Acidosis reduced the mitochondrial basal respiration and lowered the membrane potential in primary-cultured mouse cortical neurons. These defective mitochondria were prone to be expelled to the extracellular space by the injured neurons, and were engulfed by adjacent astrocytes, leading to increased astrocytic expressions of mitochondrial Rho GTPase 1 (Miro 1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) at mRNA level. In mice subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia, the number of defective mitochondria in the cerebrospinal fluid increased. Our results suggested that the neuron-derived mitochondria may serve as a “help-me” signaling and mediate the neuron-astrocyte cross-talk following ischemic stroke. Promoting the intercellular mitochondrial transfer by accelerating the neuronal releasing or astrocytic engulfing might be a potential and attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke in the future.

ObjectiveInflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiological processes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Post-ICH macrophages infiltrate the brain and release pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α), amplifying microglial activation and neutrophil infiltration. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β) is expressed on macrophages and it's activation induces the recruitment of macrophages. Platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) is an agonist with a significantly higher affinity to the PDGFR-β compared to another isoform of the receptor. In this study, we investigated the role of PDGF-D in the pro-inflammatory response after ICH in mice.MethodsA blood injection model of ICH was used in eight-week old male CD1 mice (weight 30g). Some mice received an injection of plasmin or PDGF-D. Gleevec, a PDGFR inhibitor, was administered at 1, 3 or 6h post-ICH. Plasmin was administered with or without PDGF-D siRNAs mixture or scramble siRNA. A plasmin-antagonist, ε-Aminocaproic acid (EACA), was co-administrated with the blood. The effects of ICH and treatment on the brain injury and post-ICH inflammation were investigated.ResultsICH resulted in the overexpression of PDGF-D, associated with the infiltration of macrophages. PDGFR-inhibition decreased ICH-induced brain injury, attenuating macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, reducing microglial activation and TNF-α production. Administration of recombinant PDGF-D induced TNF-α production, and PDGFR-inhibition attenuated it. A plasmin-antagonist suppressed PDGFR-β activation and microglial activation. Plasmin increased PDGF-D expression, and PDGF-D inhibition reduced neutrophil infiltration.ConclusionICH-induced PDGF-D accumulation contributed to post-ICH inflammation via PDGFR activation and enhanced macrophage infiltration. The inhibition of PDGFR had an anti-inflammatory effect. Plasmin is a possible upstream effector of PDGF-D. The targeting of PDGF-D may provide a novel way to decrease brain injury after ICH.

ObjectivePlatelet-derived growth factor-BB activates platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β and promotes vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation. Elevated levels of non-muscle myosin IIB (SMemb) are found in secretory smooth muscle cells along with inflammatory mediators, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which can amplify neutrophil infiltration into the brain. In the present study, we investigated the role of platelet-derived growth factor-BB/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β following intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in mice, with emphasis on its ability to promote vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation followed by increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and elevated neutrophil infiltration in the vicinity of the hematoma. We also determined the extent to which plasmin from the hematoma influences the platelet-derived growth factor-BB/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β system subsequent to intracerebral hemorrhage.DesignControlled in vivo laboratory study.SettingAnimal research laboratory.SubjectsOne hundred and fifty six eight-week-old male CD1 mice.InterventionsBrain injury was induced by autologous arterial blood or plasmin injection into mouse brains. Small interfering RNA targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β was administered 24 hours before intracerebral hemorrhage. A platelet-derived growth factor receptor antagonist, Gleevec, was administered following intracerebral hemorrhage. A mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 inhibitor (KKKALNRQLGVAA) was delivered with platelet-derived growth factor-BB in naïve animals. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB was injected with a plasmin inhibitor (ε-aminocaproic acid) in intracerebral hemorrhage mice. Plasmin-injected mice were given platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β small interfering RNA 24 hours before the operation. Neurological deficits, brain edema, western blots, and immunofluorescence were evaluated.Measurements and main resultsPlatelet-derived growth factor receptor-β small interfering RNA attenuated SMemb and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and neutrophil infiltration at 24 hours post injury and reduced neurological deficits and brain edema at 24 and 72 hours following intracerebral hemorrhage. The platelet-derived growth factor receptor antagonist, Gleevec, reduced SMemb and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β activation led to increased expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and was reversed by KKKALNRQLGVAA in naïve mice. Plasmin inhibition suppressed platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β activation and neutrophil infiltration, whereas exogenous platelet-derived growth factor-BB increased platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β activation, regardless of plasmin inhibition. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β small interfering RNA decreased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by plasmin injection.ConclusionThe platelet-derived growth factor-BB/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β system contributes to neuroinflammation through vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation near the hematoma via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 pathway following intracerebral hemorrhage. Plasmin is hypothesized to be upstream of the proposed neuroinflammatory system. The therapeutic intervention targeting the platelet-derived growth factor-BB/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β is a novel strategy to prevent plasmin-induced brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background and purposeRecombinant osteopontin (rOPN) has been reported to be neuroprotective in stroke animal models. The purpose of this study is to investigate a potential role and mechanism of nasal administration of rOPN on preserving the vascular smooth muscle phenotype in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).MethodsOne hundred and ninety-two male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The SAH model was induced by endovascular perforation. Integrin-linked kinase small interfering RNA was intracerebroventricularly injected 48 hours before SAH. The integrin receptor antagonist fibronectin-derived peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro (GRGDSP), focal adhesion kinase inhibitor Fib-14, and Rac-1 inhibitor NSC23766 were administered 1 hour before SAH induction. rOPN was administered via the intracerebroventricular and nasal route after SAH. SAH grade, neurological scores, brain water content, brain swelling, hematoxylin and eosin staining, India ink angiography, Western blots, and immunofluorescence were used to study the mechanisms of rOPN on the vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation.ResultsThe marker proteins of vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation α-smooth muscle actin decreased and embryonic smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMemb) increased significantly at 24 and 72 hours in the cerebral arteries after SAH. rOPN prevented the changes of α-smooth muscle actin and SMemb and significantly alleviated neurobehavioral dysfunction, increased the cross-sectional area and the lumen diameter of the cerebral arteries, reduced the brain water content and brain swelling, and improved the wall thickness of cerebral arteries. These effects of rOPN were abolished by GRGDSP, integrin-linked kinase small interfering RNA, and NSC23766. Intranasal application of rOPN at 3 hours after SAH also reduced neurological deficits.ConclusionsrOPN prevented the vascular smooth muscle phenotypic transformation and improved the neurological outcome, which was possibly mediated by the integrin receptor/integrin-linked kinase/Rac-1 pathway.

