Search

The United States (U.S.) cheese sector has been steadily growing throughout the years. Since 1980, U.S. consumers have doubled their annual consumption of cheese, currently at about 37.9 lbs. per capita in 2018 excluding cottage cheese. Cheese varieties are generally classified as American type (Cheddar, Monterey and others), Italian type (Mozzarella and others), and Other type (Swiss, Muenster and others) since they serve different markets. American cheese is consumed regularly in hamburgers, sandwiches and in similar settings. Italian cheese is typically consumed in pizzas, pasta and Italian cuisine. Despite the burgeoning growth in cheese demand, there has been no study addressing the dynamic price relationship among different varieties of cheese. This study investigates the price discovery process among cheese varieties: Cheddar, Mozzarella, Swiss, Muenster, and Monterey by using a vector error correction model and standard innovation accounting. Results indicate relative price interaction among different varieties of cheese, providing empirical evidence of some decouplment or separation among American (Cheddar and Monterey), Italian (Mozzarella), and Other type (Swiss). An exemption is Muenster which despite being classified as Other type of cheese responds to American’s Cheddar.

The dominant market where information is discovered plays the role of price leader providing substantial market information to other markets. This study investigates the dynamic relationships of 30 cattle markets across regions, cattle types, and cash/futures markets. The comparison of many markets, using an error correction model, is accomplished with the introduction of a tournament with a hierarchical cluster analysis, which allows us to conclude that the leading price for the U.S. cattle markets is discovered in the futures markets for both feeder and fed cattle.

Smart Agriculture is technology-driven agriculture. Taiwanese government has put tremendous efforts to spread this new technology. Many factors affect the rate of adoption of this technology. This ...

Utah’s Mighty 5 ad campaign was designed to attract out-of-state visitors to southern Utah’s five National Parks (NPs). Using the synthetic control method, we find the campaign to have contributed to rapid visitation growth at Arches, Canyonlands, and Capitol Reef NPs. No ad campaign effect was found for Bryce Canyon and Zion NPs, which implies that recent increased visitation at these parks has been driven by the national trends and not the Mighty 5 promotion. Arches, Bryce Canyon, and Zion currently suffer from excess demand (congestion), and the US National Park Service is actively engaged in visitor management efforts to mitigate the environmental pressures associated with overvisitation. The state has responded to congestion by crafting a new “demarketing” campaign to provide a more tailored tourism experience aimed at increasing the value of a visit and diverting potential tourists to high-quality alternative sites selected to match visitor interests.

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between Asian and European natural gas markets. The present study determines whether these markets underwent structural changes following i) the emergence of swing suppliers (Russia and Qatar) who export natural gas to both Asian and European markets, ii) substantial increases in Japan's gas import after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and iii) fast‐paced increases in China's gas import from Russia; its import increased significantly in 2011 and thereafter. We attempt to identify changes in the dynamic price process between these two markets and also in the long‐run equilibrium, by applying the price discovery framework (Vector Error Correction model). Main findings are i) Asian and European natural gas markets are cointegrated over the sample period (2000–2017) and ii) Asian market was leading the natural gas market, but after 2011, European market became the leader. Asian market is the major adjuster following the market shock which implies that any changes in European market would be transferred to Asian market. Results have implications for industry and policy analyses, and price risk management in the market.

The visibility, safety, and health effects of seasonal wildfires may affect recreational visits to national parks (NPs), even if fires occur outside of park boundaries. This study statistically quantifies the effect of nearby wildfire on tourist flows to each of Utah's five NPs (Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, and Zion). Using monthly data from May 1993 to December 2015, we empirically link wildfire activities (measured as monthly area burned within 80 km, 160 km, and 320 km radii) to monthly visits to each national park. Results show that wildfire has negative and statistically significant effects on visitation in four of the five NPs. Aggregate annual visitation losses at each park are between 0.5% and 1.5% during a typical (mean) fire year. The negative regional economic impacts of seasonal wildfire at all national parks in Utah are estimated to be between $2.7 and $4.5 million, with an associated loss of between 31 and 53 jobs depending on the extent of area burned. Economic impacts of reduced visitor expenditures are distributed unequally, with proportionately greater negative effects occurring in tourism-dependent rural economies.

