Search

Malva verticillata L. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF, BZ, UMF, HZ. Distribution: I. Voucher: Northwest Mount Kenya, Alt. 3048 m, 18 Mar. 1968, Mwangangi & Fosberg 558 (EA). References: Fries & Fries (1924), Bussmann (1993, 1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Fries, R. E. & Fries, T. C. E. (1924) Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Flora des Kenia, Mt. Aberdare und Mt. Elgon. IV. Notizblatt des Koniglichen Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin 8 (80): 661 - 704. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3994426","Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

In September 2017, vein clearing and yellowing symptoms resembling those caused by viruses were observed on leaves of Malva verticillata in Chungnam, Korea. Nucleic acids were extracted from leaves of five symptomatic plants and tested by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using four virus specific primer pairs including malva vein clearing virus (MVCV). Amplicons of the expected size (600 bp) were obtained from total RNA of all samples using the MVCV-specific primers. To confirm the presence of MVCV in symptomatic plants, the DNA fragments from three samples were purified, and directly sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed that it shared the highest nucleotide identity (99%) with a MVCV isolate from tomato (Mexico). The virus isolates obtained from the third re-inoculated Chenopodium was designated as Cm1-5. Tissue from Cm1, Cm3, and Cm5 isolates was mechanically sap inoculated into 23 indicator plants. Cm3 isolate induced chlorotic local and mosaic symptoms in Althaea rosea. Phylogenetic analysis based on coat protein gene of 19 MVCV isolates from 6 different countries and plant species, did not correlated with either the geographical origin of the isolates, or pathogenicity. To our knowledge, this study first reports the natural occurrence of MVCV on M. verticillata in Korea and characterization of three Korean isolates of MVCV.

Objectives: Malva verticillata (M. verticillata), growing in North Cyprus, is an edible plant known as "mallow" in public. Current literature does not contain any data about the anticancer and antioxidant activities of the M. verticillata plant grows in Northern Cyprus.Materials and Methods: In this study, M. verticillata methanolic extract was used to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and anticancer effects of the M. verticillata plant. The antioxidant potential of the Malva extract was determined using the α-diphenyl-p-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method, the total phenolic content (TPC) test, and the total flavonoid content (TFC) test. Besides, 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay was used to investigate the anticancer potential of M. verticillata methanolic extract on MCF-7 cells. Results: The highest antioxidant activity of M. verticillata methanolic extract was found to be 69.35 ± 3.3% at 70 mg/ml. TFC was calculated as 502 ± 1.8 μg/ml extract and TPC 499 ± 7.5 μg/mg extract at 70 mg/ml. When the anticancer activity was evaluated, it was observed that the MCF-7 cell proliferation was significantly inhibited with the varying extract concentrations of M. verticillata. Conclusion: With this study, it has been shown that the methanolic extract of M. verticillata plant grown in Northern Cyprus has significant antioxidant and anticancer activity.Key words: Antioxidant, Anticancer, Breast cancer (MCF-7), Malva verticillata. ÖzAmaç: Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta yetişen Malva verticillata (M. verticillata), halk arasında "ebegümeci" olarak da isimlendirilen ve yenilebilen bir bitki türüdür. Güncel literatür, Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta yetişen M. verticillata bitkisinin antikanser ve antioksidan özellikleri hakkında herhangi bir veri içermemektedir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada M. verticillata bitkisinin in vitro antioksidan ve antikanser potansiyelini araştırmak için M. verticillata metanolik ekstraktı kullanıldı. Ekstraktın antioksidan potansiyeli, α-difenil-p-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) serbest radikal süpürme yöntemi, toplam fenolik içerik (TPC) testi ve toplam flavonoid içerik (TFC) testi kullanılarak belirlendi. Ayrıca, M. verticillata metanolik ekstraktın MCF-7 meme kanseri hücreleri üzerindeki antikanser aktivitesini değerlendirmek üzere MTT yöntemi (3-(4,5- dimetiltiyazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolyum bromid) kullanıldı. Bulgular: M. verticillata metanolik ekstraktın en yüksek antioksidan aktivitesi 70 mg/ml'de %69,35 ± %3,3 olarak bulundu. TPC, 70 mg/ml'de 499 ± 7.5 μg/mg ekstre ve TFC 502 ± 1.8 μg/ml ekstre olarak hesaplandı. Antikanser aktivitesi değerlendirildiği zaman, M. verticillata'nın değişen ekstre konsantrasyonlarının, MCF-7 meme kanseri hücrelerinin çoğalmasını önemli ölçüde inhibe ettiği gözlemlenmiştir.Sonuç: Bu çalışma ile birrlikte Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta yetiştirilen M. verticillata bitkisinin metanolik ekstraktının önemli antioksidan ve antikanser aktivitesine sahip olduğu gösterilmiştir.