The article considers mnemotoponymic phraseological units of the modern French language, i.e. the phraseological units which include topocomponents which not only are used for geographical objects naming but also have apparent cultural-historical or socio-economic associations performing memorial function. The term mnemotoponym (Greek mnêmê - “memory”) is suggested for their core component naming. Mnemotoponyms within French phraseological units are subdivided according to their origin into autochthonous (e.g. l’enfer de Verdun, ça tombait comme à Gravelotte) and allochthonous (un procès de Moscou, aller à Baden-Baden). It is also suggested to classify mnemotoponymic phraseological units by their event indication, i.e. those events captured by historical memory in the metaphorical core of a certain phraseological unit. Those may be glorious military victories and inglorious defeats, large-scale disasters, major and minor events in the history of France and the whole world: soldats de Valmy, le soleil d’Austerlitz, c’est la Bérézina, soûl comme toute la Pologne, souvienstoi du vase de Soissons, le débarquement de Normandie, partir à Tataouine, Paris brûle-t-il? etc. The aim of the article is to estimate the layer of these phraseological units and demonstrate the possibility of their classification, present their potential in terms of historical memory manifestation and translation through the French phraseological fund.

In acute stroke management, time window has been rigidly used as a guide for decades and the reperfusion treatment is only available in the first few limited hours. Recently, imaging-based selection of patients has successfully expanded the treatment window out to 16 and even 24 h in the DEFUSE 3 and DAWN trials, respectively. Recent guidelines recommend the use of imaging techniques to guide therapeutic decision-making and expanded eligibility in acute ischemic stroke. A tissue window is proposed to replace the time window and serve as the surrogate marker for potentially salvageable tissue. This article reviews the evolution of time window, addresses the advantage of a tissue window in precision medicine for ischemic stroke, and discusses both the established and emerging techniques of neuroimaging and their roles in defining a tissue window. We also emphasize the metabolic imaging and molecular imaging of brain pathophysiology, and highlight its potential in patient selection and treatment response prediction in ischemic stroke.

In the article on a material of modern French language the main sources of origin of phraseology-quotes are considered. The authors propose to understand by the term «idiom-quote» such idioms, derivation base of which is a verbatim excerpt from some text (poetry, prose, song, or creolized texts, in particular, advertising texts, comics, etc.), as well as utterances of characters of art and animation films, the sayings of prominent representatives of the various spheres of human activity. Idiom-quote to a certain extent can be associated with the source of language native origin, provided it is wide distributed and widely employed. Idiom-quote occupies an intermediate position in a row: catchphrase> idiom-quote> phraseological unit. Those idioms, quotations, which after a special etymological analysis and consolidation of different phrasebook refer to some sources quoted gradually make the transition into the category of phraseology, thereby ceasing to be exclusively a fact of culture and becoming a fact of language.

Stroke is the result of blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain and is the leading cause of death and disability in the world. Currently only a very limited number of therapeutic approaches are available for treatment of stroke patients, and the vast majority of neuroprotective agents that tested positively in pre-clinical studies failed in clinical trials. In recent years, the clinical value of the use of exosomes for stroke treatment has received widespread attention due their unique characteristics such as low immunogenicity, low toxicity and biodegradability, ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and their important role in communication between cells. More and more evidence suggests that the secretion of exosomes is the mechanism underlying the protection induced by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) after stroke. Exosomes are thought to support brain restoration and induce repairing effects, including neurovascular remodeling, and anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent reports have focused on the clinical application of exosomes as a potential drug delivery approach. This review focuses on the ability of exosomes to interrupt the stroke-induced pathologic processes of stroke, and on publications describing how to achieve more effective treatment of stroke with exosomes.

This article is devoted to the analysis of phraseological units of the national languages of the world, which include linguanisms (glottonysms), i.e. names of languages. Phrasal units with a component-linguanym designating their own language, symbolize, as a rule, clarity and rationality: comp. fr.enbonfranęais (lit. in good French; descriptor: clear, easy to understand) with the component PU-lingvuanym designating other languages, act as a reference of something obscure, difficult, unintelligible, for example, fr. c’estduchinois (lit. Chinese; handle: it is not clear, it is difficult). The authors identified factors that play a significant role in the selection of linguanym functioning as a part of PU, as a symbol of complex language. Among them, first of all: a mark that is different from their native language to be used in a particular community (Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic script, hieroglyphics, and the writing direction from left to right/from right to left), closeness and inaccessibility of scholars community of any language community, historical coexistence of different peoples and countries, exoticism language is perceived with the exoticism of ethnic style in clothing.