Since the mid-1940s US sheep inventory has experienced dramatic declines, which has weakened the sheep industry significantly, making it increasingly important to analyze potential policy implications that could affect US sheep inventories in the future. Public grazing lands are often used in sheep production, especially within the western United States. The public grazing fee is, therefore, a cost within the production of sheep. A US sheep model applying capital stock inventory accounting methodology is developed to model both the supply and demand within the joint sheep and wool industries. The model is used to create a baseline projection for the next several years. Various public grazing fee policies are created to demonstrate the effects of the policies on the levels of sheep inventory and sheep and wool production within the country. Results indicate removing the public grazing fee (set at $0/animal unit month) may slow the rate of decline but would not be effective at reversing the declining trend. This suggests reducing the public grazing fee is not a viable policy option to help bring stability to the sheep and wool industries. However, projections indicate raising the grazing fee would have a substantial adverse effect on the industries. Consideration should be given to these results as grazing fee policy is adjusted moving forward.

This paper examines the dynamic interrelationship between the presence of big‐box retailers and retail employment and wages in the United States at county level for 1986–2005 using panel vector autoregressions (Panel VAR). The Panel VAR approach addresses endogenous interactions among the variables in the system. In other words, this approach takes into account the fact that the presence of big‐box retailers can have an impact on retail employment and wages and at the same time, retail employment and wages can influence the presence of big‐box retailers. Results indicate that the presence of big‐box retailers has a positive effect on employment but a negative effect on wages. The effect on wages is relatively greater and is more prolonged than the effect on employment. Both employment and wages have an instant (first year) positive effect on the presence of big‐box retailers, which implies that big‐box stores are located in areas where the economy is growing.

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) has become an alternative approach for small-sized farmers in many countries. However, CSA is a somewhat challenging concept in Taiwan because many CSA projects face difficulties and obstacles related to sustainability, so relevant literature is rare. This pilot study investigates a potential CSA program in a farmers&rsquo, market to observe whether farmers&rsquo, market consumers would like to participate or not. A total of 320 survey responses collected from a farmers&rsquo, market were examined by an interval regression model. Results show that respondents are willing to pay and to be a CSA member of the farmers&rsquo, market. This study identifies that consumers are willing to share the risks of upfront payment with farmers. The preferred length of the contract means that a compromise is made in order to implement the CSA program. The implications involving a flexible length of contract and the budget should be taken into consideration by farmers, farmers&rsquo, market managers, and policymakers for devising promotion strategies, enrolling shareholders, and promoting CSA in Taiwan. Future study should focus on the consumer characteristics and factors affecting their decision to subscribe to CSA.

Maintaining high facility reliability in power plants is essential to secure long-term electricity supply. This paper applies the survival analysis to the actual unit level power generation data in Korea to estimate the relationship between facility reliability and the preventive maintenance. Duration of generators between forced outages is used to measure plant reliability. the empirical analysis shows that preventive maintenance cost, planned outage for maintenance, use rate, and reserve margin lead to the longer duration of generators and, in turn, the lower forced outage rates. We uncover that the marginal benefit of the preventive maintenance cost is decreasing at an increasing rate. It indicates that the marginal benefit of the &ldquo, current&rdquo, maintenance cost is minimal. Results in the paper imply that power plants in Korea might be spending unnecessarily high maintenance costs considering already having world&rsquo, s lowest forced outage rates.

Mobility remains a vital part of the well-being of rural-living, older adults and transportation disadvantaged persons. This study seeks to identify research and policy needs related to rural transit for older people and the transportation disadvantaged. To obtain this goal, the multidisciplinary study team conducted two activities as part of a 2016 rural transportation conference: a survey of conference attendees and open discussion to elicit additional information. Results suggest the attendees felt the need for rural transit for older adults would continue to increase with public and private funding being critical issues. Respondents had similar opinions about challenges and opportunities across socioeconomic characteristics including age, gender, political leaning, rurality, and organizational function. This suggests an opportunity to mobilize support for public transportation.