Hair loss attributed to excessive stress from work and lifestyle changes has become a growing concern, particularly among young individuals. However, currently used drugs such as minoxidil and finasteride impose a plethora of side effects. Therefore, natural substances as alternatives have garnered research interest. A recent study showed the efficacy of Malva verticillata seed extracts in alleviating hair loss via upregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this study, the efficacy of M. verticillata seed extracts on alleviation of hair loss was further investigated. Further fractionation and purification of the seed extracts using silica gel column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography helped identify linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid as the major bioactive components. LA insufficiency is reported to cause hair loss. However, its mechanism of action is not clearly known. Here, we explored the efficacy of LA treatment on preventing hair loss and its underlying mechanism of action. We found that LA treatment activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and induced dermal papilla cell (DPC) proliferation in cell proliferation assays. Moreover, it increased the expression of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. LA treatment also increased the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, hepatocyte growth factor, and keratinocyte growth factor in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly inhibited that of DKK-1, induced by dihydrotestosterone. These findings suggest that LA treatment induces hair growth by increasing DPC proliferation and alleviates androgenic alopecia by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in DPCs.

Malva verticillata, also known as Chinese mallow, is an herbaceous plant with colorful flowers and has been used as a medicine for thousands of years. This study investigated this herb for potential antioxidant activity or an association with osteoblast differentiation. M. verticillate leaves were fermented with B. subtilis MV1 at 30 &deg, C for 7 days to enhance their biological activities. The resultant aqueous extract (MVW) and the fermented leaves (MVB) were measured for antioxidant and osteoblast differentiation. The results showed that the total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity, as well as the osteoblast differentiation of the MVB increased (2 to 6 times) compared with those of the MVW. MVB induced phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase in C3H10T1/2 cells, and the phosphorylation was attenuated via transforming growth factor-&beta, (TGF-&beta, ) inhibitors. Moreover, runt-related transcription factor 2 and osterix in the nucleus increased in a time-dependent manner. The messenger RNA expression of alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein increased about 9.4- and 65-fold, respectively, compared to the non-treated cells. MVB stimulated C3H10T1/2 cells in the osteoblasts via TGF-&beta, signaling. Thus, fermented M. verticillata extract exhibited enhanced antioxidant activity and osteoblast differentiation.

A preliminary study revealed that a 10 µg/mL n-BuOH fraction of Malva verticillata aerial parts significantly enhanced splenocyte proliferation and induced significant enhancement of natural-killer (NK) cell activity against tumor cells (YAC-1). This study was initiated to identify the principal components that exhibited these activities, and four glycerides were isolated through repeated SiO2 and ODS column chromatography. Structures of compounds 1–4 were determined to be (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl glyceride, (2S)-1-O-stearoyl glyceride, (2S)-1-O-linolenoyl glyceride, and (2S)-1,2-di-O-linoleoyl glyceride, respectively. Compounds 1–3 showed potential immune-enhancing activity in murine splenocyte and natural-killer (NK) cells at 10 µM. In contrast, compound 4 showed weak activity, indicating the monoacyl glycerides (1–3) are more effective than diacyl glyceride (4). Also, the longer the carbon number of the fatty acid in monoacyl glyceride, the better the activity, and the monoacyl glyceride including an unsaturated fatty acid (3) is more effective than the glycerides including the saturated fatty acids (1–2).

Malva verticillata L. (M. verticillata) is an edible medicinal plant. Its dry, mature seeds are used in Traditional Mongolian Medicine. Nevertheless, detailed information regarding its chemical composition remains scarce. In this study, nineteen compounds were identified preliminarily using a UPLC-Q-TOF-MSE method. All of the compounds from M. verticillata are reported for the first time. M. verticillata is shown to be a rich source of phenolics, and the total phenolic content in the leaves, stems and seeds is 110.32 ± 3.45 mg GAE/g extract, 97.98 ± 4.19 mg GAE/g extract and 40.85 ± 7.63 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. The leaves are ideal for scavenging ABTS free radicals and possess ferric reducing antioxidant power, and the seeds are ideal for scavenging DPPH free radicals. M. verticillata is a rich source of natural antioxidants. These findings support the notion that M. verticillata is a functional food and can be used in nutraceutical applications.

Co-sensitization is an effective strategy to achieve panchromatic light-harvesting and to enhance dye-sensitized solar cell performance. In this work, the potential of the extracted natural dyes from Malva verticillata and Syzygium cumini was evaluated as mono and co-sensitizers in DSSCs. The UV–vis absorption spectra revealed that the combination of studied dyes had a high molar extinction coefficient and cumulative absorption properties in a way that its absorption spectra overlapped the spectral domain where the original sensitizers lacked light-harvesting. Moreover, all investigated dyes were characterized using circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, cyclic voltammetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of zeta potential analysis showed that the pigment aggregation and their colloidal stability, which has implications for the pigment adsorption process on TiO2 nanoparticles, were effectively controlled by varying the pH of the dye extract. Based on the CV results, the studied dyes indicated excellent redox stability and sufficient thermodynamic driving force for efficient electron injection. Based on the photovoltaic results, the acidified cocktail-DSSC had the highest I s c and η of 3.15 mA and 1.84 %, respectively. This superiority could be ascribed to the panchromatic light-harvesting, the excellent optical activity, and the appropriate energy levels of the acidified cocktail. Moreover, the loading of acidified cocktail dyes on the TiO2 surface was enhanced due to their homogeneous dispersion, less steric hindrances, and multi-anchor groups attached to the semiconductor surface. Based on the stability results, the treated cocktail-DSSC retained about 52.51 % of its as-fabricated efficiency after seven days while NDSSCs sensitized with acidified Syzygium cumini, Malva verticillata, Syzygium cumini, and cocktail retained about 26.24 %, 14.80 %, 16.35 %, and 15.25 %, respectively.

Malva verticillata, which belongs to the family Malvaceae, is an herb with a wide ecological range and considerable economic and ecological value. herein this study, we determined the complete chlo...

Malva verticillata L. is an important perennial herb with significant medicinal value. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of M. verticillata was 158,408 bp in length, which contained a la...

Malva verticillata (Chinese mallow) has long been used in traditional medicines and herbal teas in Asia. The n-BuOH fraction (Fr) from M. verticillata promoted significant recovery of alloxan-damaged (AXD) pancreatic islets (PIs) in zebrafish (ZF). Two major components were isolated from M. verticillata through repeated-column chromatography. Based on several spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), the chemical structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined. In addition, the quantity of both compounds in the n-BuOH Fr was investigated through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the quantities of compounds 1 and 2 in the n-BuOH Fr were determined to be 5.58% ± 0.16% and 2.85% ± 0.13%, respectively. The n-BuOH Fr, compounds 1 and 2, and the mixture of compounds 1 and 2 (MX, 1 and 2, the ratio of both compounds in n-BuOH Fr, 1.96:1) were evaluated for their ability to recover AXD PIs and for their KATP channel-blocking mechanism using diazoxide in ZF. The n-BuOH Fr (10 μg/mL) and compounds 1 and MX (1 μg/mL) exhibited a recovery effect on AXD PIs. The n-BuOH Fr (10 μg/mL) and MX (1 μg/mL) were also confirmed to be useful KATP channel activators. A synergistic effect of MX in the recovery of AXD PIs was first confirmed in ZF, and it was discovered that 2 acted as an insulin sensitivity activator that increased the activity of compound 1.

The present work describes a simple, environmentally benign and green method for the reduction of nitro group containing Schiff bases to reduce amine Schiff bases in presence of catalyst gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in aqueous medium. Reduce amino Schiff base was characterized by Mass and 1H NMR spectroscopy. AuNPs and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous extract of leaves of Malva verticillata. The synthesized nanoparticles particles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images. Interestingly, among these two metal nanoparticles, AgNPs show very good antibacterial activity which makes them a potent source of antibacterial agent. On the other hand, AuNPs were found to be better catalytic activity toward the hydride transfer reduction of the aromatic nitro Schiff bases to aromatic amine reduce Schiff bases.