Supplemental material, Appendix for Rural Transportation Conference Participants’ Opinions and Concerns Pertaining to Transit for Older Adults by James W. Mjelde, Rebekka M. Dudensing, Geoffrey Battista, Jonathan Brooks, Maria Carrillo, Blane Counsil, Anil Giri, Man-Keun Kim and V. Dimitra Pyrialakou in SAGE Open

This article analyzes the existence of moral hazard in prevented planting (PP) in the United States. The PP provision is defined as the “failure to plant an insured crop by the final planting date due to adverse events.” If the farmer decides not to plant a crop, the farmer receives a PP indemnity. Late planting (LP) is an option for farmers to plant a crop while maintaining crop insurance after the final planting date. Crop insurance may alter farmers’ behavior in selecting PP or LP and could increase the likelihood of PP claims even though farmers can choose LP. This study finds evidence that a farmer with higher insurance coverage tends to choose PP more often (ex‐post moral hazard). Spatial panel models attest to the existence of the ex‐post moral hazard in PP empirically. Empirical results show that the PP ratio has a positive relationship with insurance coverage in the case of corn production.

This paper investigates the role of additional regulation in mitigating the ‘adverse scale effect’ associated with daily driving restrictions, which has become a popular regulatory tool used to control episodic air pollution internationally, especially in developing countries. We find that although an annual vehicle registration tax reduces the incentive to purchase additional vehicles among households whose sole purpose for doing so is to ‘cheat’ the restriction (i.e., the ‘adverse scale effect’), it does so with an external cost. The cost occurs because households whose purpose for purchasing an additional vehicle is not to cheat the restriction are given the same disincentive with the tax. We show how simple one- and two-stage lotteries can be used to not only discriminate between cheater and non-cheater households (in particular, to avoid providing a disincentive to the latter type of household), but also to provide an even stronger disincentive to the former.

Rice is among the top seven U.S. major crops in terms of harvested acres – covering over 2.6 million acres – and sixth in terms of sales, with annual cash receipts around 3.1 billion dollars. This paper investigates whether U.S. milled rice markets are integrated across regions and whether these markets are integrated by rice types. Understanding dynamic relationships across regions and types provides important insights for risk management and policy making. Of the four major producing regions, three are in the South – Arkansas-Missouri, Louisiana-Mississippi, and Texas – and the other is California. There are different rice types associated with a production region. California mainly produces short and medium grain; while Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana primarily produce long and also medium grains. We determine the potential market integration of these rice markets by applying a Vector Error Correction Model and Directed Acyclic Graphs to monthly free on board milled rice price data from August 1986 to December 2015. Results suggest that Arkansas-Missouri region is the leading price reference in the long grain markets. Arkansas-Missouri medium grain also plays an important role in the medium grain markets. California medium grain markets are weakly exogenous in the short run, but affected by Arkansas-Missouri medium grain in the longer term. As anticipated, Arkansas-Missouri long grain milled rice markets are driven by rough rice futures price in the longer term. Interestingly, Arkansas-Missouri medium grain market has a sizable impact on long grain markets even though long and medium grains are not substitutes. This may be due to land competition to long grain rice production in Arkansas, a major area of long grain rice production.

Purpose Recently, USDA-RMA introduced a Trend Adjusted-Actual Production History (TA-APH) program, which increases APH by a trend factor to cover yield changes over time. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the TA-APH program on farmer participation, coverage election, and risk by analyzing data before and after the program. Design/methodology/approach Since the program was carried out in selected counties, the authors employ a difference in differences approach doing comparisons of insurance participation and coverage levels between eligible and ineligible counties. Findings The authors find that farmers within the counties where the TA-APH program was available experienced an increase in insured acres of 3 percent for corn and 5 percent for soybeans. The authors also find the farmers eligible for the program purchased lower coverage levels relative to those not eligible. However, the magnitude of that negative effect is relatively small, −0.9 percent in corn and −1.3 percent in soybeans. Collectively the evidence shows the TA-APH program does increase the guaranteed yield level mitigating farmer risk. Research limitations/implications The data set used only permitted analysis at the county level, thus the authors could not look at the individual farmer choices. Practical implications The results suggest that if a greater level of farmer risk protection is desired from crop insurance, the authors find that the trend adjustment as implemented was a successful way to achieve this. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature on the crop insurance by evaluating the program controlling for a non-participating groups, farming experience, liability rates, and subsidy rates. In doing this, it fulfills an identified need to study the actual impact on participation rates and coverage levels elected.