To determine the feasibility of reusing waste nutrient solution as an alternative fertilizer for vegetable production, we investigated the growth and shoot nutrient content of curled mallows (Malva verticillata L.) irrigated with tap water (pH 7.8, EC: 0.5 dS·m-1), nutrient solution (pH 5.7, EC: 2.7 dS·m-1) and waste nutrient solution (pH 5.0, EC: 2.2 dS·m-1 in average) collected from plant factories. Three waste nutrient solutions were applied in sequential order to a waste nutrient solution treatment and mineral compositions of irrigation solutions were analyzed. We measured the total number of leaves, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and total phenolic content of curled mallow shoots and analyzed shoot and soil nutrient content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Curled mallows were harvested twice during the cultivation. Curled mallows irrigated with waste nutrient solutions had a similar fresh weight (yield), total phenolic content and number of leaves compared to those grown with fresh nutrient solution, and had higher fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll content (SPAD value) and percentage dry weight compared to those grown with tap water upon first and second harvest. The dry weight of curled mallows grown in waste nutrient solution was lower than that of plants grown in nutrient solution on first harvest, but there was no significant difference between the waste nutrient solution and nutrient solution groups on second harvest. Curled mallows irrigated with nutrient solution and waste nutrient solution showed similar mineral content. These results suggest that waste nutrient solution in curled mallow cultivation could be reused and provide more efficient and sustainable nutritional solutions that improve the productive yields of crops in the agriculture sector.

The major proportion of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) fabrication cost is attributed to the pigments. In this study, to increase the performance/cost ratio of DSSCs, we used several wild regional plants of Persian Gulf zone for natural pigment production. At first, the optimum conditions for pigment extraction were obtained for all plants using response surface methodology. The results showed that increasing temperature, as well as extraction time, increased the pigment extraction efficiency while the pH of the solution did not exert a significant effect on the extraction process. Besides, the microwave-assisted method and pure ethanol have the highest extraction efficiency compared to ordinary solvent extraction and water as the extraction method and solvent, respectively. Moreover, all pigments were characterized using circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential techniques. The results showed that the extracted pigments from Malva verticillata have the highest optical activity while all kinds of pigments tend to make aggregates 12 h after the extraction. Finally, the effectiveness of each pigment was evaluated as a sensitizer in natural DSSCs that fabricated using the doctor blade technique. Based on the photovoltaic results of the DSSCs sensitized with extracted pigments, the open circuit voltage and short circuit current ranged from 0.35 to 0.542 V and 0.802 to 1.702 m A , respectively. The Microwave-assisted Malva verticillata-DSSC owned the highest energy conversion efficiency of 1.702% as well as the comparable open circuit voltage to that of the reference DSSC that made using synthetic sensitizer. This superiority could be attributed to the highest pigments concentration as well as the highest pigments optical activity of Malva verticillata. Moreover, the results showed that the LUMO energy level and the band gap of the extracted pigments from Malva verticillata are better than the other natural pigments for DSSC fabrication. Besides, due to the presence of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in chemical structures of extracted pigment from Malva verticillata, an effective bond between the pigment and TiO2 surface might be achieved and thereby increasing the energy conversion efficiency.

The article provides an overview of information on the two invasive species of Siberia that are weeds of crops - Malva verticillata L. and Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray. It provides information on the distribution of species, morphology, biological and ecological characteristics. Active ability of Vicia hirsuta to spread with the seed of oil plants and honey plants was revealed. The possible consequences of the introduction in natural plant communities are shown. The possibility of the practical use of these species as fodder, food and medicinal plants is considered.

This study investigated the effects of six metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs: CuO, NiO, TiO2, Fe2O3, Co3O4, ZnO) on seed germination and germination index (G.I) for five types of seeds: Brassica napus L., Malva verticillata L., Brassica olercea L., Brassica campestris L., Daucus carota L. NPs of CuO, ZnO, NiO show significant toxicity impacts on seed activities (CuO (6-27 mg/L), ZnO (16-86 mg/L), NiO (48-112 mg/L)), while no significant effects were observed at > 1000 mg/L of TiO2, Fe2O3, Co3O4. Tested five types of seed showed different sensitivities on seed germination and root activity, especially on NPs of CuO, ZnO, NiO. Malva verticillata L. seed was highly sensitive to toxic metal oxide NPs and showed following EC50s : CuO 5.5 mg/L, ZnO 16.4 mg/L, NiO 53.4 mg/L. Mostly following order of toxicity was observed, CuO > ZnO > NiO > Fe2O3 ≈ Co3O4 ≈ TiO2, where slightly different toxicity order was observed for carrot, showing CuO > NiO ≈ ZnO > Fe2O3 ≈ Co3O4 ≈ TiO2.