This paper investigates the impact of rapid demographic changes in Korea on residential electricity use. Demographic changes in Korea are characterized as i) household differentiation (increasing number of nuclear (one- or two-person) households despite the stagnant population growth) and ii) unprecedentedly fast-paced population ageing. Per capita electricity demand is estimated using a dynamic panel model with the system GMM. Results show that household differentiation has increased per capita electricity use in both short- and long-run; the ageing population has the negative impact on per capita electricity consumption. The impact of household differentiation, which is projected to be accelerated with the persistent low fertility in Korea, is substantial. Nuclear households use more electricity per person, but pay less electricity bill since Korea has the progressive electric billing system. Stakeholders and industry analysts should consider household differentiation to prepare the long-run electricity provision policy as well as the proper billing system. Lessons from the study have wider policy implications in other developed countries with the similar demographic changes.

Fuel switching from coal to much cleaner natural gas in electricity generation is one of significant factors explaining the recent substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) region (northeastern U.S.). Coal to gas switching has been triggered by the recent shale gas revolution, which the entire U.S. has experienced, not the RGGI region alone. If RGGI as a cap-and-trade carbon program did not work effectively, the rate of fuel switching would have been similar to that of other U.S. states. To estimate the effects of RGGI implementation in terms of the fuel switching, we use the synthetic control method for comparative case studies. Results provide a strong evidence that coal to gas switching has been actually accelerated by RGGI implementation. RGGI increases gas share in electricity generation in the RGGI region by roughly 10–15% point higher than the synthetic RGGI.

This study explores the international natural gas market integration using the Engle–Granger cointegration and error correction model. Previous studies have suggested that liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil-linked pricing with a long-term contract have played key roles in gas market integration, especially between European and Asian markets. There is, however, little discussion of the role of the emergence of a swing supplier. A swing supplier, e.g., Qatar or Russia, is flexible to unexpected changes in supply and demand in both European and Asian markets and adapts the gas production/exports swiftly to meet the changes in the markets. Qatar has been a swing supplier since 2005 in the global natural gas market. In 2009, Qatar’s global LNG export share reached above 30% and has remained around 25% since then. Empirical results indirectly support that the emergence of a swing supplier may tighten market integration between Europe and Asia. The swing supplier may have accelerated the degree of market integration as well, particularly after 2009.

Carbon leakage, a shift of carbon emissions from a region with emission constraint to unregulated areas, has been a great concern in energy-related industries and the forest sector. Carbon leakage may weaken the effectiveness of regional climate policies. This study aims to identify the drivers of carbon leakage and provide policy implications to mitigate carbon leakage using meta-regression. A total of 46 studies are collected, which provide 230 estimates of carbon leakage. Results show that (i) the forest sector has larger carbon leakage of 39.6%; (ii) substitution degree increases carbon leakage, but it is not statistically significant; (iii) contrary to popular belief, coalition size is not always negatively related to carbon leakage; (iv) local economic conditions are key drivers of carbon leakage; and (v) carbon leakage is overestimated in the forest sector by 41.42% when ignoring agricultural expansion through the land use change. Results also support the following policy implications: (i) the global agreement, which requires the participation of poorer regions and countries, may effectively reduce carbon leakage; (ii) a mature worldwide carbon trading market with relatively high carbon prices can attract more participants; and (iii) a long-term and integrated land-use planning will be an effective way to reduce carbon leakage caused by agricultural expansion.

Often public works are made with little if any concern for risk. Analysis of public works investments especially during the 1990s and 2000s assumed rapid employment growth would continue into the future. However, with the “Great Recession,” the assumption of continued high employment growth, and the absence of risk considerations in public works investments, a number of local government bankruptcies occurred. Public works decision makers must aim to identify public works investments that not only have the highest positive net returns under average conditions but also yield highest net returns under unfavorable conditions. This article discusses the incorporation of risk into public works investments and the use of Monte Carlo simulation to complete a standard investment or public works appraisal. The article completes an investment appraisal of a material recovery facility (MRF) system and discusses how risk could be addressed and analyzed by public decision makers.

This study reports the findings for an analysis using the computer program NAADSM (North American Animal Disease Spread Model) and a supply-driven social accounting matrix to examine the impact of a hypothetical foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in a relatively isolated part of the United States, Utah, under various levels of livestock traceability. The analysis demonstrates that a significant regional economic impact in Utah would result from an FMD outbreak but that improved levels of traceability would be very important in helping to reduce the negative economic consequences of the outbreak.

This paper examines leakage from agricultural greenhouse gas reduction programs stimulated by reductions in regional commodity supply. This paper develops an extension of the leakage discount formula in Murray et al. (2004) that incorporates changes in input (land) usage rather than product output (crop or forest product quantity). Additionally the leakage discount developed here allows for land conversion and production replacement involving multiple alternative uses. In an empirical application in the Southeast Texas we compute leakage discounts of 14.8% for the conversion of rice to no-till sorghum and 14.9% for rice to pasture program. Most of the sources of GHG offset leakage come from conversions of cotton to rice and pasture to rice in the other regions.

Existing studies on the economic impact of wildfire smoke have focused on single fire events or entire seasons without considering the marginal effect of daily fire progression on downwind communities. Neither approach allows for an examination of the impact of even the most basic fire attributes, such as distance and fuel type, on air quality and health outcomes. Improved knowledge of these effects can provide important guidance for efficient wildfire management strategies. This study aims to bridge this gap using detailed information on 24 large-scale wildfires that sent smoke plumes to the Reno/Sparks area of Northern Nevada over a 4-year period. We relate the daily acreage burned by these fires to daily data on air pollutants and local hospital admissions. Using information on medical expenses, we compute the per-acre health cost of wildfires of different attributes. We find that patient counts can be causally linked to fires as far as 200–300 miles from the impact area. As expected, the marginal impact per acre burned generally diminishes with distance and for fires with lighter fuel loads. Our results also highlight the importance of allowing for temporal lags between fire occurrence and pollutant levels.

Assessment of regional economic impacts can be accomplished using either an input-output analysis or a social accounting matrix (SAM) analysis. While these approaches can generate important insights, they have significant limitations for some cases, e.g., the event of the need to reallocate limited resources such as land, labor, etc., because they do not include a complete set of decision makers’ activities and managerial options. This study develops a flexible approach to link the firm level linear programming model to regional economic models to overcome these limitations, a LP-SAM. To demonstrate the LP-SAM a ranch-level economic model is linked to the regional SAM to investigate the impact of wildfire on the southeastern Oregon. The LP-SAM successfully traces out the decision makers’ responses to wildfire and also regional economic impacts.

Urban expansion in western arid regions has increased competition for available water supplies, encouraging more efficient agricultural water use. The implementation of alternative low water-use crops is one option for producers, but is it economically feasible? This study uses the EPIC model to model yields to alternative crop production under differing irrigation levels. Risk analysis, or the distribution of returns, to alternative crop production is examined through the use of SIMETAR. Data on current and alternative crops for this study include cost and return studies, producer interviews, and field trials in Northwest Nevada. Study results show that there are alternative crops that could be feasibly substituted for alfalfa or used as a diversification strategy, while reducing water use by at least one-half.

One major concern regarding land-based carbon sequestration involves the issue of permanence. Sequestration may not last forever and may either be released in the future or require expenditures to maintain the practices that keep it sequestered. In this paper, we investigate the differential value of offsets in the face of impermanent characteristics by forming a price discount that equalizes the effective price per ton between a “perfect offset” and one possessing some with impermanent characteristics. We find this discount to be a function of the future needs to replace offsets (in the face of lease expiration quantity or volatilization upon activities such as timber harvest) and the magnitude of any needed maintenance costs. We investigate the magnitude of the discounts under alternative agricultural tillage and forest management cases. In those studies, we find that permanence discounts in the range of 50% are not uncommon. This means that in the market place an impermanent sequestration offset may only receive payments amounting to 50% of the market carbon price. Furthermore, we find that in the face of escalating carbon prices that offsets may prove to be worthless.