In this paper the numbers of chromosomes in the root-tips of Malva verticillata L. (2n - 84), M. neglecta Wallr. (2n = 42), and M. crispa L. (2n = 112) from the stands of Poland are given. The species studied are all poliploids with the number x=7.

Within the period of 2011–2014, production capabilities of catch crops were evaluated after two dates of their sowing. The field experiment was established on the field experimental station in Žabcice (South Moravia, Czech Republic). The station is situated in a maize-growing region that is one of the warmest and the driest regions in the Czech Republic. The experiment was performed with the following six species of catch crops: Sinapis alba, Raphanus sativus v. oleifera, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Secale cereale v. multicaule, Malva verticillata and Phalaris canariensis. Catch crops were sown in August and in September, after the harvest of winter wheat. The growth of catch crops was affected by weather conditions. Higher yields were obtained in variants with the first date of sowing. It was concluded that August was the optimum date of their sowing. In this case the plants could maximally manifest their production potential. This concerned above all plants of Phacelia tanacetifolia and those belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Keywords: catch crops, sowing date, yields, weather conditions

Background Malva verticillata seeds are used as a therapeutic medicine to treat kidney dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). TCM has suggested that herbal medicine tonifying kidney function may have beneficial effect on bone metabolism. Methods Osteoclastogenesis was examined in bone marrow macrophages by measuring tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and counting the number of TRAP-stained multinuclear cells. The activation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK) ligand signaling, and the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) were investigated by western blot analysis. Transcription factor and bone resorption marker mRNA levels were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The bone resorption activity of mature osteoclast was examined in osteoclasts cultured on a hydroxyapatite-coated culture plate. Results A water extract of M. verticillata seeds (WEMV) inhibited osteoclastogenesis stimulated by RANKL. WEMV also strongly inhibited expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 as well as phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, I-kBα, and phospholipase γ2. Furthermore, WEMV significantly attenuated osteoclast resorption activity and downregulated mRNA expression of resorption markers. Conclusion These results demonstrate that WEMV inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by suppressing the RANKL signaling pathway and suggest that M. verticillata seeds may be used as a therapeutic candidate in complementary alternative medicine to treat pathological bone diseases.

Stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling followed by increase of glucose uptake in L6 myotubes were studied with organic solvent extract of Malva verticillata (MV) seeds. Ethanol extract of M. verticillata seeds (MVE) significantly increased the phosphorylation level of AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and glucose uptake in L6 myotube cells. The MVE was fractionated with n-hexane (MVE-H), chloroform (MVE-C), ethylacetate (MVE-E), n-butanol (MVE-B), and water (MVE-W). MVE-H (150 microgram/ml) showed the highest phosphorylating activity and increased glucose uptake by 2.3-fold. Oral administration of MVE-H (40 mg/kg) for 4 weeks to type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice reduced non-fasting and fasting blood glucose levels by 17.1% and 23.3%, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of AMPK and ACC in the soleus muscle and liver tissue of db/db mice were significantly increased by the administration of MVE-H. MVE-H was further fractionated using preparative HPLC to identify the AMPK-activating compounds. The NMR and GC-MS analyses revealed that β-sitosterol was a major effective compound in MVE-H. Phosphorylation levels of AMPK and ACC, and glucose uptake were significantly increased by the treatment of MVE-S (β-sitosterol) isolated from M. verticillata to L6 cells, and these effects were attenuated by an AMPK inhibitor (Compound C) pretreatment. These results, taken together, demonstrate that increased glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by MVE-H treatment is mainly accomplished through the activation of AMPK. Our finding suggests that the extract isolated from M. verticillata seed would be beneficial for the treatment of metabolic disease including type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

The EtOAc, n-BuOH, and aqueous fractions from the aerial parts of Malva verticillata have been shown to promote significant recovery from alloxan-induced pancreatic islet (PI) damage in zebrafish larvae at 10 μg/mL. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the principal active components of these plant parts and their pharmacological properties. Repeated SiO2 and octadecyl SiO2 column chromatography with the aerial parts of M. verticillata led to isolation of four phenolic compounds; these compounds were identified as benzyl-α-D-galactopyranoside (1), (-)-secoisolariciresinol-9'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), transferulic acid (3), and trans-ferulic acid methyl ester (4) on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses including infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and fast atom bombardment-mass spectroscopy. Compounds 14 were first isolated from M. verticillata in this study. Furthermore, compounds 1–4 recovered alloxan-induced PI damage in zebrafish. Especially, compound 3 recovered the size of the injured PIs by 83.8% ( p=0.0007) compared to the alloxan-induced group, while compound 4 by 33.4% ( p=0.0072). It is the first report that trans-ferulic acid (3) exhibited the protective effect on zebrafish larvae PIs damaged by alloxan.

Objective : To evaluate the effect of binder concentration, granule size and distance between punches on mechanical strength and drug release properties of tablets containing Malva verticillata mucilage (MVM) as a binder. Methods : Paracetamol and lactose were converted into wet coherent masses by a liquid solution containing 1-3% w/w MVM as a binder. Granules containing 2% w/w binder was used to investigate the effect of granule size and distance between punches. Compressed tablets were evaluated for crushing strength, disintegration time and in vitro drug release using pharmacopeial methods. Results : G ranules containing MVM were found to be free-flowing and compatible with paracetamol. Mechanical strength and drug release properties of mucilage tablets significantly correlated with the amount of MVM binder. Tablet crushing strength was 3.54-7.12 kg/cm 2 while disintegration time 7.13-16.67 min. Compression pressure and granule size had no significant effects on drug release properties of mucilage tablets. Crushing strength of mucilage tablets were higher and significantly different ( t (26) = 7.9631, p

Malva verticillata (Cluster mallow), a leafy vegetable that has been popular in East Asia for a long time, has also been used in herbal teas and medicines. The aqueous fraction of the aerial parts of Malva verticillata, exhibiting a very high quantity of flavonoids compared to the EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions, exhibited significant recovery effects on pancreatic islets damaged by alloxan in zebrafish larvae. Thus, the bioactive components responsible for this anti-diabetic activity were investigated. A new flavonoid glucuronide (1) and five known flavonoids were isolated from the aqueous fraction. Based on several spectroscopic methods, compound 1 was identified to be nortangeretin-8-O-β-d-glucuronide, and was named malvaflavone A. The A-ring of compound 1 had a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy moiety, which rarely occurs in plant systems. Also 8-O-glucuronide attached to the flavonoid moiety was rarely occurred in plant system. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 6 significantly improved the pancreatic islet size in zebrafish at 0.1 μM, and compounds 1 and 6 were found to block β-cell K+ channels in experiments with diazoxide. In ABTS, ORAC, and SOD assays, compounds 1–5 exhibited high anti-oxidant activities compared with quercetin and BHA (positive controls), indicating that the 8-O-glucuronide attached to the flavonoid moiety is a key structure for the expression of anti-oxidant activity. This is the first report of the isolation of compounds 1–6 from M. verticillata as well evaluated for anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant ativities.

The study aimed at optimizing the extraction conditions and establishing the physicochemical properties of the mucilage obtained from root bark of Malva verticillata. Effects of temperature, time, particle size and amount of water as a solvent on the yield and composition of mucilage were established. Micrometric, physical, chemical and structural properties were used to characterise the extracted mucilage. Result showed significant correlation between extraction conditions and mucilage yield. Low temperature and short extraction time results into pharmaceutically valuable mucilage with low protein content, high viscosity and good dispersion in aqueous solvent. Large and small size particles of the plant material results into low mucilage yield without significant difference (p=0.054). The mucilage shows mixed cohesiveness with less tendencies to flow. It exhibits vibration bands in FTIR that are associated with the presence of polysaccharides and proteins. The mucilage contains 2.65% protein, 13.83% inorganics, 1.85% fats, and the rest carbohydrates. High extractive value ˃80% and moisture content ˃12% implies that mucilage has high tendency to microbial attack. Optimized extraction conditions results into high yield of the mucilage with the same physicochemical properties and mineral composition regardless of the plant material sampling sites.