The North Atlantic oscillation is associated with altered climatic conditions in the United States and Europe. Climate in key agricultural areas is affected. A historically based statistical analysis of crop yield finds that the NAO effect on yields is basically as large as the crop yield implications from the El Nino/Southern oscillation phenomena. In turn an estimate of the potential welfare gains that could be achieved through early NAO phase announcements and subsequent crop mix, storage and consumption adjustments ranges from 600 million to 1.2 billion dollars a year.

Part I: Introduction and motivation: 1 "Land Use in Computable General Equilibrium Models: An Overview" by Thomas Hertel, Steven Rose, Richard Tol: Part II: Empirical Foundations of Global Land Use Analyses: 2. "Global Agricultural Land Use Data for Climate Change Analysis" by Chad Monfreda, Navin Ramankutty and Thomas Hertel: 3. "Global Forestry Data for the Economic Modeling of Land Use" by Brent Sohngen, Colleen Tennity, Marc Hnythka and Karl Meeusen: 4. "An Integrated Land Use Data Base for CGE Analysis of Climate Policy Options" by Huey-Lin Lee, Thomas Hertel, Steven Rose and Misak Avetsiyan: 5. "Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data for Climate Change Analysis" by Steven Rose and Huey-Lin Lee: Part III: Modeling Global Land Use for Climate Change Policy Analysis: 6. "Modeling Land-use Related Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks and their Mitigation Potential", by Thomas Hertel, Huey-Lin Lee, Steven Rose and Brent Sohngen: 7. "Modeling the Competition for Land: Methods and Application to Climate Policy" by Ron Sands and Man-Keun Kim: 8. "Biomass Energy and Competition for Land", by John Reilly and Sergey Paltsev: 9. "The Impact of Environmental and Climate Constraints on Global Food Supply" by Bas Eickhout, Hans van Meijl, Andrzej Tabeau and E. Stehfest: 10. "Land Use Modeling in a Recursively Dynamic, General Equilibrium Framework" by Alla Golub, Thomas Hertel and Brent Sohngen: 11. The Role of Forest Carbon Sequestration in General Equilibrium Models" by Brent Sohngen, Alla Golub and Thomas Hertel: 12. "KLUM: A Land Use Model for Coupling Large-Scale Crop and Trade Models" by Kerstin Ronneberger, Maria Berrittella, Francesco Bosello, and Richard Tol

The effect of stochastic factors on soil carbon makes the quantity of carbon generated under a sequestration project uncertain. Hence, the quantity of sequestered carbon may need to be discounted to avoid liability from shortfalls. We present a potentially applicable uncertainty discount and discuss difficulties that might arise in empirical use. We insist that the variance in historical crop yields across geographical areas is used to derive a proxy variance for forming an uncertainty discount for carbon projects. Application of our approach suggests that project level uncertainty discounts would be 15-20% for the East Texas region.

Integrated assessment modeling (IAM) as employed by the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) generally involves a multi-sector appraisal of greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) mitigation alternatives and climate change effects typically at the global level. Such a multi-sector evaluation encompasses potential climate change effects and mitigative actions within the agricultural and forestry (AF) sectors. In comparison with many of the other sectors covered by IAM, the AF sectors may require somewhat different treatment due to their critical dependence upon spatially and temporally varying resource and climatic conditions. In particular, in large countries like the United States, forest production conditions vary dramatically across the landscape. For example, some areas in the southern US present conditions favorable to production of fast growing, heat tolerant pine species, while more northern regions often favor slower-growing hardwood and softwood species. Moreover, some lands are currently not suitable for forest production (e.g., the arid western plains). Similarly, in agriculture, the US has areas where citrus and cotton can be grown and other areas where barley and wheat are more suitable. This diversity across the landscape causes differential GHGE mitigation potential in the face of climatic changes and/or responses to policy or price incentives. It is difficult for amore » reasonably sized global IAM system to reflect the full range of sub-national geographic AF production possibilities alluded to above. AF response in the face of climate change altered temperature precipitation regimes or mitigation incentives will likely involve region-specific shifts in land use and agricultural/forest production. This chapter addresses AF sectoral responses in climate change mitigation analysis. Specifically, we draw upon US-based studies of AF GHGE mitigation possibilities that incorporate sub-national detail drawing largely on a body of studies done by the authors in association with EMF activities. We discuss characteristics of AF sectoral responses that could be incorporated in future IAM efforts in climate change policy.« less