Hydroalcoholic extracts of some traditional medicinal plants used in Ethiopia for the treatment of skin diseases, were investigated for their anti-inflammatory activities in carrageenan-induced mouse paw oedema at doses of 300 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight. The extracts were obtained from the leaves of Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae), Malva verticillata L. (Malvaceae), Syzygium guineense DC. (Myrtaceae); and from the rhizomes of Ferula communis L. (Apiaceae), and from the aerial part of Ranunculus multifidus Forssk (Ranunculaceae). Except for the extract of F. communis, all the extracts showed oedema inhibition at both 300 and 500 mg/kg doses. The extract of R. multifidus displayed not only the greatest oedema inhibition at 300 mg/kg; it also exhibited better oedema inhibition than the reference drug indomethacin (10 mg/kg) three h after carrageenan injection. The extracts of B. pilosa, M. verticillata and S. guineense also demonstrated time and dose dependent inhibition of oedema. The anti-inflammatory activities of these plants may partially justify the rationale for their traditional use in the treatment of skin diseases. Keywords: hydroalcoholic plant extracts, anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan, mouse paw oedema inhibition, Ranunculus multifidus

An acidic polysaccharide, designated as MVS-IVA, was isolated from the seeds of Malva verticillata. It showed a remarkable reticuloendothelial system potentiating activity in the carbon clearance test. Chemical and spectroscopic studies demonstrated that the polysaccharide is rich in alpha-L-arabinofuranose residues and possesses mainly an alpha-1,5-linked L-arabino-beta-3,6-branched-D-galactan structure accompanied with rhamnogalacturonan type units. Both alpha-1,3-linked L-arabinopyranose and beta-1,4-linked D-xylopyranose residues were also identified as component units. MVS-IVA contains a small amount of protein (3.3%).

Malva verticillata Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 689. 1753. "Habitat in China, Syria." RCN: 5053. Lectotype (Abedin in Nasir & Ali, Fl. W. Pakistan 130: 45. 1979): Herb. Linn. No. 870.26 (LINN). Current name: Malva verticillata L. (Malvaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part M), pp. 651-689 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 654, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

The aim of this study is to clarify whether sennosides are contained in the leaf of Malva verticillata L., and then to clarify the source of sennosides in health teas including malva leaves. The identification and determination of sennosides were performed with thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. The leaf of Malva verticillata L. did not contain sennosides A or B and could be easily distinguished from senna leaf. Our previous report showed that sennosides are contained in weight-reducing herbal teas including malva leaves, and that senna leaf is a herbal component in some teas. Furthermore, in 10 samples of health tea including malva leaves that were bought last year, the smallest amount of sennosides was 6.1 mg/bag, and all health teas including malva leaves contained the leaf and midrib of senna. We suggest that sennosides A and B are not contained in the leaf of Malva verticillata L., and that the sennosides in health teas including malva leaves are not derived from malva leaf but from senna leaf.

The controlled Smith degradation of MVS-VI, the major acidic polysaccharide having remarkable anti-complementary activity isolated from the seeds of Malva verticillata L., was performed. Methylation analysis of both the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products indicated that the core structural features of MVS-VI include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. The majority of galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. The controlled Smith degradation products showed considerable anti-complementary activity.

Seven polysaccharides and peptidoglycans obtained from the seeds of Malva verticillata were tested for anti-complementary activity. Remarkable activities were observed for MVS-I and MVS-IIA. The former is mainly composed of beta-1,3-linked D-glucan and of alpha-1,5-linked L-arabino-beta-3,6-branched D-galactan, and the latter is essentially alpha-1,5-linked L-arabino-beta-3,6-branched D-galactan. Further, considerable activities were observed for MVS-IIIA and MVS-IVA. Both glycans possess arabino-3,6-galactan moieties accompanying alpha-1,3-linked L-arabinopyranosyl, beta-1,4-linked D-xylosyl, and alpha-1,4-linked D-galacturonic acid units. In addition, the major neutral polysaccharide (MVS-I), the major peptidoglycan (MVS-V), and the polysaccharide-rich fraction (MVS-V-CH) obtained from MVS-V were tested for hypoglycemic activity. MVS-I especially showed remarkable activity, and MVS-V-CH also exhibited significant activity. From the viewpoint of structural features, the latter belongs to pectic substances.

A novel acidic polysaccharide, designated as MVS-VI, was isolated from the seeds of Malva verticillata L. It was homogeneous on electrophoresis and gel chromatography, and its molecular mass was estimated to be 26000. It is composed of L-arabinose : D-xylose : D-galactose : D-glucose : L-rhamnose : D-galacturonic acid in the molar ratio of 30 : 15 : 20 : 3 : 2 : 10, in addition to small amounts of peptide moiety. Methylation analysis, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and periodate oxidation studies indicated its structural features to have mainly acidic α-arabino-3, 6-β-galactan type structural units. MVS-VI showed significant reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity in a carbon clearance test, and it possesses remarkable anti-complementary activity.